1
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Truong VX, Holloway JO, Barner-Kowollik C. Fluorescence turn-on by photoligation - bright opportunities for soft matter materials. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13280-13290. [PMID: 36507164 PMCID: PMC9682895 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05403e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochemical ligation has become an indispensable tool for applications that require spatially addressable functionalisation, both in biology and materials science. Interestingly, a number of photochemical ligations result in fluorescent products, enabling a self-reporting function that provides almost instantaneous visual feedback of the reaction's progress and efficiency. Perhaps no other chemical reaction system allows control in space and time to the same extent, while concomitantly providing inherent feedback with regard to reaction success and location. While photoactivable fluorescent properties have been widely used in biology for imaging purposes, the expansion of the array of photochemical reactions has further enabled its utility in soft matter materials. Herein, we concisely summarise the key developments of fluorogenic-forming photoligation systems and their emerging applications in both biology and materials science. We further summarise the current challenges and future opportunities of exploiting fluorescent self-reporting reactions in a wide array of chemical disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh X. Truong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)2 Fusionopolis WaySingapore 138 634Singapore,School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQLD 4000Australia
| | - Joshua O. Holloway
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQLD 4000Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQLD 4000Australia,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344 Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
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2
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Abstract
The merging of click chemistry with discrete photochemical processes has led to the creation of a new class of click reactions, collectively known as photoclick chemistry. These light-triggered click reactions allow the synthesis of diverse organic structures in a rapid and precise manner under mild conditions. Because light offers unparalleled spatiotemporal control over the generation of the reactive intermediates, photoclick chemistry has become an indispensable tool for a wide range of spatially addressable applications including surface functionalization, polymer conjugation and cross-linking, and biomolecular labeling in the native cellular environment. Over the past decade, a growing number of photoclick reactions have been developed, especially those based on the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions and Diels-Alder reactions owing to their excellent reaction kinetics, selectivity, and biocompatibility. This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of photoclick reactions and their applications in chemical biology and materials science. A particular emphasis is placed on the historical contexts and mechanistic insights into each of the selected reactions. The in-depth discussion presented here should stimulate further development of the field, including the design of new photoactivation modalities, the continuous expansion of λ-orthogonal tandem photoclick chemistry, and the innovative use of these unique tools in bioconjugation and nanomaterial synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangam Srikanth Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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3
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Marshall DL, Menzel JP, McKinnon BI, Blinco JP, Trevitt AJ, Barner-Kowollik C, Blanksby SJ. Laser Photodissociation Action Spectroscopy for the Wavelength-Dependent Evaluation of Photoligation Reactions. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8091-8098. [PMID: 34019383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nitrile imine-mediated tetrazole-ene cycloaddition is a widely used class of photoligation. Optimizing the reaction outcome requires detailed knowledge of the tetrazole photoactivation profile, which can only partially be ascertained from absorption spectroscopy, or otherwise involves laborious reaction monitoring in solution. Photodissociation action spectroscopy (PDAS) combines the advantages of optical spectroscopy and mass spectrometry in that only absorption events resulting in a mass change are recorded, thus revealing the desired wavelength dependence of product formation. Moreover, the sensitivity and selectivity afforded by the mass spectrometer enable reliable assessment of the photodissociation profile even on small amounts of crude material, thus accelerating the design and synthesis of next-generation substrates. Using this workflow, we demonstrate that the photodissociation onset for nitrile imine formation is red-shifted by ca. 50 nm with a novel N-ethylcarbazole derivative relative to a phenyl-substituted archetype. Benchmarked against solution-phase tunable laser experiments and supported by quantum chemical calculations, these discoveries demonstrate that PDAS is a powerful tool for rapidly screening the efficacy of new substrates in the quest toward efficient visible light-triggered ligation for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Marshall
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Jan P Menzel
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Benjamin I McKinnon
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Adam J Trevitt
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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4
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Geiselhart CM, Mutlu H. The Vibrant Interplay of Light and Self‐Reporting Macromolecular Architectures. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Geiselhart
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory (SML) Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
- Macromolecular Architectures Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 18 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
- School of Chemistry and Physics Centre for Materials Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Hatice Mutlu
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory (SML) Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
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5
