1
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Daelemans B, Eyley S, Marquez C, Lemmens V, De Vos DE, Thielemans W, Dehaen W, De Feyter S. Adsorptive separation using self-assembly on graphite: from nanoscale to bulk processes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9035-9046. [PMID: 36091218 PMCID: PMC9365087 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adsorptive separation is a promising lower-energy alternative for traditional industrial separation processes. While carbon-based materials have a long history in adsorptive removal of organic contaminants from solution or gas mixtures, separation using an adsorption/desorption protocol is rarely considered. The main drawbacks are the limited control in bulk adsorption experiments, as often all organic molecules are adsorbed, and lack of desorption methods to retrieve the adsorbed molecules. Using high-resolution on-surface characterization with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), an increased understanding of the on-surface adsorption behavior under different conditions was obtained. The insight obtained from the nanoscale experiments was used to develop a highly selective separation method using adsorption and desorption on graphite, which was tested for the separation of quinonoid zwitterions. These experiments on adsorptive separation using self-assembly on graphite show its potential and demonstrate the advantage of combining surface characterization techniques with bulk experiments to exploit different possible applications of carbon-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Daelemans
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
- Division of Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Samuel Eyley
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, E. Sabbelaan 53 8500 Kortrijk Belgium
| | - Carlos Marquez
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Vincent Lemmens
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Dirk E De Vos
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, E. Sabbelaan 53 8500 Kortrijk Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Division of Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
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2
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Antol I, Glasovac Z, Murata Y, Hashikawa Y, Margetić D. Consecutive Utilization of Mechanochemical and Microwave Methods for the Synthesis of Boc‐2‐amino‐quinazolin‐4(3
H
)‐ones and DFT Study of Mechanism 6π‐Diazaelectrocyclization Process. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Antol
- Laboratory for physical organic chemistry Division of organic chemistry and Biochemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička c. 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Zoran Glasovac
- Laboratory for physical organic chemistry Division of organic chemistry and Biochemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička c. 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Structural Organic Chemistry Laboratory Department Division of Synthetic Chemistry Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Structural Organic Chemistry Laboratory Department Division of Synthetic Chemistry Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Davor Margetić
- Laboratory for physical organic chemistry Division of organic chemistry and Biochemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička c. 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
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3
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Fiss BG, Richard AJ, Douglas G, Kojic M, Friščić T, Moores A. Mechanochemical methods for the transfer of electrons and exchange of ions: inorganic reactivity from nanoparticles to organometallics. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8279-8318. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00918k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For inorganic metathesis and reduction reactivity, mechanochemistry is demonstrating great promise towards both nanoparticles and organometallics syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine G. Fiss
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Austin J. Richard
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Georgia Douglas
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Monika Kojic
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Audrey Moores
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
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4
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Chakraborty B. Solvent‐free synthesis and 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions of
N
‐
methyl‐C‐(2‐furyl) nitrone in a ball mill and anticancer activities of the new cycloadducts. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Chakraborty
- Organic Chemistry LaboratorySikkim Government College (NBBDC) Gangtok India
- Academic Visitor, School of ChemistryCardiff University Cardiff UK
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5
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Chakraborty B. Mechanochemical synthesis and cycloaddition reactions of fluoro nitrone under solvent‐free conditions and potential antimicrobial activities of the cycloadducts. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Chakraborty
- Organic Chemistry LaboratorySikkim Government College (NBBDC) Gangtok India
- Academic visitorSchool of Chemistry, Cardiff University Cardiff UK
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6
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Li E, Jie K, Zhou Y, Zhao R, Huang F. Post-Synthetic Modification of Nonporous Adaptive Crystals of Pillar[4]arene[1]quinone by Capturing Vaporized Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15070-15079. [PMID: 30362734 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Postsynthetic modification in crystalline solids without disruption of crystallinity is very important for exerting control that is unattainable over chemical transformation in solution. This has been achieved in porous crystalline frameworks via solid-solution reactions to endow them with multiple functions. However, this is rather rare in nonporous molecular crystals, especially via solid-vapor reactions. Herein, we report unique solid-vapor postsynthetic modification of nonporous adaptive crystals (NACs) of a pillar[4]arene[1]quinone (EtP4Q1) containing four inert 1,4-diethoxybenzene units and one active benzoquinone unit. Amine vapors that can be physically adsorbed by EtP4Q1 NACs react with the EtP4Q1 backbone via Michael addition with in situ formation of new crystal structures. First, amines are physically adsorbed into cavities of EtP4Q1 molecules and slowly react due to their juxtapsition with the benzoquinone units. Amines that are too bulky to enter EtP4Q1 NACs do not react. Moreover, the process displays both reactant-size and -shape selectivities because of the rigid cavity of EtP4Q1 and the different binding strengths of various amines with EtP4Q1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P. R. China
