1
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Indurmuddam RR, Huang PC, Hong BC, Chien SY. Visible-Light-Photocatalyzed Self-Cyclopropanation Reactions of Dibenzoylmethanes for the Synthesis of Cyclopropanes. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38949643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
A new self-cyclopropanation of 1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-dione, leading to tetrasubstituted cyclopropane containing three contiguous stereogenic centers with high stereoselectivity, has been achieved through violet-light-emitting diode-irradiated photocatalysis, featuring both cycloaddition and a distinctive rearrangement. Diverging from conventional cyclopropanation pathways, this reaction yields a tetrasubstituted cyclopropane through unprecedented rearrangement and cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pei-Chi Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan ROC
| | - Bor-Cherng Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan ROC
| | - Su-Ying Chien
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan ROC
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2
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Liu M, Uyeda C. Redox Approaches to Carbene Generation in Catalytic Cyclopropanation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202406218. [PMID: 38752878 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions have a century-old history in organic chemistry and are a primary method for the synthesis of cyclopropanes. Much of the work in this field has focused on the use of diazo compounds and related precursors, which can transfer a carbene fragment to a catalyst with concomitant loss of a stable byproduct. Despite the utility of this approach, there are persistent limitations in the scope of viable carbenes, most notably those lacking stabilizing substituents. By coupling carbene transfer chemistry with two-electron redox cycles, it is possible to expand the available starting materials that can be used as carbene precursors. In this Minireview, we discuss emerging catalytic reductive cyclopropanation reactions using either gem-dihaloalkanes or carbonyl compounds. This strategy is inspired by classic stoichiometric transformations, such as the Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation and the Clemmensen reduction, but instead entails the formation of a catalytically generated transition metal carbene or carbenoid. We also present recent efforts to generate carbenes directly from methylene (CR2H2) groups via a formal 1,1-dehydrogenation. These reactions are currently restricted to substrates containing electron-withdrawing substituents, which serve to facilitate deprotonation and subsequent oxidation of the anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christopher Uyeda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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3
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Ren B, Xu J, Liu C. Rapid and Practical Synthesis of gem-Dibromoalkanes from Aldehydes by Tribromide Reagent. Chem Asian J 2024:e202301087. [PMID: 38183358 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
gem-Dibromoalkanes are important synthetic building block in organic chemistry, but their preparation is still troublesome. Herein, we have developed a simple and practical protocol for the synthesis of gem-dibromoalkanes from aldehydes using tetrabutylammonium tribromide and triphenyl phosphite. A variety of alkyl and aromatic aldehydes can be transformed into the corresponding products within 10 minutes. This protocol is also applicable to alcohols, and the configuration of chiral alcohol is inverted during the process with excellent enantiopurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jianeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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4
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Rybicka-Jasińska K, Szeptuch Z, Kubiszewski H, Kowaluk A. Electrochemical Cycloaddition Reactions of Alkene Radical Cations: A Route toward Cyclopropanes and Cyclobutanes. Org Lett 2023; 25:1142-1146. [PMID: 36786497 PMCID: PMC9972478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a mild and efficient electrochemical method for cycloaddition reactions of alkene radical cations. Anodic oxidation of olefins produces electrophilic alkene radical cations, which further react with either diazo compounds in a [2 + 1] cycloaddition toward cyclopropane synthesis, or styrene derivatives in a [2 + 2] cycloaddition producing cyclobutanes. Both processes are green, metal- and catalyst-free, and scalable and tolerate a broad range of electron-rich olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zuzanna Szeptuch
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland,Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hubert Kubiszewski
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kowaluk
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Liu J, Tang S, Xu H, Zhang R, Zhao J, Zhang P, Li P. Photocatalytic Regioselective [2 + 2 + 1] Radical Annulation of Alkenes with tert-Butyl Nitrite and gem-Dihalides. Org Lett 2022; 24:9366-9369. [PMID: 36541616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light photocatalytic regioselective [2 + 2 + 1] radical annulation reaction of alkenes, tert-butyl nitrite, and gem-dihalides has been developed. The protocol provides an efficient and practical approach to obtain isoxazolines in good yields under mild conditions. Significantly, gem-dihalides serve as C1 synthons, while cheap tert-butyl nitrite acts as an ideal "N-O" synthon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiupeng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Huayan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Puyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
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6
