1
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Cao P, Wu J, Ning F. Mechanical properties of amorphous CO 2 hydrates: insights from molecular simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9388-9398. [PMID: 38444360 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00203b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Understanding physicochemical properties of amorphous gas hydrate systems is of great significance to reveal structural stabilities of polycrystalline gas hydrate systems. Furthermore, amorphous gas hydrates can occur ordinarily in the nucleation events of gas hydrate systems. Herein, the mechanical properties of amorphous carbon dioxide hydrates are examined by means of all-atom classical molecular dynamic simulations. Our molecular simulation results reveal that mechanical strengths of amorphous carbon dioxide hydrates are evidently governed by temperatures, confining pressures, and ratios of water to carbon dioxide molecules. Notably, under compressive loads, amorphous carbon dioxide hydrates firstly exhibit monotonic strain hardening, followed by an interesting distinct phenomenon characterized by a steady flow stress at further large deformation strains. Furthermore, structural evolutions of amorphous carbon dioxide hydrates are analyzed on the basis of the N-Hbond DOP order parameter. These important findings can not only contribute to our understanding of the structural stabilities of amorphous gas hydrate systems, but also help to develop fundamental understandings about grain boundaries of gas hydrate systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinqiang Cao
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China.
| | - Jianyang Wu
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Fulong Ning
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
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2
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Zheng X, Bourg IC. Nanoscale Prediction of the Thermal, Mechanical, and Transport Properties of Hydrated Clay on 10 6- and 10 15-Fold Larger Length and Time Scales. ACS NANO 2023; 17:19211-19223. [PMID: 37774155 PMCID: PMC10569101 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Coupled thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, and chemical (THMC) processes, such as desiccation-driven cracking or chemically driven fluid flow, significantly impact the performance of composite materials formed by fluid-mediated nanoparticle assembly, including energy storage materials, ordinary Portland cement, bioinorganic nanocomposites, liquid crystals, and engineered clay barriers used in the isolation of hazardous wastes. These couplings are particularly important in the isolation of high-level radioactive waste (HLRW), where heat generated by radioactive decay can drive the temperature up to at least 373 K in the engineered barrier. Here, we use large-scale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of hydrated smectite clay nanoparticle assemblages to predict the fundamental THMC properties of hydrated compacted clay over a wide range of temperatures (up to 373 K) and dry densities relevant to HLRW management. Equilibrium simulations of clay-water mixtures at different hydration levels are analyzed to quantify material properties, including thermal conductivity, heat capacity, thermal expansion, suction, water and ion self-diffusivity, and hydraulic conductivity. Predictions are validated against experimental results for the properties of compacted bentonite clay. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using atomistic-level simulations of assemblages of clay nanoparticles on scales of tens of nanometers and nanoseconds to infer the properties of compacted bentonite on scales of centimeters and days, a direct upscaling over 6 orders of magnitude in space and 15 orders of magnitude in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Zheng
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ian C. Bourg
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- High
Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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3
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Yang P, Guo D, Fang B. Dynamic Dissociation Behaviors of sII Hydrates in Liquid Water by Heating: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Approach. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:42774-42782. [PMID: 36467936 PMCID: PMC9713880 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the dynamic behavior of subtle hydrate dissociation in the liquid water phase is fundamental for gas production from marine hydrate reservoirs. Molecular dynamics simulations are performed in this study to investigate the dissociation kinetics of pure propane and binary propane + methane sII hydrates in a liquid water environment. The results show that faster hydrate dissociation rates are observed at higher initial temperatures. The hydrate phase dissociates from the cluster surface to the inside in a layer-by-layer manner under the simulation temperature conditions, which is similar to the behavior of sI hydrates and is independent of the hydrate crystal type. Compared to the binary sII hydrate, the pure sII hydrate dissociates more easily under the same initial temperature conditions, which can be attributed to the stabilizing effect of guest molecules in the hydrate cages. The empty cages collapse in one step, in contrast to the two-step pathway induced by the guest-host interaction. In addition, a hydrocarbon phase forms in the binary hydrate dissociation system instead of nanobubbles. These results can provide molecular-level insights into the dynamic mechanism of hydrate dissociation and theoretical guidance for gas recovery by thermal injection from marine hydrate reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihan Yang
- School
of Mathematics and Physics, China University