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Click chemistry strategies for the accelerated synthesis of functional macromolecules. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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He L, Jia C, Zhang Y, He J. Visible Light Catalyzed Step-Growth Polymerization through Mizoroki-Heck Coupling Reaction. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e1900640. [PMID: 32022981 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The results of polymer synthesis via visible light (blue light λ = 465 nm) and a Pd-catalyzed Mizoroki-Heck coupling reaction at ambient temperature are reported. The kinetic study demonstrates that the polymerization rate is faster under light irradiation than that in the dark, affording larger molecular weight of polymer product in the former. A mechanistic study using 19 F NMR indicates that light can activate the oxidative addition step, increasing the rate of formation of the oxidative addition intermediate. The present work not only reveals a new mechanism of light's effect on Mizoroki-Heck coupling reaction in the absence of sensitizer, but also represents the first example of its application in step-growth polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting He
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chunbo Jia
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yunjia Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Junpo He
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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7
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Khine YY, Batchelor R, Raveendran R, Stenzel MH. Photo‐Induced Modification of Nanocellulose: The Design of Self‐Fluorescent Drug Carriers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900499. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yee Yee Khine
- Center for Advanced Macromolecular DesignSchool of ChemistryThe University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Rhiannon Batchelor
- Center for Advanced Macromolecular DesignSchool of ChemistryThe University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Radhika Raveendran
- Center for Advanced Macromolecular DesignSchool of ChemistryThe University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Center for Advanced Macromolecular DesignSchool of ChemistryThe University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
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8
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Delafresnaye L, Schmitt CW, Barner L, Barner-Kowollik C. A Photochemical Ligation System Enabling Solid-Phase Chemiluminescence Read-Out. Chemistry 2019; 25:12538-12544. [PMID: 31172576 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence (PO-CL) reaction is among the most powerful and versatile techniques for the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and has been employed in various biological and chemical applications over the past 50 years. However, its two-component nature (peroxyoxalate and fluorophore) limits its use. This contribution introduces an innovative and versatile photochemical platform technology for the synthesis of inherently fluorescent PO probes by exploiting the nitrile imine-mediated tetrazole-ene cycloaddition (NITEC) reaction. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, the pioneered "2-in-1" molecule emits either yellow or blue light, depending on tetrazole (Tz) structure. Even in the absence of base, the emitted light remains visible and H2 O2 could be detected in the nanomolar range. Critically, the PO-Tz can be readily incorporated into polymeric materials. As a first application of this promising material, a tailor-made PO-Tz is grafted on poly(divinylbenzene) (PDVB) particles to enable solid-phase chemiluminescence on microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Delafresnaye
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of, Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Christian W Schmitt
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of, Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Leonie Barner
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of, Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of, Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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9
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Feng Y, Bai T, Yan H, Ding F, Bai L, Feng W. High Fluorescence Quantum Yield Based on the Through-Space Conjugation of Hyperbranched Polysiloxane. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shaanxi Province, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
| | - Tian Bai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shaanxi Province, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
| | - Hongxia Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shaanxi Province, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
| | - Fan Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shaanxi Province, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
| | - Lihua Bai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shaanxi Province, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
| | - Weixu Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shaanxi Province, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
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10
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Müller R, Feuerstein TJ, Trouillet V, Bestgen S, Roesky PW, Barner-Kowollik C. Spatially-Resolved Multiple Metallopolymer Surfaces by Photolithography. Chemistry 2018; 24:18933-18943. [PMID: 30357939 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A tetrazole-based photoligation protocol for the spatially-resolved encoding of various defined metallopolymers onto solid surfaces is introduced. By using this approach, fabrication of bi- and trifunctional metallopolymer surfaces with different metal combinations were achieved. Specifically, α-ω-functional copolymers containing bipyridine as well as triphenylphosphine ligands were synthesized through reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, and subsequently metal loaded to afford metallopolymers of the widely-used metals gold, palladium, and platinum. Spatially-resolved surface attachment was achieved by means of a nitrile imine-mediated tetrazole-ene cycloaddition (NITEC) based photoligation protocol, exploiting tethered tetrazoles and metallopolymers equipped with a maleimide chain terminus. Metallopolymer coated surfaces with three different metals were prepared and characterized by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and spatially-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) mapping, supporting the preserved chemical composition of the surface-bound metallopolymers. The established photochemical technology platform for arbitrary spatially-resolved metallopolymer surface designs enables the patterning of multiple metallopolymers onto solid substrates. This allows for the assembly of designer metallopolymer substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouven Müller
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas J Feuerstein
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry (AOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bestgen
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry (AOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry (AOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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11