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Liu J, Tang S, Wang S, Cao M, Zhao J, Zhang P, Li P. Visible-Light-Induced 1,6-Enynes Triggered C-Br Bond Homolysis of Bromomalonates: Solvent-Controlled Divergent Synthesis of Carbonylated and Hydroxylated Benzofurans. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9250-9258. [PMID: 35749743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Visible-light-induced 1,6-enyne-triggered C-Br bond homolysis of bromomalonates has been developed. This transition-metal-free, photocatalyst-free, and oxidant- and additive-free protocol affords an efficient approach for divergent synthesis of carbonylated and hydroxylated benzofurans from 1,6-enynes and bromomalonates under mild conditions. Significantly, mechanistic studies reveal that the homolysis of C-Br bonds appears to experience an energy-transfer pathway, and the atom-transfer radical addition products are the key intermediates to generate carbonylated and hydroxylated benzofurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiupeng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Shichong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Mengting Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Puyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
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7
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Jana SK, Maiti M, Dey P, Maji B. Photoredox/Nickel Dual Catalysis Enables the Synthesis of Alkyl Cyclopropanes via C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Cross Electrophile Coupling of Unactivated Alkyl Electrophiles. Org Lett 2022; 24:1298-1302. [PMID: 35133153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A facile synthesis of mono-, 1,1- and 1,2-disubstituted cyclopropanes via visible light-mediated photoredox/nickel dual catalysis is demonstrated. The challenging intramolecular C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-electrophile coupling of readily available unactivated 1,3-dialkyl electrophiles was performed under mild conditions that allowed traditionally reactive functional groups to be included. Mechanistic inspection and control experiments revealed the importance of dual catalysis and that the reaction proceeds via a stepwise oxidative addition followed by an intramolecular SN2 reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan K Jana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Mamata Maiti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Purusattam Dey
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Biplab Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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8
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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9
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Huang XL, Cheng YZ, You SL. Visible-light enabled synthesis of cyclopropane-fused indolines via dearomatization of indoles. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01174c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of methylene-unsubstituted cyclopropane-fused indolines via photoredox catalyzed dearomative cyclopropanation of indole derivatives was developed. A broad range of indoles bearing a variety of functional groups were compatible...
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10
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Ide K, Furuta M, Tokuyama H. Photoredox-catalyzed intramolecular cyclopropanation of alkenes with α-bromo-β-keto esters. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9172-9176. [PMID: 34664610 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01733k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A mild photoredox-catalyzed intramolecular cyclopropanation of alkenes with α-bromo-β-keto esters in an aqueous medium was developed. The sequential reaction process comprising the intramolecular radical addition of α-bromo-β-keto esters to olefins under photoredox catalysis, and subsequent cyclization to form cyclopropane proceeds in one-pot under exceptionally mild conditions at room temperature in the presence of 2,6-lutidine. A broad range of substrates consisting of various alkenes and both base- and acid-sensitive functionalized esters were feasible under the reaction conditions, resulting in a wide range of functionalized bicyclic cyclopropanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohta Ide
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Miyu Furuta
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Hidetoshi Tokuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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11
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Li J, Lear MJ, Hayashi Y. Direct Cyclopropanation of α-Cyano β-Aryl Alkanes by Light-Mediated Single Electron Transfer Between Donor-Acceptor Pairs. Chemistry 2021; 27:5901-5905. [PMID: 33565170 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclopropanes are traditionally prepared by the formal [2+1] addition of carbene or radical based C1 units to alkenes. In contrast, the one-pot intermolecular cyclopropanation of alkanes by redox active C1 units has remained unrealised. Herein, we achieved this process simply by exposing β-aryl propionitriles and C1 radical precursors (N-oxy esters) to base and blue light. The overall process is redox-neutral and a photocatalyst, whether metal- or organic-based, is not required. Our findings support that single electron transfer (SET) from the α-cyano carbanion of the propionitrile to the N-oxy ester is facilitated by blue-light via their electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex. The α-cyano carbon radical thus formed can then lose a β-proton to form a π-resonance stabilised radical anion that preferentially couples at the benzylic β-position with a decarboxylated C1 radical unit. This new transition metal-free chemistry tolerates both electron rich and electron deficient (hetero)aryl systems, even sulfide or alkene functionality, to afford a range of cis-aryl/cyano cyclopropanes bearing congested tetrasubstituted quaternary carbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Martin J Lear
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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12