of Geosciences, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Dongdong Guo
- School
of Earth and Environment, Anhui University
of Science & Technology, Huainan232001, China
| | - Bin Fang
- School
of Mathematics and Physics, China University
of Geosciences, Wuhan430074, China
- Process
and Energy Department, Delft University
of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat
39, 2628CBDelft, The Netherlands
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4
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Gaur A, Balasubramanian S. Conformer Selection Upon Dilution with Water: The Fascinating Case of Liquid Ethylene Glycol Studied via Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Chemistry 2022:e202200132. [PMID: 35950559 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous solution of ethylene glycol (EG) is a binary liquid mixture that displays rich conformational and structural behaviour, which has not yet been adequately explored through atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Herein, employing an accurate force field for EG, several physical properties of this solution are calculated to be in quantitative agreement with experimental data. While 79 % of molecules in neat liquid EG exist with their central OCCO dihedral in the gauche state, this fraction increases to 89 % in the dilute aqueous solution, largely in response to the increase in the static dielectric constant of the solution from that of neat liquid EG. The increase in gauche conformers increases the mean dipole moment of EG molecules in the solution which is additionally contributed by specific conformational states of the two terminal HOCC dihedral angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Gaur
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, 560 064, India
| | - Sundaram Balasubramanian
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, 560 064, India
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5
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Li J, Lu J, Wang Z. Non-equilibrium decomposition dynamics and fluctuation-dissipation analysis of structure I methane hydrate in confined space. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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6
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Mathews S, Daghash S, Rey A, Servio P. Recent Advances in Density Functional Theory and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Mechanical, Interfacial, and Thermal Properties of Natural Gas Hydrates in Canada. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mathews
- Department of Chemical Engineering McGill University Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Shaden Daghash
- Department of Chemical Engineering McGill University Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Alejandro Rey
- Department of Chemical Engineering McGill University Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Phillip Servio
- Department of Chemical Engineering McGill University Montréal Québec Canada
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7
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Farmahini AH, Krishnamurthy S, Friedrich D, Brandani S, Sarkisov L. Performance-Based Screening of Porous Materials for Carbon Capture. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10666-10741. [PMID: 34374527 PMCID: PMC8431366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Computational screening methods have changed the way new materials and processes are discovered and designed. For adsorption-based gas separations and carbon capture, recent efforts have been directed toward the development of multiscale and performance-based screening workflows where we can go from the atomistic structure of an adsorbent to its equilibrium and transport properties at different scales, and eventually to its separation performance at the process level. The objective of this work is to review the current status of this new approach, discuss its potential and impact on the field of materials screening, and highlight the challenges that limit its application. We compile and introduce all the elements required for the development, implementation, and operation of multiscale workflows, hence providing a useful practical guide and a comprehensive source of reference to the scientific communities who work in this area. Our review includes information about available materials databases, state-of-the-art molecular simulation and process modeling tools, and a complete catalogue of data and parameters that are required at each stage of the multiscale screening. We thoroughly discuss the challenges associated with data availability, consistency of the models, and reproducibility of the data and, finally, propose new directions for the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir H. Farmahini
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel Friedrich
- School
of Engineering, Institute for Energy Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Brandani
- School
of Engineering, Institute of Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, Sanderson Building, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, United Kingdom
| | - Lev Sarkisov
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- School
of Engineering, Institute of Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, Sanderson Building, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, United Kingdom
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8
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Abstract
