1
|
Ajithkumar VS, Khilari N, Ghanwat PB, Venugopal G, Koley D, Sen SS. Activation of carbon disulfide by a hypersilyl germylene. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:10814-10818. [PMID: 38859708 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01573h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the insertion of CS2 into the Ge-Si bond of PhC(NtBu)2Ge-Si(SiMe3)3 (1) has been investigated, resulting in the formation of PhC(NtBu)2Ge-C(S)-S-Si(SiMe3)3 (2). Interestingly, the addition of NHC to 2 allows the release of NHC·CS2 with concomitant regeneration of 1. Addition of another equivalent of 1 or an analogous hypersilyl silylene, [PhC(NtBu)2Si-Si(SiMe3)3], to 2 led to the formation of compounds with a GeS (3) or a SiS (4) bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V S Ajithkumar
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Nripen Khilari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India.
| | - Pratiksha B Ghanwat
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Geethu Venugopal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Debasis Koley
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India.
| | - Sakya S Sen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Ghaziabad 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Muralidharan AV, Frenette BL, Wicke J, Omaña AA, Ferguson MJ, Rivard E. Frustrated Lewis pair adducts of alkynyl-capped tetrelenes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7206-7212. [PMID: 38584458 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00795f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) adducts PB{ECl2} (PB = iPr2P(C6H4)BCy2; Cy = cyclohexyl; E = Si, Ge) were used to access a bis(alkynyl)-functionalized silylene and a germylene; the goal behind preparing these species was to obtain new unsaturated main group polymers [E(CCSiMe3)2]n upon heating. While the silylene adduct PB{Si(CCSiMe3)2} was stable up to 150 °C, the heavier element congener PB{Ge(CCSiMe3)2} underwent a complicated rearrangement process accompanied by Cy-group migration and Ge(II)-alkyne coordination. Density functional theory computations were performed to understand the mechanistic pathway for the unusual rearrangement of PB{Ge(CCSiMe3)2}.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek V Muralidharan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Brandon L Frenette
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Julius Wicke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Koike T, Iwamoto T. Cyclobutenylidene: A Multifaceted Two-Coordinate Carbon Species Obtained via Skeletal Editing of a Cyclopropenylidene. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9264-9272. [PMID: 37040540 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
C4H4 isomers not only serve as a basis to understand the chemical properties of hydrocarbons but are possible intermediates in combustion and organic reactions in outer space. Cyclobutenylidene (CBY), an elusive C4H4 isomer, is often proposed as a key intermediate in transition-metal-catalyzed metathesis and cycloaddition reactions between carbon-carbon multiple bonds. The geometrical structure of cyclobutenylidene predicted by calculations had been debated as whether it should be regarded as a carbocyclic carbene or a strained bridgehead alkene. Here, we report the synthesis of a crystalline cyclobutenylidene derivative, namely, a 3-silacyclobut-2-en-4-ylidene (SiCBY) via "carbene-to-carbene ring-expansion" reaction of an isolable diaminocyclopropenylidene induced by a silicon analogue of a carbene (silylene). The SiCBY exhibits multifaceted electronic properties which are corroborated by its extremely strong electron-donating properties and ambiphilic reactivity toward small gaseous molecules and C-H bonds. This result introduces an exciting strategy as well as a molecular motif to access low-valent carbon species with unusual electronic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Koike
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gour K, Bisai MK, Sen SS. Hypersilyl Substituent in Heavier Low‐valent Group 14 Chemistry. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Gour
- CSIR-NCL: National Chemical Laboratory CSIR Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis INDIA
| | - Milan Kumar Bisai
- CSIR-NCL: National Chemical Laboratory CSIR Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis INDIA
| | - Sakya S. Sen