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Photogenerated electrophilic radicals for the umpolung of enolate chemistry. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2020.100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Chen Y, Lu F, Li R, Guan Z, He Y. Visible‐light‐mediated Synthesis of Bromo‐containing Azaspirotrienediones from
N
‐phenylpropynamides. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
| | - Fo‐Yun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
| | - Rui‐Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
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14
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Donabauer K, König B. Strategies for the Photocatalytic Generation of Carbanion Equivalents for Reductant-Free C-C Bond Formations. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:242-252. [PMID: 33325678 PMCID: PMC7871440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusThe use of photocatalysis in organic chemistry has encountered a surge of novel transformations since the start of the 21st century. The majority of these transformations are driven by the generation and subsequent reaction of radicals, owing to the intrinsic property of common photocatalysts to transfer single electrons from their excited state. While this is a powerful and elegant method to develop novel transformations, several research groups recently sought to further extend the toolbox of photocatalysis into the realm of polar ionic reactivity by the formation of cationic as well as anionic key reaction intermediates to furnish a desired product.Our group became especially interested in the photocatalytic formation of anionic carbon nucleophiles, as the overall transformation resembles classical organometallic reactions like Grignard, Barbier, and Reformatsky reactions, which are ubiquitous in organic synthesis with broad applications especially in the formation of valuable C-C bonds. Although these classical reactions are frequently applied, their use still bears certain disadvantages; one is the necessity of an (over)stoichiometric amount of a reducing metal. The reducing, low-valent, metal is solely applied to activate the starting material to form the organometallic carbanion synthon, while the final reaction product does generally not contain a metal species. Hence, a stoichiometric amount of metal salt is bound to be generated at the end of each reaction, diminishing the atom economy. The use of visible light as mild and traceless activation agent to drive chemical reactions can be a means to arrive at a more atom economic transformation, as a reducing metal source is avoided. Beyond this, the vast pool of photocatalytic activation methods offers the potential to employ easily available starting materials, as simple as unfunctionalized alkanes, to open novel and more facile retrosynthetic pathways. However, as mentioned above, photocatalysis is dominated by open-shell radical reactivity. With neutral radicals showing an intrinsically different reactivity than ionic species, novel strategies to form intermediates expressing a polar behavior need to be developed in order to achieve this goal.In the last couple of years, several methods toward this aim have been reported by our group and others. This Account aims to give an overview of the different existing strategies to photocatalytically form carbon centered anions or equivalents of those in order to form C-C bonds. As the main concept is to omit a stoichiometric reductant source (like a low-valent metal in classical organometallic reactions), only redox-neutral and reductant-free transformations were taken into closer consideration. We present selected examples of important strategies and try to illustrate the intentions and concepts behind the methods developed by our group and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Donabauer
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of
Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg,
Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of
Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg,
Germany
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15
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Liu Y, Luo W, Xia T, Fang Y, Du C, Jin X, Li Y, Zhang L, Lei W, Wu H. Merging radical-polar crossover/cycloisomerization processes: access to polyfunctional furans enabled by metallaphotoredox catalysis. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01472a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Metallaphotoredox catalysis for furan synthesis: The cyclisation of yne-enones proceeds smoothly via consecutive reductive radical-polar crossover and cycloisomerization processes enabled by cooperative photoredox-neutral and copper catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- China
| | - Wenping Luo
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- China
| | - Tingting Xia
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University of Technology
- Ningbo 315211
- China
| | - Yewen Fang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University of Technology
- Ningbo 315211
- China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
| | - Chan Du
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University of Technology
- Ningbo 315211
- China
| | - Xiaoping Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College
- Ningbo 315100
- China
| | - Yan Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College
- Ningbo 315100
- China
| | - Wan Lei
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University of Technology
- Ningbo 315211
- China
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16
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Zheng L, Tao K, Guo W. Recent Developments in Photo‐Catalyzed/Promoted Synthesis of Indoles and Their Functionalization: Reactions and Mechanisms. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lvyin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 People's Republic of China
| | - Kailiang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 People's Republic of China
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17