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Mane SR, Hsiao IL, Takamiya M, Le D, Straehle U, Barner-Kowollik C, Weiss C, Delaittre G. Intrinsically Fluorescent, Stealth Polypyrazoline Nanoparticles with Large Stokes Shift for In Vivo Imaging. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801571. [PMID: 30079605 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in super-resolution microscopy and fluorescence bioimaging allow exploring previously inaccessible biological processes. To this end, there is a need for novel fluorescent probes with specific features in size, photophysical properties, colloidal and optical stabilities, as well as biocompatibility and ability to evade the reticuloendothelial system. Herein, novel fluorescent nanoparticles are introduced based on an inherently fluorescent polypyrazoline (PPy) core and a polyethylene glycol (PEG) shell, which address all aforementioned challenges. Synthesis of the PPy-PEG amphiphilic block copolymer by phototriggered step-growth polymerization is investigated by NMR spectroscopy, size-exclusion chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The corresponding nanoparticles are characterized for their luminescent properties and hydrodynamic size in various aqueous environments (e.g., cell culture media). PPy nanoparticles particularly exhibit a large Stokes shift (Δλ = 160 nm or Δν > 7000 cm-1 ) with visible light excitation and strong colloidal stability. While clearance by macrophages and endothelial cells is minimal, PPy displays good biocompatibility. Finally, PPy nanoparticles prove to be long circulating when injected in zebrafish embryos, as observed by in vivo time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. In summary, PPy nanoparticles are highly promising to be further developed as fluorescent nanodelivery systems with low toxicity and exquisite retention in the blood stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivshankar R Mane
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - I-Lun Hsiao
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Masanari Takamiya
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dao Le
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uwe Straehle
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD, 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
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12
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Hurrle S, Goldmann AS, Gliemann H, Mutlu H, Barner-Kowollik C. Light-Induced Step-Growth Polymerization of AB-Type Photo-Monomers at Ambient Temperature. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:201-207. [PMID: 35610893 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We introduce two AB-type monomers able to undergo a facile catalyst-free photoinduced polycycloaddition of photocaged dienes, enabling rapid Diels-Alder ligations under UV-irradiation (λmax = 350 nm) at ambient temperature, closely adhering to Carother's equation established by a careful kinetic study (17800 g mol-1 < Mw < 24700 g mol-1). The resulting macromolecules were in-depth analyzed via size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Additionally, SEC hyphenated to high resolution-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) enabled the careful mapping of the end group structure of the generated polymers. Furthermore, we demonstrate that both monomer systems can be readily copolymerized. The study thus demonstrates that Diels-Alder ligation resting upon photocaged dienes is a powerful tool for accessing step-growth polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Hurrle
- Macromolecular
Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anja S. Goldmann
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
- Macromolecular
Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hartmut Gliemann
- Institut
für Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hatice Mutlu
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
- Soft
Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
- Macromolecular
Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Soft
Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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13
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Lederhose P, Abt D, Welle A, Müller R, Barner‐Kowollik C, Blinco JP. Exploiting λ‐Orthogonal Photoligation for Layered Surface Patterning. Chemistry 2017; 24:576-580. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lederhose
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QLD) 2 George St Brisbane Queensland 4001 Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Doris Abt
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute for Biological Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute for Biological Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Rouven Müller
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute for Biological Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QLD) 2 George St Brisbane Queensland 4001 Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute for Biological Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QLD) 2 George St Brisbane Queensland 4001 Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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14
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Piradashvili K, Simon J, Paßlick D, Höhner JR, Mailänder V, Wurm FR, Landfester K. Fully degradable protein nanocarriers by orthogonal photoclick tetrazole-ene chemistry for the encapsulation and release. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2017; 2:297-302. [PMID: 32260685 DOI: 10.1039/c7nh00062f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The encapsulation of sensitive drugs into nanocarriers retaining their bioactivity and achieving selective release is a challenging topic in current drug delivery design. Established protocols rely on metal-catalyzed or unspecific reactions to build the (mostly synthetic) vehicles which may inhibit the drug's function. Triggered by light, the mild tetrazole-ene cycloaddition enables us to prepare protein nanocarriers (PNCs) preserving at the same time the bioactivity of the sensitive antitumor and antiviral cargo Resiquimod (R848). This catalyst-free reaction was designed to take place at the interface of aqueous nanodroplets in miniemulsion to produce core-shell PNCs with over 90% encapsulation efficiency and no unwanted drug release over storage for several months. Albumins used herein are major constituents of blood and thus ideal biodegradable natural polymers for the production of such nanocarriers. These protein carriers were taken up by dendritic cells and the intracellular drug release by enzymatic degradation of the protein shell material was proven. Together with the thorough colloidal analysis of the PNCs, their stability in human blood plasma and the detailed protein corona composition, these results underline the high potential of such naturally derived drug delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keti Piradashvili
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany.