- National Chemical Laboraotry Catalysis Division Dr. Homi Bhabha RoadPashan 411008 Pune INDIA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ota K, Kinjo R. Heavier element-containing aromatics of [4 n+2]-electron systems. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10594-10673. [PMID: 34369490 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01354d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While the implication of the aromaticity concept has been dramatically expanded to date since its emergence in 1865, the classical [4n+2]/4n-electron counting protocol still plays an essential role in evaluating the aromatic nature of compounds. Over the last few decades, a variety of heavier heterocycles featuring the formal [4n+2] π-electron arrangements have been developed, which allows for assessing their aromatic nature. In this review, we present recent developments of the [4n+2]-electron systems of heavier heterocycles involving group 13-15 elements. The synthesis, spectroscopic data, structural parameters, computational data, and reactivity are introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ota
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bisai MK, Ajithkumar VS, Gonnade RG, Sen SS. Access to a Variety of Ge(II) and Sn(II) Compounds through Substitution of Hypersilyl Moiety. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Kumar Bisai
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - V. S. Ajithkumar
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rajesh G. Gonnade
- Physical and Material Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sakya S. Sen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Maudrich J, Diab F, Weiß S, Zweigart M, Eichele K, Schubert H, Müller R, Kaupp M, Wesemann L. Tetryl-Tetrylene Addition to Phenylacetylene. Chemistry 2021; 27:4691-4699. [PMID: 33332670 PMCID: PMC7986144 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenylacetylene adds [Ar*GeH2 -SnAr'], [Ar*GeH2 -PbAr'] and [Ar'SnH2 -PbAr*] at rt in a regioselective and stereoselective reaction. The highest reactivity was found for the stannylene, which reacts immediately upon addition of one equivalent of alkyne. However, the plumbylenes exhibit addition to the alkyne only in reaction with an excess of phenylacetylene. The product of the germylplumbylene addition reacts with a second equivalent of alkyne and the product of a CH-activation, a dimeric lead acetylide, were isolated. In the case of the stannylplumbylene the trans-addition product was characterized as the kinetically controlled product which isomerizes at rt to yield the cis-addition product, which is stabilized by an intramolecular Sn-H-Pb interaction. NMR chemical shifts of the olefins were investigated using two- and four-component relativistic DFT calculations, as spin-orbit effects can be large. Hydride abstraction was carried out by treating [Ar'SnPhC=CHGeH2 Ar*] with the trityl salt [Ph3 C][Al(OC{CF3 })4 ] to yield a four membered ring cation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob‐Jonathan Maudrich
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Fatima Diab
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Sebastian Weiß
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Magda Zweigart
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Klaus Eichele
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Hartmut Schubert
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Robert Müller
- Institut für ChemieTheoretische Chemie/QuantenchemieSekr. C7Technische Universität BerlinStraße des 17. Juni 13510623BerlinGermany
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institut für ChemieTheoretische Chemie/QuantenchemieSekr. C7Technische Universität BerlinStraße des 17. Juni 13510623BerlinGermany
| | - Lars Wesemann
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Omaña AA, Green RK, Kobayashi R, He Y, Antoniuk ER, Ferguson MJ, Zhou Y, Veinot JGC, Iwamoto T, Brown A, Rivard E. Frustrated Lewis Pair Chelation as a Vehicle for Low-Temperature Semiconductor Element and Polymer Deposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:228-231. [PMID: 32960472 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The stabilization of silicon(II) and germanium(II) dihydrides by an intramolecular Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) ligand, PB, i Pr2 P(C6 H4 )BCy2 (Cy=cyclohexyl) is reported. The resulting hydride complexes [PB{SiH2 }] and [PB{GeH2 }] are indefinitely stable at room temperature, yet can deposit films of silicon and germanium, respectively, upon mild thermolysis in solution. Hallmarks of this work include: 1) the ability to recycle the FLP phosphine-borane ligand (PB) after element deposition, and 2) the single-source precursor [PB{SiH2 }] deposits Si films at a record low temperature from solution (110 °C). The dialkylsilicon(II) adduct [PB{SiMe2 }] was also prepared, and shown to release poly(dimethylsilane) [SiMe2 ]n upon heating. Overall, this study introduces a "closed loop" deposition strategy for semiconductors that steers materials science away from the use of harsh reagents or high temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rachel K Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yingjie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Evan R Antoniuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jonathan G C Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Alex Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Omaña AA, Green RK, Kobayashi R, He Y, Antoniuk ER, Ferguson MJ, Zhou Y, Veinot JGC, Iwamoto T, Brown A, Rivard E. Frustrated Lewis Pair Chelation as a Vehicle for Low‐Temperature Semiconductor Element and Polymer Deposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A. Omaña