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Synthesis of 3-arylphthalides with a quaternary carbon center via [4+1] cycloaddition of 2-carbonylcyclohexadienimines with isocyanides under metal-free conditions. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Zhang X, Zhang Z, Song JN, Wang Z. Reductive radical-initiated 1,2-C migration assisted by an azidyl group. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7921-7926. [PMID: 34123076 PMCID: PMC8163324 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02559c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a novel reductive radical-polar crossover reaction that is a reductive radical-initiated 1,2-C migration of 2-azido allyl alcohols enabled by an azidyl group. The reaction tolerates diverse migrating groups, such as alkyl, alkenyl, and aryl groups, allowing access to n+1 ring expansion of small to large rings. The possibility of directly using propargyl alcohols in one-pot is also described. Mechanistic studies indicated that an azidyl group is a good leaving group and provides a driving force for the 1,2-C migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Zhansong Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Jin-Na Song
- School of Life Science, Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Zikun Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
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19
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Cho YH, Kim JH, An H, Ahn K, Kang EJ. Cycloaddition Reactions of Alkene Radical Cations using Iron(III)‐Phenanthroline Complex. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hyun Cho
- Department of Applied ChemistryKyung Hee University Yongin 17104 Korea
| | - Jae Hyung Kim
- Department of Applied ChemistryKyung Hee University Yongin 17104 Korea
| | - Hyeju An
- Department of Applied ChemistryKyung Hee University Yongin 17104 Korea
| | - Kwang‐Hyun Ahn
- Department of Applied ChemistryKyung Hee University Yongin 17104 Korea
| | - Eun Joo Kang
- Department of Applied ChemistryKyung Hee University Yongin 17104 Korea
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20
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Chen Y, Hu J, Ding A. Synthesis of an anthraquinone-containing polymeric photosensitizer and its application in aerobic photooxidation of thioethers. RSC Adv 2020; 10:10661-10665. [PMID: 35492936 PMCID: PMC9050403 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00880j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Work on the synthesis of a polymeric photosensitizer and its application in the photooxidation of thioethers is reported herein. Firstly, the polymeric photosensitizer was designed and synthesized by the reaction of anthraquinone-2-carbonyl chloride (AQ-2-COCl) with poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA). Then, the visible light-induced photooxidation of thioethers under aerobic conditions was investigated. The results revealed that the reaction yielded sulfoxides highly chemoselectively in excellent yields with good substrate tolerance. Importantly, AQ-PHEMA could be easily recovered and reused more than 20 times without significant loss of the catalytic activity. Work on the synthesis of a polymeric photosensitizer and its application in the photooxidation of thioethers is reported herein.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University 2005 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 P. R. China +86-21-31242888 +86-21-55665280
| | - Jianhua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University 2005 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 P. R. China +86-21-31242888 +86-21-55665280
| | - Aishun Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University 2005 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 P. R. China +86-21-31249190 +86-21-31249190
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21
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Microwave-promoted solvent-free synthesis of para-quinone methides (p-QMs) derivatives. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Berger AL, Donabauer K, König B. Photocatalytic carbanion generation from C-H bonds - reductant free Barbier/Grignard-type reactions. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10991-10996. [PMID: 34040714 PMCID: PMC8133029 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04987h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a redox-neutral method for the generation of carbanions from benzylic C-H bonds in a photocatalytic Grignard-type reaction. The combination of photo- and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalysis enables the abstraction of a benzylic hydrogen atom, generating a radical intermediate. This radical is reduced in situ by the organic photocatalyst to a carbanion, which is able to react with electrophiles such as aldehydes or ketones, yielding homobenzylic secondary and tertiary alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lucia Berger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Karsten Donabauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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23
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Herraiz AG, Suero MG. A transition-metal-free & diazo-free styrene cyclopropanation. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9374-9379. [PMID: 32110302 PMCID: PMC7017872 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02749a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An operationally simple and broadly applicable novel cyclopropanation of styrenes using gem-diiodomethyl carbonyl reagents has been developed. Visible-light triggered the photoinduced generation of iodomethyl carbonyl radicals, able to cyclopropanate a wide array of styrenes with excellent chemoselectivity and functional group tolerance. To highlight the utility of our photocyclopropanation, we demonstrated the late-stage functionalization of biomolecule derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G Herraiz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Av. Països Catalans 16 , Tarragona , 43007 , Spain .