Water and methane can stay together under low temperature and high pressure in the forms of liquid solutions and crystalline solids. From liquid and gaseous states to crystalline solids or the contrary processes, amorphous methane hydrates can occur in these evolution scenarios. Herein, mechanical properties of amorphous methane hydrates are explored for the first time to bridge the gap between mechanical responses of monocrystalline and polycrystalline methane hydrates. Our results demonstrate that mechanical properties of amorphous methane hydrates are strongly governed by our original proposed order parameter, namely, normalized hydrogen-bond directional order parameter. Followed by this important achievement, a multistep deformation mechanism core is proposed to explain mechanical properties of amorphous methane hydrates. Through an extensive detailed analysis of amorphous methane hydrates, our simulation results not only greatly enlarge our fundamental understanding for mechanical responses of amorphous methane hydrates in geological systems but also offer a fresh perspective in structure-property topics of solid materials in future science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinqiang Cao
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
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9
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Tsimpanogiannis IN. A novel hybrid method for the calculation of methane hydrate-water interfacial tension along the three-phase (hydrate-liquid water-vapor) equilibrium line. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:024702. [PMID: 34266278 DOI: 10.1063/5.0051383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We use a novel hybrid method to explore the temperature dependence of the solid-liquid interfacial tension of a system that consists of solid methane hydrate and liquid water. The calculated values along the three-phase (hydrate-liquid water-vapor) equilibrium line are obtained through the combination of available experimental measurements and computational results that are based on approaches at the atomistic scale, including molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo. An extensive comparison with available experimental and computational studies is performed, and a critical assessment and re-evaluation of previously reported data is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis N Tsimpanogiannis
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute (CPERI), Centre for Research & Technology Hellas (CERTH), 57001 Thermi-Thessaloniki, Greece
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10
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Cao P, Sheng J, Wu J, Ning F. Mechanical creep instability of nanocrystalline methane hydrates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3615-3626. [PMID: 33524096 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05896c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical creep behaviors of natural gas hydrates are of importance for understanding the mechanical instability of gas hydrate-bearing sediments on Earth. Limited by the experimental challenges, intrinsic creep mechanisms of nanocrystalline methane hydrates remain largely unknown yet at the molecular scale. Herein, using large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, mechanical creep behaviors of nanocrystalline methane hydrates are investigated. It is revealed that mechanical creep responses are greatly dictated by internal microstructures of crystalline grain size and external conditions of temperature and static stress. Interestingly, a long steady-state creep is observed in nanocrystalline methane hydrates, which can be described by a modified constitutive Bird-Dorn-Mukherjee model. Microstructural analysis shows that deformations of crystalline grains, grain boundary diffusion and grain boundary sliding collectively govern the mechanical creep behaviors of nanocrystalline methane hydrates. Furthermore, structural transformation also appears to be important in their mechanical creep behaviors. This study provides new insights into understanding the mechanical creep scenarios of gas hydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinqiang Cao
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China.
| | - Jianlong Sheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China.
| | - Jianyang Wu
- Department of Physics, Jiujiang Research Institute, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Fulong Ning
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
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11
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Jasiok B, Chorążewski M, Postnikov EB, Millot C. Liquid dibromomethane under pressure: a computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2964-2971. [PMID: 33480934 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06458k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed on liquid dibromomethane at thermodynamic states corresponding to temperature in the range 268-328 K and pressure varying from 1 bar to 3000 bar. The interaction model is a simple effective two-body pair potential with atom-atom Coulomb and Lennard-Jones interactions and molecules are rigid. Thermodynamic properties have been studied, including the isobaric thermal expansion coefficient, the isothermal compressibility, the heat capacities and the speed of sound. The simulation results exhibit a crossing of the isotherms of the isobaric thermal expansion coefficient at about 800 bar in very good agreement with the prediction of an isothermal fluctuation equation of state predicting such a crossing in the pressure range 650-900 bar, though experimental results up to 1000 bar do not find any crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadeta Jasiok
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Mirosław Chorążewski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Eugene B Postnikov
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Kursk State University, Radishcheva St., 33, 305000 Kursk, Russia
| | - Claude Millot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LPCT, F-54000 Nancy, France, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre lès Nancy Cedex, France.