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Rachel K. Green
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Yingjie He
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Evan R. Antoniuk
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jonathan G. C. Veinot
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Alex Brown
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aysin RR, Leites LA, Bukalov SS. Aromaticity of 1-Heterocyclopropenes Containing an Atom of Group 14 or 4. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. R. Aysin
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciencies, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - L. A. Leites
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciencies, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - S. S. Bukalov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciencies, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sugahara T, Espinosa Ferao A, Rey Planells A, Guo JD, Aoyama S, Igawa K, Tomooka K, Sasamori T, Hashizume D, Nagase S, Tokitoh N. 1,2-Insertion reactions of alkynes into Ge-C bonds of arylbromogermylene. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:7189-7196. [PMID: 32415829 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01223h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1,2-Insertion reactions of alkynes into the Ge-C bonds in dibromodigermenes afford stable crystalline bromovinylgermylenes. In contrast to previously reported Lewis-base-supported vinylgermylenes, the bromovinylgermylene obtained from reaction of the bromogermylene with 3-hexyne via such an 1,2-insertion is a donor-free monomer. A feasible reaction mechanism, proposed on the basis of the observed experimental results in combination with theoretical calculations, suggests that the [1+2]-cycloadduct and the insertion product are the kinetic and thermodynamic product, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Sugahara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kunz T, Schrenk C, Schnepf A. Cascade-Reaction Leading to an Intramolecular [2 + 4] Cycloaddition of a Phenyl Group by a Reactive Ge═Si Double Bond. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:6279-6286. [PMID: 32293885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of GeCl2·dioxane with 2 equiv of the thiolate LiSHyp [Hyp = Si(SiMe3)3] yields the germanide (12-crown-4)2Li[Ge(SHyp)3] (1). A small structural variation in the substituent leads to a completely different result because the reaction of GeCl2·dioxane with 2 equiv of the thiolate KSHypPh3 [HypPh3 = Si(SiMe3)2(SiPh3)] in toluene yields the unexpected compound [Ph3Si][Me3Si]Ge[{(C6H5)Ph2Si}{SiMe3}2SiS]Si[SSiMe3] (2) in high yield. The reaction cascade to give 2 includes several rearrangement reactions and an intramolecular [2 + 4] cycloaddition of a phenyl ring. The syntheses and molecular structures of both compounds are presented, together with quantum-chemical calculations and NMR measurements, to enlighten the reaction mechanism behind the formation of 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Kunz
- Chemistry Department, University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Claudio Schrenk
- Chemistry Department, University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Chemistry Department, University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zitz R, Pöcheim A, Baumgartner J, Marschner C. A 1,5-Oligosilanylene Dianion as Building Block for Oligosiloxane Containing Cages, Ferrocenophanes, and Cyclic Germylenes and Stannylenes. Molecules 2020; 25:E1322. [PMID: 32183200 PMCID: PMC7144727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting out from dipotassium 1,5-oligosiloxanylene diide 2, a 3,7,10-trioxa-octasilabicyclo[3.3.3]undecane was prepared, which represents the third known example of this cage structure type. Reaction of 1,3-dichlorotetramethyldisiloxane with 1,1'-bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)potassiosilyl]ferrocene gave a ferrocenophane with a disiloxane containg bridge. The compound can be further derivatized by conversion into a 1,5-oligosilanyl diide. Reacting 1,5-oligosiloxanylene diide 2 with SnCl2 or GeCl2·dioxane in the presence of PMe3 gave cyclic disilylated tetrylene PMe3 adducts. Release of the base-free stannylene led to a dimerization process which gave a bicyclic distannene as the final product. Abstraction of the PMe3 from the cyclic disilylated germylene PMe3 adduct with B(C6F5)3 caused oxidative addition of the germylene into a para-C-F bond of Me3P·B(C6F5)3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Judith Baumgartner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (R.Z.); (A.P.)