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Calle Marcel. lí Domingo, 1 , Tarragona , 43007 , Spain
| | - Marcos G Suero
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Av. Països Catalans 16 , Tarragona , 43007 , Spain .
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24
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Chen Z, Wen T, Hou D. K3PO4-Promoted Cyclopropanation of Electron-deficient Alkenes with 2-Bromo-1,3-Propanedione Compounds. Chem Res Chin Univ 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-019-9137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Pitzer L, Schwarz JL, Glorius F. Reductive radical-polar crossover: traditional electrophiles in modern radical reactions. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8285-8291. [PMID: 32055300 PMCID: PMC7003961 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03359a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of reductive radical-polar crossover (RRPCO) reactions has recently emerged as a valuable and powerful tool to overcome limitations of both radical and traditional polar chemistry. Especially in case of additions to carbonyl compounds, the synergy of radical and polar pathways is of great advantage since it enables the use of traditional carbonyl electrophiles in radical reactions. The most recent and synthetically important transformations following this line are summarised in the first part of this review. The second part deals with transformations, in which the concept of RRPCO promotes the usage of alkyl halides as electrophiles in radical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Pitzer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| | - J Luca Schwarz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
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26
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Photoredox‐Catalyzed Cyclopropanation of 1,1‐Disubstituted Alkenes via Radical‐Polar Crossover Process. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Donabauer K, Maity M, Berger AL, Huff GS, Crespi S, König B. Photocatalytic carbanion generation - benzylation of aliphatic aldehydes to secondary alcohols. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5162-5166. [PMID: 31183069 PMCID: PMC6524566 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01356c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a redox-neutral method for the photocatalytic generation of carbanions.
We present a redox-neutral method for the photocatalytic generation of carbanions. Benzylic carboxylates are photooxidized by single electron transfer; immediate CO2 extrusion and reduction of the in situ formed radical yields a carbanion capable of reacting with aliphatic aldehydes as electrophiles giving the Grignard analogous reaction product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Donabauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Mitasree Maity
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Anna Lucia Berger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Gregory S Huff
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany .