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12
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Cruz FJAL, Mota JPB. Structure and thermodynamics of empty clathrate hydrates below the freezing point of water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16033-16043. [PMID: 34286770 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00893e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently prepared as a new H2O phase, ice XVI was obtained by degassing a Ne-sII clathrate hydrate under vacuum, however very little is known of that crystalline solid under temperatures (T ≤ 220 K) and pressures (p ≤ 5000 bar) relevant for the Earth's environment and geochemistry. In this work, atomically detailed calculations using long time-scale molecular simulations, seldom paralelled before, are employed to probe empty sII clathrate hydrates. It is found that the volumetric response to an applied pressure-temperature gradient is accurately described by the Parsafar and Mason equation of state with an accuracy of at least 99.7%. Structural deformation induced upon the crystals is interpreted by monitoring the unit cell length and isobaric thermal expansivity, whilst benchmarked against previous neutron diffraction measurements of ice XVI and hexagonal ice under room pressure conditions; a critical comparison is established with other sII guest occupied lattices (CH4, CO2 and CnH2n+2 with n = 2, 3, 4), often found in permafrost regions and in the margins of continental shelves. Such an analysis reveals that empty sII frameworks are slightly more stable to thermal deformation than their sI analogues and that hexagonal ice is the structurally most stable of the condensed H2O phases addressed here. Of paramount importance for the oil and natural gas industries, heat capacities obtained from enthalpy profiles are identical for the sI and sII empty clathrates up to 2000 bar and diverge by only ∼7.3% at 5000 bar. The canonical tetrahedral symmetry of water-bonded networks is analysed in terms of an angular and a distance order parameters, which are observed to decrease (increase) as pressure (temperature) increases (decreases). The results now being reported constitute a landmark for future studies dealing with high-pressure and very low-temperature conditions, characteristic of the Earth's permafrost environment and other planetary interiors, whilst contributing to expand our knowledge regarding the recently discovered ice XVI phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J A L Cruz
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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13
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Naeiji P, Woo TK, Alavi S, Ohmura R. Molecular dynamics simulations of interfacial properties of the CO 2-water and CO 2-CH 4-water systems. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:044701. [PMID: 32752701 DOI: 10.1063/5.0008114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the interfacial behavior of the pure carbon dioxide-water system and a binary 40:60 mol. % gas mixture of (carbon dioxide + methane)-water at the temperatures of 275.15 K and 298.15 K and pressures near 4 MPa for CO2 and up to 10 MPa for methane. The simulations are used to study the dynamic equilibrium of the gases at the water-gas interface, to determine the z-density profiles for the gases and water, and calculate the interfacial tension γ under the different temperature/pressure conditions close to those of the formation of clathrate hydrates of these gases. At the same hydrostatic gas phase pressure, the CO2-water interface has a lower interfacial tension than the CH4-water interface. A greater number of CO2 molecules, as much as three times more than methane at the same pressure, were adsorbed at the interfacial layer, which reflects the stronger electrostatic quadrupolar and van der Waals interactions between CO2 and water molecules at the interface. The water surfaces are covered by less than a monolayer of gas even when the pressure of the system goes near the saturation pressure of CO2. The surface adsorbed molecules are in dynamic equilibrium with the bulk gas and with exchange between the gas and interface regions occurring repeatedly within the timescale of the simulations. The effects of the changes in the CO2-water interfacial tension with external temperature and pressure conditions on the formation of the clathrate hydrates and other CO2 capture and sequestration processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Naeiji
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Tom K Woo
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Saman Alavi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Ryo Ohmura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-Ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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14
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Ghafari H, Mohammadi-Manesh H. How Does the Guest—Host Hydrogen Bonding Affect the Thermal Properties of Clathrate Hydrates? J STRUCT CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476620030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Bregado JL, Tavares FW, Secchi AR, Segtovich ISV. Thermophysical Properties of Amorphous‐Paracrystalline Celluloses by Molecular Dynamics. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.202000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen Lange Bregado
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPEUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroCidade Universitária Rio de Janeiro CP 21941‐914 Brazil
| | - Frederico Wanderley Tavares
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPEUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroCidade Universitária Rio de Janeiro CP 21941‐914 Brazil
- Escola de QuímicaDepartamento de Engenharia QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroCidade Universitária Rio de Janeiro CP 21941‐972 Brazil
| | - Argimiro Resende Secchi
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPEUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroCidade Universitária Rio de Janeiro CP 21941‐914 Brazil
- Escola de QuímicaDepartamento de Engenharia QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroCidade Universitária Rio de Janeiro CP 21941‐972 Brazil
| | - Iuri Soter Viana Segtovich
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPEUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroCidade Universitária Rio de Janeiro CP 21941‐914 Brazil
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16