| | - Christoph Marschner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (R.Z.); (A.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
1,2- and 1,1-Migratory Insertion Reactions of Silylated Germylene Adducts. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030686. [PMID: 32041130 PMCID: PMC7037258 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactions of the PMe3 adduct of the silylated germylene [(Me3Si)3Si]2Ge: with GeCl2·dioxane were found to yield 1,1-migratory insertion products of GeCl2 into one or two Ge–Si bonds. In a related reaction, a germylene was inserted with tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl and vinyl substituents into a Ge–Cl bond of GeCl2. This was followed by intramolecular trimethylsilyl chloride elimination to another cyclic germylene PMe3 adduct. The reaction of the GeCl2 mono-insertion product (Me3Si)3SiGe:GeCl2Si(SiMe3)3 with Me3SiC≡CH gave a mixture of alkyne mono- and diinsertion products. While the reaction of a divinylgermylene with GeCl2·dioxane only results in the exchange of the dioxane of GeCl2 against the divinylgermylene as base, the reaction of [(Me3Si)3Si]2Ge: with one GeCl2·dioxane and three phenylacetylenes gives a trivinylated germane with a chlorogermylene attached to one of the vinyl units.
Collapse
|
15
|
Rao B, Kinjo R. A Cyclic (Alkyl)(boryl)germylene Derived from a Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)germylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18150-18153. [PMID: 31596041 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A cyclic (alkyl)(amino)germylene undergoes a ring expansion reaction with dibromomesitylborane (MesBBr2 ) to afford a six-membered dibromogermane derivative. In the presence of Lewis bases (PMe3 or Me NHC), reduction of the latter with two equivalents of potassium graphite (KC8 ) gives rise to cyclic (alkyl)(boryl)germylene-Lewis base adducts. Upon heating, the germylene-PMe3 adduct reacts with H2 to yield a germane, probably via a base-free germylene featuring a small HOMO-LUMO gap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rao B, Kinjo R. A Cyclic (Alkyl)(boryl)germylene Derived from a Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)germylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Nanyang Link 21 Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Nanyang Link 21 Singapore 637371 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Roy MMD, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Zhou Y, Rivard E. A vinyl silylsilylene and its activation of strong homo- and heteroatomic bonds. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6476-6481. [PMID: 31341599 PMCID: PMC6610552 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01192g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile route to an two-coordinate acyclic silylene that can activate strong homo- and heteroatomic bonds is reported.
The facile synthesis of a rare two-coordinate acyclic silylene (R2Si:) that is stabilized using a bulky vinylic N-heterocyclic olefin ligand and the strongly σ-donating hypersilyl group [Si(SiMe3)3]– is reported. This vinyl-substituted silylene exhibits an excellent combination of prolonged thermal stability along with high reactivity towards small molecules. Despite being stable for months in solution, the reactivity of this new silylene is manifest in its ambient temperature activation of strong B–H, Si–Cl, C–O, P–P and C–H bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2 .
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2 .
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2 .
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2 .
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2 .