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15
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Estupiñán D, Gegenhuber T, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C, Barner L. Self-Reporting Fluorescent Step-Growth RAFT Polymers Based on Nitrile Imine-Mediated Tetrazole-ene Cycloaddition Chemistry. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:229-234. [PMID: 35650919 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We introduce an inherently fluorescent self-reporting step-growth polymer system as well as a fluorescence-based methodology for accessing the kinetics of the underpinning photoinduced nitrile imine-mediated tetrazole-ene cycloaddition (NITEC) process, using an equimolar mixture of a bismaleimide linker and a bifunctional α,ω-tetrazole-chain transfer agent (CTA). Similarly, α,ω-tetrazole-capped polystyrene, prepared via RAFT polymerization, was employed as a photoreactive macromonomer. Upon UV irradiation, the tetrazole moiety readily reacts with activated dialkenes producing the fluorescent pyrazoline-containing polymer. Thus, the fluorescence emission of the step-growth polymers is directly correlated with the number of ligation points in the polymer, forming an ideal self-reporting sensor system. The viability of the fluorescence-based quantification is verified via NMR spectroscopy, evidencing that fluorescence-based polymerization monitoring is a viable avenue in cases where NMR spectroscopy is difficult to conduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Estupiñán
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gegenhuber
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - James P. Blinco
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Leonie Barner
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), QLD 4001, Australia
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16
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Blasco E, Sugawara Y, Lederhose P, Blinco JP, Kelterer AM, Barner-Kowollik C. Understanding Reactivity Patterns in Light-Induced Nitrile Imine Mediated Tetrazole-Ene Cycloadditions. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201600042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Blasco
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Yuuki Sugawara
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Paul Lederhose
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); 2 George Street Brisbane, QLD 4001 Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); 2 George Street Brisbane, QLD 4001 Australia
| | - Anne-Marie Kelterer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); 2 George Street Brisbane, QLD 4001 Australia
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17
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Offenloch JT, Willenbacher J, Tzvetkova P, Heiler C, Mutlu H, Barner-Kowollik C. Degradable fluorescent single-chain nanoparticles based on metathesis polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:775-778. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08554g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We introduce the facile synthesis of fluorescent single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) based on chain-shattering acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymers featuring self-immolative azobenzene motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin T. Offenloch
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Johannes Willenbacher
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Pavleta Tzvetkova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Institute for Biological Interfaces 4 – Magnetic Resonance
- Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Carolin Heiler
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Hatice Mutlu
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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18
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Lederhose P, Chen Z, Müller R, Blinco JP, Wu S, Barner-Kowollik C. Near-Infrared Photoinduced Coupling Reactions Assisted by Upconversion Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12195-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lederhose
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); 2 George St Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Rouven Müller
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); 2 George St Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia
| | - Si Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); 2 George St Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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19
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Lederhose P, Chen Z, Müller R, Blinco JP, Wu S, Barner-Kowollik C. Lichtgesteuerte Kupplungsreaktionen im nahen Infrarot mittels Aufkonvertierungs-Nanopartikeln. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lederhose
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); 2 George St Brisbane QLD 4001 Australien
- Lehrstuhl für Präparative Makromolekulare Chemie; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Rouven Müller
- Lehrstuhl für Präparative Makromolekulare Chemie; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); 2 George St Brisbane QLD 4001 Australien
| | - Si Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); 2 George St Brisbane QLD 4001 Australien
- Lehrstuhl für Präparative Makromolekulare Chemie; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
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20