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Wang Q, Tang Q, Tian S. Molecular dynamics simulation of sI methane hydrate under compression and tension. OPEN CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2020-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMolecular dynamics (MD) analysis of methane hydrate is important for the application of methane hydrate technology. This study investigated the microstructure changes of sI methane hydrate and the laws of stress–strain evolution under the condition of compression and tension by using MD simulation. This study further explored the mechanical property and stability of sI methane hydrate under different stress states. Results showed that tensile and compressive failures produced an obvious size effect under a certain condition. At low temperature and high pressure, most of the clathrate hydrate maintained a stable structure in the tensile fracture process, during which only a small amount of unstable methane broke the structure, thereby, presenting a free-motion state. The methane hydrate cracked when the system reached the maximum stress in the loading process, in which the maximum compressive stress is larger than the tensile stress under the same experimental condition. This study provides a basis for understanding the microscopic stress characteristics of methane hydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing400044, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technology and System, Ministry of Education, College of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing400044, China
| | - Qizhong Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Heterogeneous Material Mechanics, College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing400044, China
| | - Sen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing400044, China
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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17
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Hassanpouryouzband A, Joonaki E, Vasheghani Farahani M, Takeya S, Ruppel C, Yang J, English NJ, Schicks JM, Edlmann K, Mehrabian H, Aman ZM, Tohidi B. Gas hydrates in sustainable chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5225-5309. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00989a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This review includes the current state of the art understanding and advances in technical developments about various fields of gas hydrates, which are combined with expert perspectives and analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Hassanpouryouzband
- Hydrates, Flow Assurance & Phase Equilibria Research Group
- Institute of GeoEnergy Engineering
- School of Energy
- Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society
- Heriot-Watt University
| | - Edris Joonaki
- Hydrates, Flow Assurance & Phase Equilibria Research Group
- Institute of GeoEnergy Engineering
- School of Energy
- Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society
- Heriot-Watt University
| | - Mehrdad Vasheghani Farahani
- Hydrates, Flow Assurance & Phase Equilibria Research Group
- Institute of GeoEnergy Engineering
- School of Energy
- Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society
- Heriot-Watt University
| | - Satoshi Takeya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba 305-8565
- Japan
| | | | - Jinhai Yang
- Hydrates, Flow Assurance & Phase Equilibria Research Group
- Institute of GeoEnergy Engineering
- School of Energy
- Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society
- Heriot-Watt University
| | - Niall J. English
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
| | | | - Katriona Edlmann
- School of Geosciences
- University of Edinburgh
- Grant Institute
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Hadi Mehrabian
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Zachary M. Aman
- Fluid Science & Resources
- School of Engineering
- University of Western Australia
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Bahman Tohidi
- Hydrates, Flow Assurance & Phase Equilibria Research Group
- Institute of GeoEnergy Engineering
- School of Energy
- Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society
- Heriot-Watt University
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18
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Kondori J, James L, Zendehboudi S. Molecular scale modeling approach to evaluate stability and dissociation of methane and carbon dioxide hydrates. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Fang B, Ning F, Hu S, Guo D, Ou W, Wang C, Wen J, Sun J, Liu Z, Koh CA. The effect of surfactants on hydrate particle agglomeration in liquid hydrocarbon continuous systems: a molecular dynamics simulation study. RSC Adv 2020; 10:31027-31038. [PMID: 35520650 PMCID: PMC9056346 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04088f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-agglomerants (AAs), both natural and commercial, are currently being considered for gas hydrate risk management of petroleum pipelines in offshore operations. However, the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between the AAs and gas hydrate surfaces and the prevention of hydrate agglomeration remain critical and complex questions that need to be addressed to advance this technology. Here, we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the effect of model surfactant molecules (polynuclear aromatic carboxylic acids) on the agglomeration behaviour of gas hydrate particles and disruption of the capillary liquid bridge between hydrate particles. The results show that the anti-agglomeration pathway can be divided into two processes: the spontaneous adsorption effect of surfactant molecules onto the hydrate surface and the weakening effect of the intensity of the liquid bridge between attracted hydrate particles. The MD simulation results also indicate that the anti-agglomeration effectiveness of surfactants is determined by the intrinsic nature of their molecular functional groups. Additionally, we find that surfactant molecules can affect hydrate growth, which decreases hydrate particle size and correspondingly lower the risk of hydrate agglomeration. This study provides molecular-level insights into the anti-agglomeration mechanism of surfactant molecules, which can aid in the ultimate application of natural or commercial AAs with optimal anti-agglomeration properties. Schematic of anti-agglomeration effect of surfactants promoting gas hydrate particle dispersion.![]()
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Pruteanu CG, Marenduzzo D, Loveday JS. Pressure-Induced Miscibility Increase of CH4 in H2O: A Computational Study Using Classical Potentials. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:8091-8095. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b06086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian G. Pruteanu
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, U.K
| | - Davide Marenduzzo
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, U.K
| | - John S. Loveday