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wiesemann M, Hoge B. Pentafluoroethylated Compounds of Silicon, Germanium and Tin. Chemistry 2018; 24:16457-16471. [PMID: 29722451 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution we present an account on pentafluoroethylated compounds of silicon, germanium and tin. The pronounced electron-withdrawing effect of the pentafluoroethyl group leads to a markedly increased Lewis acidity at the central atom which results in the stabilization of hypervalent complexes, anionic element(II) species as well as remarkable reactivities of element-element and element-hydrogen bonds. By addition to unsaturated C-C bonds or by reaction with organic halides as well as transition-metal complexes the molecules bearing a pentafluoroethyl-element group are readily accessible. Moreover, the utilization of pentafluoroethyl groups facilitates the formation of donor-stabilized germylenes and stannylenes. A series of such compounds serves as suitable pentafluoroethylation reagents. Conversely to the well-studied trifluoromethyl derivatives these compounds frequently exhibit a higher thermostability, which allows a more convenient handling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wiesemann
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Duffy IR, Leigh WJ. Fast kinetics studies of the Lewis acid-base complexation of transient stannylenes with σ- and π-donors in solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:20555-20570. [PMID: 30052251 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03580f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Lewis acid-base complexation chemistry of dimethyl- and diphenylstannylene (SnMe2 and SnPh2, respectively) in hexanes solution has been studied by laser photolysis methods. Complexation of the two stannylenes with a series of nine O-, S-, and N-donors (including cyclic and acyclic dialkyl ethers and sulfides, a primary, secondary, and tertiary amine, ethyl acetate and acetone), two alkenes, and an alkyne proceeds rapidly and reversibly to generate the corresponding stannylene-donor Lewis pairs, which have been detected in each case by time-resolved UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The complexes exhibit UV-vis absorption maxima in the range of λmax ∼ 310-405 nm depending on the donor and substitution at tin. Bimolecular rate constants for complexation (kC), which could be determined for 14 of the 24 Lewis pairs that were studied, were found to fall within a factor of four of the diffusional limit in all cases, with SnMe2 showing consistently higher reactivity than SnPh2. Equilibrium constants for complexation (KC) could be measured for all but one of the stannylene-π- and O-donor pairs, the values corresponding to (gas phase) binding free energies in the range of +1.1 to -3.9 kcal mol-1. Comparison of the experimental equilibrium constants for complexation of SnMe2 and SnPh2 with methanol and diethyl ether to those measured previously for the homologous silylenes and germylenes indicates that Lewis acidity decreases in the order SiR2 > SnR2 > GeR2 for both the dimethyl- and diphenyltetrylene series, the diphenyl derivatives exhibiting significantly stronger Lewis acidity in all three cases. The experimental trends in the binding energies and UV-vis spectra of the complexes are reproduced well by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which have been carried out at the (TD)ωB97XD/def2-TZVP level of theory. The experimental data also show evidence of a reaction between tetramethyldistannene (Me2Sn[double bond, length as m-dash]SnMe2, 4a) and amine donors, which is suggested to afford the corresponding amine-stabilized stannylidenestannylene structure. The mechanistic proposal is supported by DFT calculations of the complexation of 4a and SnMe2 with model O-, S- and N-donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Duffy
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nesterov V, Reiter D, Bag P, Frisch P, Holzner R, Porzelt A, Inoue S. NHCs in Main Group Chemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9678-9842. [PMID: 29969239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first stable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) in the beginning of the 1990s, these divalent carbon species have become a common and available class of compounds, which have found numerous applications in academic and industrial research. Their important role as two-electron donor ligands, especially in transition metal chemistry and catalysis, is difficult to overestimate. In the past decade, there has been tremendous research attention given to the chemistry of low-coordinate main group element compounds. Significant progress has been achieved in stabilization and isolation of such species as Lewis acid/base adducts with highly tunable NHC ligands. This has allowed investigation of numerous novel types of compounds with unique electronic structures and opened new opportunities in the rational design of novel organic catalysts and materials. This Review gives a general overview of this research, basic synthetic approaches, key features of NHC-main group element adducts, and might be useful for the broad research community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Dominik Reiter
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Prasenjit Bag
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Philipp Frisch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Richard Holzner
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Amelie Porzelt
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Walewska M, Baumgartner J, Marschner C, Albers L, Müller T. Spirocyclic germanes via transannular insertion reactions of vinyl germylenes into Si-Si bonds. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:5985-5996. [PMID: 29658036 PMCID: PMC5946683 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00315g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of cyclic disilylated germylene phosphane adducts with alkynes gives spirocyclic germanes via the intermediate formation of cyclic divinylgermylenes.