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Sugawara Y, Jasinski N, Kaupp M, Welle A, Zydziak N, Blasco E, Barner-Kowollik C. Light-driven nitrile imine-mediated tetrazole-ene cycloaddition as a versatile platform for fullerene conjugation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:13000-3. [PMID: 26179054 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05507e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An efficient methodology for modular fullerene functionalization via the photo-induced nitrile imine-mediated tetrazole-ene cycloaddition (NITEC) is introduced. The versatility and platform character of the method is illustrated by the light-driven reaction of fullerenes with small molecule, polymeric and surface-immobilized tetrazoles. The efficient fullerene conjugation is evidenced via mass spectrometric techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Sugawara
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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21
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Hatano J, Okuro K, Aida T. Photoinduced Bioorthogonal 1,3-Dipolar Poly-cycloaddition Promoted by Oxyanionic Substrates for Spatiotemporal Operation of Molecular Glues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Lederhose P, Wüst KNR, Barner-Kowollik C, Blinco JP. Catalyst free visible light induced cycloaddition as an avenue for polymer ligation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5928-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00942e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The current study introduces a tetrazole species able to perform a rapid, visible light induced nitrile imine-mediated tetrazole-ene cycloaddition (NITEC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lederhose
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Queensland 4001
| | - Kilian N. R. Wüst
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Engesserstr. 18
- 76128 Karlsruhe
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Queensland 4001
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Queensland 4001
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23
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Hatano J, Okuro K, Aida T. Photoinduced Bioorthogonal 1,3-Dipolar Poly-cycloaddition Promoted by Oxyanionic Substrates for Spatiotemporal Operation of Molecular Glues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:193-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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24
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Efficient Photochemical Approaches for Spatially Resolved Surface Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:11388-403. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Delaittre G, Goldmann AS, Mueller JO, Barner-Kowollik C. Effiziente photochemische Verfahren für die räumlich aufgelöste Oberflächenfunktionalisierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Stolzer L, Vigovskaya A, Barner-Kowollik C, Fruk L. A Self-Reporting Tetrazole-Based Linker for the Biofunctionalization of Gold Nanorods. Chemistry 2015; 21:14309-13. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Synthetic polymer chemistry has undergone two major developments in the last two decades. About 20 years ago, reversible-deactivation radical polymerization processes started to give access to a wide range of polymeric architectures made from an almost infinite reservoir of functional building blocks. A few years later, the concept of click chemistry revolutionized the way polymer chemists approached synthetic routes. Among the few reactions that could qualify as click, the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) initially stood out. Soon, many old and new reactions, including cycloadditions, would further enrich the synthetic macromolecular chemistry toolbox. Whether click or not, cycloadditions are in any case powerful tools for designing polymeric materials in a modular fashion, with a high level of functionality and, sometimes, responsiveness. Here, we wish to describe cycloaddition methodologies that have been reported in the last 10 years in the context of macromolecular engineering, with a focus on those developed in our laboratories. The overarching structure of this Account is based on the three most commonly encountered cycloaddition subclasses in organic and macromolecular chemistry: 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, (hetero-)Diels-Alder cycloadditions ((H)DAC), and [2+2] cycloadditions. Our goal is to briefly describe the relevant reaction conditions, the advantages and disadvantages, and the realized polymer applications. Furthermore, the orthogonality of most of these reactions is highlighted because it has proven highly beneficial for generating unique, multifunctional polymers in a one-pot reaction. The overview on 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions is mostly centered on the application of CuAAC as the most travelled route, by far. Besides illustrating the capacity of CuAAC to generate complex polymeric architectures, alternative 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions operating without the need for a catalyst are described. In the area of (H)DA cycloadditions, beyond the popular maleimide/furan couple, we present chemistries based on more reactive species, such as cyclopentadienyl or thiocarbonylthio moieties, particularly stressing the reversibility of these systems. In these two greater families, as well as in the last section on [2+2] cycloadditions, we highlight phototriggered chemistries as a powerful tool for spatially and temporally controlled materials synthesis. Clearly, cycloaddition chemistry already has and will continue to transform the field of polymer chemistry in the years to come. Applying this chemistry enables better control over polymer composition, the development of more complicated polymer architectures, the simplification of polymer library production, and the discovery of novel applications for all of these new polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Delaittre
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz
1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nathalie K. Guimard
- INM − Leibniz
Institute for New Materials, Functional Surfaces Group, and Saarland
University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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