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, U.K
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21
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Ghafari H, Mohammadi-Manesh H. The thermal properties of binary structure sI clathrate hydrate from molecular dynamics simulation. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2019.1572142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hakime Ghafari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
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22
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Strøm BA, Simon JM, Schnell SK, Kjelstrup S, He J, Bedeaux D. Size and shape effects on the thermodynamic properties of nanoscale volumes of water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:9016-9027. [PMID: 28304038 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00874k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Small systems are known to deviate from the classical thermodynamic description, among other things due to their large surface area to volume ratio compared to corresponding big systems. As a consequence, extensive thermodynamic properties are no longer proportional to the volume, but are instead higher order functions of size and shape. We investigate such functions for second moments of probability distributions of fluctuating properties in the grand-canonical ensemble, focusing specifically on the volume and surface terms of Hadwiger's theorem, explained in Klain, Mathematika, 1995, 42, 329-339. We resolve the shape dependence of the surface term and show, using Hill's nanothermodynamics [Hill, J. Chem. Phys., 1962, 36, 3182], that the surface satisfies the thermodynamics of a flat surface as described by Gibbs [Gibbs, The Scientific Papers of J. Willard Gibbs, Volume 1, Thermodynamics, Ox Bow Press, Woodbridge, Connecticut, 1993]. The Small System Method (SSM), first derived by Schnell et al. [Schnell et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, 2011, 115, 10911], is extended and used to analyze simulation data on small systems of water. We simulate water as an example to illustrate the method, using TIP4P/2005 and other models, and compute the isothermal compressibility and thermodynamic factor. We are able to retrieve the experimental value of the bulk phase compressibility within 2%, and show that the compressibility of nanosized volumes increases by up to a factor of two as the number of molecules in the volume decreases. The value for a tetrahedron, cube, sphere, polygon, etc. can be predicted from the same scaling law, as long as second order effects (nook and corner effects) are negligible. Lastly, we propose a general formula for finite reservoir correction to fluctuations in subvolumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn A Strøm
- Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Jean-Marc Simon
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, av. Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sondre K Schnell
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Signe Kjelstrup
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Jianying He
- Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Dick Bedeaux
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
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23
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Martín EI, Sánchez-Coronilla A, Navas J, Gómez-Villarejo R, Martínez-Merino P, Alcántara R, Fernández-Lorenzo C. Revealing at the molecular level the role of the surfactant in the enhancement of the thermal properties of the gold nanofluid system used for concentrating solar power. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:2421-2430. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05384c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A surfactant acts as a kind of net around gold that enhances at the molecular level the gold nanofluid thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa I. Martín
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de Sevilla
- E-41012 Sevilla
- Spain
| | | | - Javier Navas
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Cádiz
- E-11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz)
- Spain
| | - Roberto Gómez-Villarejo
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Cádiz
- E-11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz)
- Spain
| | - Paloma Martínez-Merino
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Cádiz
- E-11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz)
- Spain
| | - Rodrigo Alcántara
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Cádiz
- E-11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz)
- Spain
| | - Concha Fernández-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Cádiz
- E-11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz)
- Spain
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24
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Liu Y, Zhao L, Deng S, Bai D. Evolution of bubbles in decomposition and replacement process of methane hydrate. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2017.1359745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy, Tianjin University, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy, Tianjin University, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuai Deng
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy, Tianjin University, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongsheng Bai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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25
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Elasticity and Stability of Clathrate Hydrate: Role of Guest Molecule Motions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1290. [PMID: 28465527 PMCID: PMC5431056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamic simulations were performed to determine the elastic constants of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) hydrates at one hundred pressure–temperature data points, respectively. The conditions represent marine sediments and permafrost zones where gas hydrates occur. The shear modulus and Young’s modulus of the CO2 hydrate increase anomalously with increasing temperature, whereas those of the CH4 hydrate decrease regularly with increase in temperature. We ascribe this anomaly to the kinetic behavior of the linear CO2 molecule, especially those in the small cages. The cavity space of the cage limits free rotational motion of the CO2 molecule at low temperature. With increase in temperature, the CO2 molecule can rotate easily, and enhance the stability and rigidity of the CO2 hydrate. Our work provides a key database for the elastic properties of gas hydrates, and molecular insights into stability changes of CO2 hydrate from high temperature of ~5 °C to low decomposition temperature of ~−150 °C.