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28
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Huo H, Jiang Y, Zhao T, Wang J, Li D, Xu X, Lin K. Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas as Efficient Nanoreactors in Cascade Reactions Preparing Cyclopropanic Derivatives. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1496-1505. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Huo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang 150001 P. R. China
| | - Yanqiu Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang 150001 P. R. China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang 150001 P. R. China
| | - Junlei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang 150001 P. R. China
| | - Defeng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang 150001 P. R. China
| | - Xianzhu Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang 150001 P. R. China
| | - Kaifeng Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang 150001 P. R. China
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29
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Liu C, Yang YJ, Dong JY, Zhou MD, Li L, Wang H. Visible-light-promoted hydroxysulfonylation of alkylidenecyclopropanes: synthesis of cyclopropane-containing β-hydroxysulfones. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01058k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclopropane-containing β-hydroxysulfones and cyclopropyl styrenes have been synthesised from readily available ACPs and sulfuryl chloride via visible-light photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
- P. R. China
| | - Yan-Jie Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
- P. R. China
| | - Jun-Ying Dong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
- P. R. China
| | - Ming-Dong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
- P. R. China
| | - He Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
- P. R. China
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30
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Ohtani T, Tsuchiya Y, Uraguchi D, Ooi T. Photocatalytic borylcyclopropanation of α-boryl styrenes. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00197b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A diastereoselective borylcyclopropanation of α-MIDA-boryl styrenes is developed using 4CzIPN as a catalyst under visible-light irradiation. The scope of this photocatalytic method is explored, and the utility of the resulting doubly borylated cyclopropanes is demonstrated by the selective transformations of one of the two boryl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Ohtani
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
| | - Yuto Tsuchiya
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
| | - Daisuke Uraguchi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
| | - Takashi Ooi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
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31
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Li B, Weng X, Sun X, Zhang Y, Lv X, Gu G. Facile synthesis of Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide/polyvinyl pyrrolidone ternary composites and their enhanced microwave absorbing properties. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Shu C, Mega RS, Andreassen BJ, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclopropanes from Carboxylic Acids by a Radical Addition–Polar Cyclization Cascade. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol, Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Riccardo S. Mega
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol, Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Björn J. Andreassen
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol, Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Adam Noble
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol, Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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33
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Shu C, Mega RS, Andreassen BJ, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclopropanes from Carboxylic Acids by a Radical Addition-Polar Cyclization Cascade. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15430-15434. [PMID: 30204292 PMCID: PMC6282618 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the development of a photoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative radical addition-polar cyclization cascade approach to functionalized cyclopropanes. Reductive termination of radical-polar crossover reactions between aliphatic carboxylic acids and electron-deficient alkenes yielded carbanion intermediates that were intercepted in intramolecular alkylations with alkyl chlorides appended to the alkene substrate. The mild conditions, which make use of a readily available organic photocatalyst and visible light, were demonstrated to be amenable to a broad range of structurally complex carboxylic acids and a wide variety of chloroalkyl alkenes, demonstrating exquisite functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol, Cantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Riccardo S. Mega
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol, Cantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | | | - Adam Noble
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol, Cantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
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34
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Berger AL, Donabauer K, König B. Photocatalytic Barbier reaction - visible-light induced allylation and benzylation of aldehydes and ketones. Chem Sci 2018; 9:7230-7235. [PMID: 30288242 PMCID: PMC6148494 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02038h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a photocatalytic version of the Barbier type reaction using readily available allyl or benzyl bromides and aromatic aldehydes or ketones as starting materials to generate allylic or benzylic alcohols. The reaction proceeds at room temperature under visible light irradiation with the organic dye 3,7-di(4-biphenyl)1-naphthalene-10-phenoxazine as a photocatalyst and DIPEA as sacrificial electron donor. The proposed cross-coupling mechanism of a ketyl- and an allyl or benzyl radical is supported by spectroscopic investigations and cyclic voltammetry measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lucia Berger
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstrasse 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49-941-943-4575
| | - Karsten Donabauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstrasse 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49-941-943-4575
| | - Burkhard König
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstrasse 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49-941-943-4575
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35
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Guo T, Zhang L, Liu X, Fang Y, Jin X, Yang Y, Li Y, Chen B, Ouyang M. Visible-Light-Promoted Redox-Neutral Cyclopropanation Reactions of α-Substituted Vinylphosphonates and Other Michael Acceptors with Chloromethyl Silicate as Methylene Transfer Reagent. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules; Hubei University; No. 368 Youyi Dadao Wuhan 430062 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering; Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College; No. 888 Yinxian Avenue East Ningbo 315100 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University of Technology; No. 201 Fenghua Road Ningbo 315211 People's Republic of China
| | - Yewen Fang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University of Technology; No. 201 Fenghua Road Ningbo 315211 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering; Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College; No. 888 Yinxian Avenue East Ningbo 315100 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University of Technology; No. 201 Fenghua Road Ningbo 315211 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules; Hubei University; No. 368 Youyi Dadao Wuhan 430062 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University of Technology; No. 201 Fenghua Road Ningbo 315211 People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Ouyang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University of Technology; No. 201 Fenghua Road Ningbo 315211 People's Republic of China
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36
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Li P, Zhao J, Shi L, Wang J, Shi X, Li F. Iodine-catalyzed diazo activation to access radical reactivity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1972. [PMID: 29773787 PMCID: PMC5958049 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed diazo activation is a classical way to generate metal carbene, which are valuable intermediates in synthetic organic chemistry. An alternative iodine-catalyzed diazo activation is disclosed herein under either photo-initiated or thermal-initiated conditions, which represents an approach to enable carbene radical reactivity. This metal-free diazo activation strategy were successfully applied into olefin cyclopropanation and epoxidation, and applying this method to pyrrole synthesis under thermal-initiated conditions further demonstrates the unique reactivity using this method over typical metal-catalyzed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, 33620, FL, USA
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lijun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, 33620, FL, USA
| | - Xiaodong Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, 33620, FL, USA.
| | - Fuwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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37
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Tambe SD, Rohokale RS, Kshirsagar UA. Visible-Light-Mediated Eosin Y Photoredox-Catalyzed Vicinal Thioamination of Alkynes: Radical Cascade Annulation Strategy for 2-Substituted-3-sulfenylindoles. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant D. Tambe
- Department of Chemistry; Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly: University of Pune); 411007 Pune India
| | - Rajendra S. Rohokale
- Department of Chemistry; Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly: University of Pune); 411007 Pune India
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Division of Organic Chemistry; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road 411008 Pune India
| | - Umesh A. Kshirsagar
- Department of Chemistry; Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly: University of Pune); 411007 Pune India
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38
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Corrigan N, Shanmugam S, Xu J, Boyer C. Photocatalysis in organic and polymer synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 45:6165-6212. [PMID: 27819094 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00185h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review, with over 600 references, summarizes the recent applications of photoredox catalysis for organic transformation and polymer synthesis. Photoredox catalysts are metallo- or organo-compounds capable of absorbing visible light, resulting in an excited state species. This excited state species can donate or accept an electron from other substrates to mediate redox reactions at ambient temperature with high atom efficiency. These catalysts have been successfully implemented for the discovery of novel organic reactions and synthesis of added-value chemicals with an excellent control of selectivity and stereo-regularity. More recently, such catalysts have been implemented by polymer chemists to post-modify polymers in high yields, as well as to effectively catalyze reversible deactivation radical polymerizations and living polymerizations. These catalysts create new approaches for advanced organic transformation and polymer synthesis. The objective of this review is to give an overview of this emerging field to organic and polymer chemists as well as materials scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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39
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Cheng J, Xie J, Zhu C. Relay photocatalytic cascade reactions: synthesis of indolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline derivatives via double C(sp3)–H bond functionalization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:1655-1658. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09820k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A relay photoredox catalysis strategy concomitant with [1,5] hydrogen atom transfer has been applied in the construction of a biologically important indolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline framework via a cascade reaction. This reaction enables double C(sp3)–H bond functionalization and formation of two carbon–carbon double bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
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40
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Li JX, Li L, Zhou MD, Wang H. Visible-light-promoted organic-dye-catalyzed three-component coupling of aldehydes, hydrazines and bromodifluorinated reagents. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00939a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
α,α-Difluoroketone hydrazones have been synthesised from readily available aldehydes, hydrazines, and bromodifluorinated reagents via visible-light photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xue Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
- P. R. China
| | - Ming-Dong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
- P. R. China
| | - He Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
- P. R. China
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41
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Rohokale RS, Tambe SD, Kshirsagar UA. Eosin Y photoredox catalyzed net redox neutral reaction for regiospecific annulation to 3-sulfonylindoles via anion oxidation of sodium sulfinate salts. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:536-540. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02977b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An eosin Y photoredox catalyzed net redox neutral process for 3-sulfonylindoles via the anionic oxidation of sodium sulfinate salts and its radical cascade cyclization with 2-alkynyl-azidoarenes was developed with visible light as a mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra S. Rohokale
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- Pune - 411008
- India
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Shrikant D. Tambe
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly: University of Pune)
- Pune 411007
- India
| | - Umesh A. Kshirsagar
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly: University of Pune)
- Pune 411007
- India
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42
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Cheng J, Cheng Y, Xie J, Zhu C. Photoredox Divergent 1,2-Difunctionalization of Alkenes with gem-Dibromides. Org Lett 2017; 19:6452-6455. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yixiang Cheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jin Xie
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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43
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Ali H, Zaman S, Majeed I, Kanodarwala FK, Nadeem MA, Stride JA, Nadeem MA. Porous Carbon/rGO Composite: An Ideal Support Material of Highly Efficient Palladium Electrocatalysts for the Formic Acid Oxidation Reaction. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ali