The reactions of two cyclic germylene phosphane adducts with monosubstituted acetylenes caused the formation of spirocyclic germanes, which is postulated to occur by double acetylene insertion into germylene attached bonds. Further insertion of the formed cyclic divinylgermylene into transannular Si–Si or Si–Ge bonds provides the spirocyclic germanes. Thermal treatment of two germacyclopropenes, formed by the reaction of the two cyclic germylene phosphane adducts with tolane, also produced spirocyclogermanes. The structures of the latter require, however, a more complicated mechanistic proposal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Walewska
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zaitsev KV, Lam K, Poleshchuk OK, Kuz'mina LG, Churakov AV. Oligothienyl catenated germanes and silanes: synthesis, structure, and properties. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:5431-5444. [PMID: 29594275 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00256h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of two new groups of oligothienyl catenated silanes and germanes, Me5M2Thn (1a-b), Me5M2ThnM2Me5 (2a-c) (terminal), and ThnM2Me4Thn (3a-d) (internal) (M = Si, Ge; n = 2, 3; Th = 2- or 2,5-thienyl), is reported. The study of their structural parameters as well as of their spectral (NMR), electrochemical (CV) and optical (UV/vis absorbance, luminescence) properties has been performed in detail; in addition, the unexpected compound [Th2Si2Me4Th]2 (3a') is also studied. Theoretical investigations have been performed for model compounds in order to establish structure-property relationships. The molecular structures of 2a (Me5Si2Th2Si2Me5), 2b (Me5Ge2Th2Ge2Me5), 3a (Th2Si2Me4Th2) and 3b (Th2Ge2Me4Th2) have been investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis. An effective conjugation with flattening of both Th planes in terminal 2a and 2b was observed. The main trends in the dependence of the optical and electrochemical properties on the structural parameters have been established. All of the compounds studied exhibit a strong emission within the 378-563 nm range, and the maximal quantum yield (up to 77%) is observed for the Si derivative 3a'. For the majority of the compounds, the quantum yields (20-30%) are significantly larger than for 2,2'-bi- and 2,2':5',5''-terthiophenes. Due to their good emission properties, these compounds could be used to develop new materials with specific spectral properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V Zaitsev
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Benedek Z, Szilvási T. Theoretical Assessment of Low-Valent Germanium Compounds as Transition Metal Ligands: Can They Be Better than Phosphines or NHCs? Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Benedek
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Aghazadeh Meshgi M, Zitz R, Walewska M, Baumgartner J, Marschner C. Tuning the Si-N Interaction in Metalated Oligosilanylsilatranes. Organometallics 2017; 36:1365-1371. [PMID: 28413239 PMCID: PMC5388899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most known silatrane chemistry is concerned with examples where the attached silatrane substituent atom is that of an element more electronegative than silicon. The current study features silylated silatranes with a range of electropositive elements attached to the silyl group. The resulting compounds show different degrees of electron density on the silatrane-substituted silicon atom. This directly affects the Si-N interaction of the silatrane which can be monitored either by 29Si NMR spectroscopy or directly by single crystal XRD analysis of the Si-N distance. Within the sample of study the Si-N distance is increased from 2.153 to 3.13 Å. Moreover, the bis(trimethylsilyl)silatranylsilyl unit was studied as a substituent for disilylated germylene adducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rainer Zitz
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Technische
Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Małgorzata Walewska
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Technische
Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Judith Baumgartner
- Institut
für Chemie, Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Marschner
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Technische
Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Walewska M, Baumgartner J, Marschner C, Albers L, Müller T. Alkyne Addition and Insertion Reactions of [(Me 3 Si) 3 Si] 2 Ge⋅PMe 3. Chemistry 2016; 22:18512-18521. [PMID: 27862421 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Silylated germylene-PMe3 adducts exchange their phosphane moiety smoothly for an N-heterocyclic carbene or isocyanide species to form their respective base adducts. Reaction of the silylated germylene-PMe3 adducts with monosubstituted alkynes produce germylene adducts with the alkyne inserted into a Ge-Si bond. A computational study of this process provides evidence for the initial formation of a germirene, which rearranges to a vinylgermylene species. The thermodynamic driving force for this reaction is provided by subsequent adduct formation with PMe3 . Reaction of the PMe3 adduct of bis[(trimethylsilyl)silyl]germylene with disubstituted alkynes leads to the formation of stable germirenes, which can be isomerized further to silagermetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Walewska
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Judith Baumgartner
- Institut für Chemie, Karl Franzens Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Marschner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Lena Albers