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26
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The Abundance of Atmospheric CO2in Ocean Exoplanets: a Novel CO2Deposition Mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa5cfe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Costandy J, Michalis VK, Tsimpanogiannis IN, Stubos AK, Economou IG. Molecular dynamics simulations of pure methane and carbon dioxide hydrates: lattice constants and derivative properties. Mol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2016.1241442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Costandy
- Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ioannis N. Tsimpanogiannis
- Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Environmental Research Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research (NCSR) “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios K. Stubos
- Environmental Research Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research (NCSR) “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
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Costandy J, Michalis VK, Tsimpanogiannis IN, Stubos AK, Economou IG. Lattice constants of pure methane and carbon dioxide hydrates at low temperatures. Implementing quantum corrections to classical molecular dynamics studies. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:124512. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4944325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Costandy
- Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Vasileios K. Michalis
- Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ioannis N. Tsimpanogiannis
- Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
- Environmental Research Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research NCSR “Demokritos,” 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attikis, Greece
| | - Athanassios K. Stubos
- Environmental Research Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research NCSR “Demokritos,” 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attikis, Greece
| | - Ioannis G. Economou
- Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
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29
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Microscopic Origin of Strain Hardening in Methane Hydrate. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23548. [PMID: 27009239 PMCID: PMC4806379 DOI: 10.1038/srep23548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported for a long time that methane hydrate presents strain hardening, whereas the strength of normal ice weakens with increasing strain after an ultimate strength. However, the microscopic origin of these differences is not known. Here, we investigated the mechanical characteristics of methane hydrate and normal ice by compressive deformation test using molecular dynamics simulations. It is shown that methane hydrate exhibits strain hardening only if the hydrate is confined to a certain finite cross-sectional area that is normal to the compression direction. For normal ice, it does not present strain hardening under the same conditions. We show that hydrate guest methane molecules exhibit no long-distance diffusion when confined to a finite-size area. They appear to serve as non-deformable units that prevent hydrate structure failure, and thus are responsible for the strain-hardening phenomenon.
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Hansen TC, Falenty A, Kuhs WF. Lattice constants and expansivities of gas hydrates from 10 K up to the stability limit. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:054301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4940729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. C. Hansen
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A. Falenty
- GZG, Abt. Kristallographie, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - W. F. Kuhs
- GZG, Abt. Kristallographie, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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31
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Jendi ZM, Servio P, Rey AD. Ab initio modelling of methane hydrate thermophysical properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:10320-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06530e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using density functional theory, the second-order elastic constants, heat capacity, compressibility, and thermal expansion coefficient of methane hydrate were calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. M. Jendi
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - P. Servio
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - A. D. Rey
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
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32
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Mechanical instability of monocrystalline and polycrystalline methane hydrates. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8743. [PMID: 26522051 PMCID: PMC4659946 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite observations of massive methane release and geohazards associated with gas hydrate instability in nature, as well as ductile flow accompanying hydrate dissociation in artificial polycrystalline methane hydrates in the laboratory, the destabilising mechanisms of gas hydrates under deformation and their grain-boundary structures have not yet been elucidated at the molecular level. Here we report direct molecular dynamics simulations of the material instability of monocrystalline and polycrystalline methane hydrates under mechanical loading. The results show dislocation-free brittle failure in monocrystalline hydrates and an unexpected crossover from strengthening to weakening in polycrystals. Upon uniaxial depressurisation, strain-induced hydrate dissociation accompanied by grain-boundary decohesion and sliding destabilises the polycrystals. In contrast, upon compression, appreciable solid-state structural transformation dominates the response. These findings provide molecular insight not only into the metastable structures of grain boundaries, but also into unusual ductile flow with hydrate dissociation as observed during macroscopic compression experiments. Sediment-hosted gas hydrates may release vast quantities of methane upon failure, but destabilizing mechanisms at the molecular level are poorly understood. Here, the authors study the deformation using simulations and find that failure differs between single crystals and polycrystalline hydrates.
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33
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Costandy J, Michalis VK, Tsimpanogiannis IN, Stubos AK, Economou IG. The role of intermolecular interactions in the prediction of the phase equilibria of carbon dioxide hydrates. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:094506. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4929805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Costandy
- Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Vasileios K. Michalis
- Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ioannis N. Tsimpanogiannis
- Environmental Research Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos,” GR-15310 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
| | - Athanassios K. Stubos
- Environmental Research Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos,” GR-15310 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
| | - Ioannis G. Economou
- Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
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