| | - Kecheng Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P. R. China
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P. R. China
| | - Run Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P. R. China
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P. R. China
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7
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Fang Y, Cibian M, Hanan GS, Perepichka DF, De Feyter S, Cuccia LA, Ivasenko O. Alkyl chain length effects on double-deck assembly at a liquid/solid interface. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:14993-15002. [PMID: 30052249 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04220a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Controlled double-deck packing is an appealing means to expand upon conventional 2D self-assembly which is critical in crystal engineering, yet it is rare and poorly understood. Herein, we report the first systematic study of double-deck assembly in a series of alkylated aminoquinone derivatives at the liquid-solid interface. The competition between the fraction of alkyl chains adsorbed on the surface and the optimal conformation of the alkyl chains near the head group leads to a stepwise structural transformation ranging from complete double-deck packing to complete monolayer packing. Alkyl chains on the bottom or top layer of the double-deck assemblies were selectively visualized by carefully tuning the scanning tunneling microscopy settings. A method to easily identify mirror image domains was discovered based on the coincidence of domain boundaries with a graphite main axis. The effect of molecular symmetry and metal complexation on the formation of the double-deck assembly was also explored. Based on 2D crystal engineering principles, this bottom-up double-deck assembly can potentially provide an essential toehold for constructing precise 3D hierarchical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada.
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8
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Užarević K, Ferdelji N, Mrla T, Julien PA, Halasz B, Friščić T, Halasz I. Enthalpy vs. friction: heat flow modelling of unexpected temperature profiles in mechanochemistry of metal-organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2018; 9:2525-2532. [PMID: 29732130 PMCID: PMC5911823 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05312f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions by ball milling are becoming increasingly popular across a wide range of chemical sciences, but understanding and evaluation of temperature during such processes remains a persistent challenge, especially for organic and metal-organic materials. Here, we describe the first methodology for precise real-time measurement of sample temperature during mechanochemical transformations. Using this technique coupled with real-time in situ reaction monitoring by synchrotron X-ray diffraction and numerical simulations of heat flow, we have shown that the temperature profiles of mechanochemical reactions are dominantly determined by the energy dissipated through friction between the sample and the moving milling assembly, while the reaction enthalpy will usually be comparatively insignificant. With the changes in composition during mechanochemical reactions, frictional properties of the milled material change, leading to either better or worse energy absorption upon collisions in the process of milling. This approach explains unexpected and rapid temperature drops during exothermic transformations of ZIF-8 polymorphs. Since reaction kinetics are highly sensitive to changes in temperature, precise temperature profiles provided here will be mandatory to understand kinetics and its changes during milling, and will aid in developing the comprehensive model of mechanochemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krunoslav Užarević
- Division of Physical Chemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička c. 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia . ;
| | - Nenad Ferdelji
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture , University of Zagreb , Ul. Ivana Lučića 5 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Tomislav Mrla
- Division of Physical Chemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička c. 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia . ;
| | - Patrick A Julien
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal , H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Boris Halasz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture , University of Zagreb , Ul. Ivana Lučića 5 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Division of Physical Chemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička c. 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia . ;
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal , H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Division of Physical Chemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička c. 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia . ;
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Tan
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St.W. H3A0B8 Montreal Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St.W. H3A0B8 Montreal Canada
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10
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Julien PA, Malvestiti I, Friščić T. The effect of milling frequency on a mechanochemical organic reaction monitored by in situ Raman spectroscopy. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:2160-2168. [PMID: 29114323 PMCID: PMC5669241 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide the first in situ and real-time study of the effect of milling frequency on the course of a mechanochemical organic reaction conducted using a vibratory shaker (mixer) ball mill. The use of in situ Raman spectroscopy for real-time monitoring of the mechanochemical synthesis of a 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline derivative revealed a pronounced dependence of chemical reactivity on small variations in milling frequency. In particular, in situ measurements revealed the establishment of two different regimes of reaction kinetics at different frequencies, providing tentative insight into processes of mechanical activation in organic mechanochemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Julien