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 1-3, 26211, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 1-3, 26211, Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dong Z, Reinhold CRW, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. A Germylene Stabilized by Homoconjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15899-15904. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Dong
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; 26129 Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11 Germany
| | - Crispin R. W. Reinhold
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; 26129 Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11 Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; 26129 Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11 Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; 26129 Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dong Z, Reinhold CRW, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. A Germylene Stabilized by Homoconjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Dong
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; 26129 Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11 Germany
| | - Crispin R. W. Reinhold
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; 26129 Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11 Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; 26129 Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11 Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; 26129 Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hering-Junghans C, Andreiuk P, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Rivard E. Der Einsatz von N-heterocyclischen Vinylliganden zur Isolierung stabiler Divinylgermylene und eines Germylium-Kations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hering-Junghans
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Kanada
| | - Patricia Andreiuk
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Kanada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Kanada
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Kanada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Kanada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hering-Junghans C, Andreiuk P, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Rivard E. Using N-Heterocyclic Vinyl Ligands to Access Stable Divinylgermylenes and a Germylium Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:6272-6275. [PMID: 28510351 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two efficient methods are presented to install σ- and π-electron-donating N-heterocyclic vinyl groups onto main-group elements (E): halosilane elimination and base-induced E-C bond formation. Placement of two NHC=CH- ligands (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene) onto a GeII center affords a two-coordinate germylene, a heavy congener of the elusive divinyl carbenes. The π-donating ability of this vinylic ligand scaffold was further demonstrated by the synthesis of a three-coordinate germylium cation R3 Ge+ .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hering-Junghans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Patricia Andreiuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Walewska M, Hlina J, Gaderbauer W, Wagner H, Baumgartner J, Marschner C. NHC Adducts of Disilylated Germylenes and Stannylenes and Their Coordination Chemistry with Group 11 Metals. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Walewska
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Johann Hlina
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Walter Gaderbauer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Harald Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Judith Baumgartner
- Institut für Chemie; Karl Franzens Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Christoph Marschner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zabula AV, Guzei IA, West R, Li J, Rogachev AY. Oligomerization of N-Heterocyclic Silylene into Zwitterionic Silenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Zabula
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry; University of Pennsylvania; 231 S. 34th St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1101 University Ave Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1101 University Ave Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Robert West
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1101 University Ave Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Jingbai Li
- Department of Chemistry; Illinois Institute of Technology; 3101 S. Dearborn St. Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Andrey Yu. Rogachev
- Department of Chemistry; Illinois Institute of Technology; 3101 S. Dearborn St. Chicago IL 60616 USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zabula AV, Guzei IA, West R, Li J, Rogachev AY. Oligomerization of N-Heterocyclic Silylene into Zwitterionic Silenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:13465-13469. [PMID: 27654127 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHC's) are known to serve as efficient substrates for the stabilization of various transient species possessing low-valent Group 14 elements and for the generation of double E=C bonds. Herein, we report that the thermal tri- and tetramerizations of pyridoannulated silylene 1 lead to the formation of remarkably stable silenes 2 and 3 featuring zwitterionic distribution of electron density. Co-oligomerization of 1 and its germanium analogue gives a related tetrameric product 4 containing low-valent germanium atom stabilized by binding with the partial carbene-character C atom. Bonding situations in 2-4 are best described as silene or germene with the significant zwitterionic distribution of electron density. The singlet diradical electronic state of 2 is 10 kcal mol-1 higher than the ground state configuration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Zabula