- Catalysis and Nanomaterials Lab 27, Department of Chemistry; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
| | - Shahid Zaman
- Catalysis and Nanomaterials Lab 27, Department of Chemistry; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
| | - Imran Majeed
- Catalysis and Nanomaterials Lab 27, Department of Chemistry; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Amtiaz Nadeem
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
- SABIC-Corporate Research and Development (CRD) at; KAUST, Thuwal 23955, KSA
| | - John Arron Stride
- School of Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Muhammad Arif Nadeem
- Catalysis and Nanomaterials Lab 27, Department of Chemistry; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
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44
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Sarabia FJ, Ferreira EM. Radical Cation Cyclopropanations via Chromium Photooxidative Catalysis. Org Lett 2017; 19:2865-2868. [PMID: 28498677 PMCID: PMC5985524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chromium photocatalyzed cyclopropanation of diazo reagents with electron-rich alkenes is described. The transformation occurs under mild conditions and features specific distinctions from traditional diazo-based cyclopropanations (e.g., avoiding β-hydride elimination, chemoselectivity considerations, etc.). The reaction appears to work most effectively using chromium catalysis, and a number of decorated cyclopropanes can be accessed in generally good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric M. Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
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45
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Chen JR, Yan DM, Wei Q, Xiao WJ. Photocascade Catalysis: A New Strategy for Cascade Reactions. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Chen
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre; Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Dong-Mei Yan
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre; Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Qiang Wei
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre; Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre; Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
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46
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Alpers D, Brasholz M, Rehbein J. Photoredox-Induced Radical 6-exo
-trig
Cyclizations onto the Indole Nucleus: Aromative versus Dearomative Pathways. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Alpers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Malte Brasholz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Julia Rehbein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
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47
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del Hoyo AM, Herraiz AG, Suero MG. A Stereoconvergent Cyclopropanation Reaction of Styrenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1610-1613. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. del Hoyo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Ana G. Herraiz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Marcos G. Suero
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
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48
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Alpers D, Gallhof M, Witt J, Hoffmann F, Brasholz M. Photoredox‐induzierte stereoselektive desaromatisierende radikalische (4+2)‐Cyclisierungs/1,4‐Additions‐Kaskade zur Synthese hoch funktionalisierter Hexahydro‐1
H
‐carbazole. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Alpers
- Fachbereich Chemie – Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Deutschland
| | - Malte Gallhof
- Fachbereich Chemie – Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Deutschland
| | - Julian Witt
- Fachbereich Chemie – Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Deutschland
| | - Frank Hoffmann
- Fachbereich Chemie – Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Deutschland
| | - Malte Brasholz
- Fachbereich Chemie – Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Deutschland
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49
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Alpers D, Gallhof M, Witt J, Hoffmann F, Brasholz M. A Photoredox‐Induced Stereoselective Dearomative Radical (4+2)‐Cyclization/1,4‐Addition Cascade for the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Hexahydro‐1
H
‐carbazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1402-1406. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Alpers
- Department of Chemistry—Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Malte Gallhof
- Department of Chemistry—Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Julian Witt
- Department of Chemistry—Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Frank Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry—Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Malte Brasholz
- Department of Chemistry—Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
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50
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Cheng J, Li W, Duan Y, Cheng Y, Yu S, Zhu C. Relay Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis: Synthesis of Pyrazole Derivatives via Formal [4 + 1] Annulation and Aromatization. Org Lett 2016; 19:214-217. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Weipeng Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Yingqian Duan
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Yixiang Cheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Shouyun Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
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