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ivani Malvestiti
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, PE, Brazil
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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11
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Bhutia ZT, Prasannakumar G, Das A, Biswas M, Chatterjee A, Banerjee M. A Facile, Catalyst-Free Mechano-Synthesis of Quinoxalines and their In-Vitro Antibacterial Activity Study. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zigmee T. Bhutia
- Department of Chemistry, BITS; Pilani-K. K. Birla; Goa Campus; Goa - 403726 India
| | | | - Avijit Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS; Pilani-K. K. Birla; Goa Campus; Goa - 403 726 India
| | - Malabika Biswas
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS; Pilani-K. K. Birla; Goa Campus; Goa - 403 726 India
| | - Amrita Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, BITS; Pilani-K. K. Birla; Goa Campus; Goa - 403726 India
| | - Mainak Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, BITS; Pilani-K. K. Birla; Goa Campus; Goa - 403726 India
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12
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Mottillo C, Friščić T. Advances in Solid-State Transformations of Coordination Bonds: From the Ball Mill to the Aging Chamber. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010144. [PMID: 28106754 PMCID: PMC6155591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the formation of coordination bonds is pivotal to the development of a plethora of functional metal-organic materials, ranging from coordination polymers, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to metallodrugs. The interest in and commercialization of such materials has created a need for more efficient, environmentally-friendly routes for making coordination bonds. Solid-state coordination chemistry is a versatile greener alternative to conventional synthesis, offering quantitative yields, enhanced stoichiometric and topological selectivity, access to a wider range of precursors, as well as to molecules and materials not readily accessible in solution or solvothermally. With a focus on mechanochemical, thermochemical and “accelerated aging” approaches to coordination polymers, including pharmaceutically-relevant materials and microporous MOFs, this review highlights the recent advances in solid-state coordination chemistry and techniques for understanding the underlying reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mottillo
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H1P 1W1, Canada.
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H1P 1W1, Canada.
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13
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Temperature progression in a mixer ball mill. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40090-016-0078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Influence of reaction parameters on the depolymerization of H 2 SO 4 -impregnated cellulose in planetary ball mills. POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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15
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16
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Schmidt R, Burmeister CF, Baláž M, Kwade A, Stolle A. Effect of Reaction Parameters on the Synthesis of 5-Arylidene Barbituric Acid Derivatives in Ball Mills. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/op5003787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schmidt
- Institute
for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry (ITUC), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 12, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Christine F. Burmeister
- Institute
for Particle Technology (IPAT), Technical University Braunschweig, Volkmaroder Straße 5, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matej Baláž
- Institute
of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovac Republic
| | - Arno Kwade
- Institute
for Particle Technology (IPAT), Technical University Braunschweig, Volkmaroder Straße 5, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Achim Stolle
- Institute
for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry (ITUC), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 12, D-07747 Jena, Germany
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17
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Bhutia ZT, P. G, Malik A, Kumar V, Chatterjee A, Roy BG, Banerjee M. In situ mechanochemical synthesis of nitrones followed by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition: a catalyst-free, “green” route to cis-fused chromano[4,3-c]isoxazoles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21044e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient, catalyst free mechanochemical route to cis-fused chromano[4,3-c]isoxazoles has been developed via a simple mortar-pestle grinding method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigmee T. Bhutia
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Goa – 403 726
- India
| | - Geethika P.
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Goa – 403 726
- India
| | - Anurag Malik
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Goa – 403 726
- India
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Goa – 403 726
- India
| | - Amrita Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Goa – 403 726
- India
| | | | - Mainak Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Goa – 403 726
- India
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18
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Banerjee M, Chatterjee A, Kumar V, Bhutia ZT, Khandare DG, Majik MS, Roy BG. A simple and efficient mechanochemical route for the synthesis of 2-aryl benzothiazoles and substituted benzimidazoles. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07058e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient, catalyst free mechanochemical route to 2-aryl benzothiazoles and both 2- and 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles has been developed via a simple mortar–pestle grinding method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry
- BITS, Pilani-K. K. Birla Goa Campus
- Zuarinagar, India
| | - Amrita Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry
- BITS, Pilani-K. K. Birla Goa Campus
- Zuarinagar, India
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- BITS, Pilani-K. K. Birla Goa Campus
- Zuarinagar, India
| | - Zigmee T. Bhutia
- Department of Chemistry
- BITS, Pilani-K. K. Birla Goa Campus
- Zuarinagar, India
| | | | - Mahesh S. Majik
- Bio-organic Chemistry Laboratory
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography
- Dona-Paula, India
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