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Ilia A Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Robert West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jingbai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Andrey Yu Rogachev
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nieder D, Huch V, Yildiz CB, Scheschkewitz D. Regiodiscriminating Reactivity of Isolable NHC-Coordinated Disilenyl Germylene and Its Cyclic Isomer. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13996-14005. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Nieder
- Krupp-Chair
of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair
of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Cem B. Yildiz
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair
of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Walewska M, Hlina J, Baumgartner J, Müller T, Marschner C. Basic Reactivity Pattern of a Cyclic Disilylated Germylene. Organometallics 2016; 35:2728-2737. [PMID: 27570360 PMCID: PMC4997532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to estimate the reactivity of disilylated germylene phosphine adducts, a cyclic version of this compound class was reacted with a number of different reagents. Reactions with the chalcogens sulfur, selenium, and tellurium led to dimers of the heavy ketone analogues. Reactions with water and ethyl bromide proceeded to give the respective oxidized germanol and germyl bromide. Two different reactions with alkynes were observed which led either to a germacyclopropene, by addition of tolane to the germylene, or to a silagermacyclobutene, likely formed by addition of the alkyne across a silagermene. Reaction via the silagermene was also observed in the reaction with benzophenone. Reaction of a germylene phosphine adduct with GeCl2·(dioxane) provided insertion of the silylated germylene into a Ge-Cl bond, leading to a germylated chlorogermylene phosphine adduct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Walewska
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Technische
Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johann Hlina
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Technische
Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Judith Baumgartner
- Institut
für Chemie, Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut
für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 1-3, 26211 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Christoph Marschner
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Technische
Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wit JBM, de Jong GB, Schakel M, Lutz M, Ehlers AW, Slootweg JC, Lammertsma K. iPr2N–P═Fe(CO)4 in Olefinic Solvents: A Reservoir of a Transient Phosphinidene Complex Capable of Substrate Hopping. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan B. M. Wit
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. Bas de Jong
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marius Schakel
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Lutz
- Crystal
and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas W. Ehlers
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. Chris Slootweg
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koop Lammertsma
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zaitsev KV, Cherepakhin VS, Churakov AV, Peregudov AS, Tarasevich BN, Egorov MP, Zaitseva GS, Karlov SS. Extending the family of stable heavier carbenes: New tetrylenes based on N,N,O-ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
37
|
Wendel D, Eisenreich W, Jandl C, Pöthig A, Rieger B. Reactivity of an Acyclic Silylsilylene toward Ethylene: Migratory Insertion into the Si–Si Bond. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Jandl
- Zentralinstitut
für Katalyseforschung, Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 1, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Alexander Pöthig
- Zentralinstitut
für Katalyseforschung, Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 1, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Karwasara S, Siwatch RK, Jha CK, Nagendran S. Aminotroponiminatosilathio- and Siloxygermylenes: Reactivity Comparison. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Surendar Karwasara
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110
016, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Siwatch
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110
016, India
| | - Chandan Kumar Jha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110
016, India
| | - Selvarajan Nagendran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110
016, India
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Protchenko AV, Blake MP, Schwarz AD, Jones C, Mountford P, Aldridge S. Reactivity of Boryl- and Silyl-Substituted Carbenoids toward Alkynes: Insertion and Cycloaddition Chemistry. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om501252m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Protchenko
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Matthew P. Blake
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Andrew D. Schwarz
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Cameron Jones
- School
of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Philip Mountford
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| |
Collapse
|