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Le Ster M, Pawłowski S, Lutsyk I, Kowalczyk PJ. Fourier transform-based post-processing drift compensation and calibration method for scanning probe microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 263:113984. [PMID: 38744124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2024.113984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is ubiquitous in nanoscale science allowing the observation of features in real space down to the angstrom resolution. The scanning nature of SPM, wherein a sharp tip rasters the surface during which a physical setpoint is maintained via a control feedback loop, often implies that the image is subject to drift effects, leading to distortion of the resulting image. While there are in-operando methods to compensate for the drift, correcting the residual linear drift in obtained images is often neglected. In this paper, we present a reciprocal space-based technique to compensate the linear drift in atomically-resolved scanning probe microscopy images without distinction of the fast and slow scanning directions; furthermore this method does not require the set of SPM images obtained for the different scanning directions. Instead, the compensation is made possible by the a priori knowledge of the lattice parameters. The method can also be used to characterize and calibrate the SPM instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Le Ster
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Solid-State Physics, Pomorska 149/153, Lodz, 90-236, Poland.
| | - S Pawłowski
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Solid-State Physics, Pomorska 149/153, Lodz, 90-236, Poland
| | - I Lutsyk
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Solid-State Physics, Pomorska 149/153, Lodz, 90-236, Poland
| | - P J Kowalczyk
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Solid-State Physics, Pomorska 149/153, Lodz, 90-236, Poland.
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2
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Xia Y, Cai D, Gao J, Li P, Xie K, Liu Y, Gu Y, Yu G, Cui P, Qin S. Coulomb blockade and Coulomb staircases in CoBi nanoislands on SrTiO 3(001). NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:295601. [PMID: 38154130 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
We successfully fabricated two-dimensional metallic CoBi nanoislands on SrTiO3(001) substrate by molecular beam epitaxy, and systematically investigated their electronic structures by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopyin situat 4.2 K. Coulomb blockade and Coulomb staircases with discrete and well-separated levels are observed for the individual nanoisland, which is attributed to single-electron tunneling via two tunnel junction barriers. They are in excellent agreement with the simulations based on orthodox theory. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the Coulomb blockade becomes weaker with increasing temperature and almost disappears at ∼22 K in our variable temperature experiment, and its full-width at half-maximum of dI/dVpeaks with temperature is ∼6 mV. Our results provide a new platform for designing single-electron transistors that have potential applications in future microelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Xia
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Desheng Cai
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqing Gao
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengju Li
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Xie
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhou Liu
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yitong Gu
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan Yu
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Cui
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyong Qin
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, People's Republic of China
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3
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Duan J, Wang J, Hou L, Ji P, Zhang W, Liu J, Zhu X, Sun Z, Ma Y, Ma L. Application of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy in the Studies of Colloidal Quantum Qots. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300120. [PMID: 37255365 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots display remarkable optical and electrical characteristics with the potential for extensive applications in contemporary nanotechnology. As an ideal instrument for examining surface topography and local density of states (LDOS) at an atomic scale, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) has become indispensable approaches to gain better understanding of their physical properties. This article presents a comprehensive review of the research advancements in measuring the electronic orbits and corresponding energy levels of colloidal quantum dots in various systems using STM and STS. The first three sections introduce the basic principles of colloidal quantum dots synthesis and the fundamental methodology of STM research on quantum dots. The fourth section explores the latest progress in the application of STM for colloidal quantum dot studies. Finally, a summary and prospective is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Duan
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and NanoSystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 300072
| | - Jiapeng Wang
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and NanoSystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 300072
| | - Liangpeng Hou
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and NanoSystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 300072
| | - Peixuan Ji
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and NanoSystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 300072
| | - Wusheng Zhang
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and NanoSystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 300072
| | - Jin Liu
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and NanoSystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 300072
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and NanoSystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 300072
| | - Zhixiang Sun
- Center for Joint Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 300072
| | - Yanqing Ma
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and NanoSystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 300072
| | - Lei Ma
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and NanoSystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 300072
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4
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Li T, Bandari VK, Schmidt OG. Molecular Electronics: Creating and Bridging Molecular Junctions and Promoting Its Commercialization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209088. [PMID: 36512432 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular electronics is driven by the dream of expanding Moore's law to the molecular level for next-generation electronics through incorporating individual or ensemble molecules into electronic circuits. For nearly 50 years, numerous efforts have been made to explore the intrinsic properties of molecules and develop diverse fascinating molecular electronic devices with the desired functionalities. The flourishing of molecular electronics is inseparable from the development of various elegant methodologies for creating nanogap electrodes and bridging the nanogap with molecules. This review first focuses on the techniques for making lateral and vertical nanogap electrodes by breaking, narrowing, and fixed modes, and highlights their capabilities, applications, merits, and shortcomings. After summarizing the approaches of growing single molecules or molecular layers on the electrodes, the methods of constructing a complete molecular circuit are comprehensively grouped into three categories: 1) directly bridging one-molecule-electrode component with another electrode, 2) physically bridging two-molecule-electrode components, and 3) chemically bridging two-molecule-electrode components. Finally, the current state of molecular circuit integration and commercialization is discussed and perspectives are provided, hoping to encourage the community to accelerate the realization of fully scalable molecular electronics for a new era of integrated microsystems and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Li
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Vineeth Kumar Bandari
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
- Nanophysics, Dresden University of Technology, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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5
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Ma C, Wang J, Ma H, Yin R, Zhao XJ, Du H, Meng X, Ke Y, Hu W, Li B, Tan S, Tan YZ, Yang J, Wang B. Remote-Triggered Domino-like Cyclodehydrogenation in Second-Layer Topological Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10126-10135. [PMID: 37097709 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodehydrogenation reactions in the on-surface synthesis of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) usually involve a series of Csp2-Csp2 and/or Csp2-Csp3 couplings and just happen on uncovered metal or metal oxide surfaces. It is still a big challenge to extend the growth of second-layer GNRs in the absence of necessary catalytic sites. Here, we demonstrate the direct growth of topologically nontrivial GNRs via multistep Csp2-Csp2 and Csp2-Csp3 couplings in the second layer by annealing designed bowtie-shaped precursor molecules over one monolayer on the Au(111) surface. After annealing at 700 K, most of the polymerized chains that appear in the second layer covalently link to the first-layer GNRs that have partially undergone graphitization. Following annealing at 780 K, the second-layer GNRs are formed and linked to the first-layer GNRs. Benefiting from the minimized local steric hindrance of the precursors, we suggest that the second-layer GNRs undergo domino-like cyclodehydrogenation reactions that are remotely triggered at the link. We confirm the quasi-freestanding behaviors in the second-layer GNRs by measuring the quasiparticle energy gap of topological bands and the tunable Kondo resonance from topological end spins using scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy combined with first-principles calculations. Our findings pave the avenue to diverse multilayer graphene nanostructures with designer quantum spins and topological states for quantum information science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxu Ma
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Jufeng Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Huanhuan Ma
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ruoting Yin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xin-Jing Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Hongjian Du
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Xinyong Meng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yifan Ke
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Bin Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Shijing Tan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shenzhen 518054, China
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6
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Zhou P, Qiao X, Milan DC, Higgins SJ, Vezzoli A, Nichols RJ. Enhanced charge transport across molecule-nanoparticle-molecule sandwiches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7176-7183. [PMID: 36810584 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05525b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The electrical properties of large area molecular devices consisting of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) sandwiched between a double layer of alkanedithiol linkers have been examined. These devices have been fabricated by a facile bottom-up assembly in which an alkanedithiol monolayer is first self-assembled on an underlying gold substrate followed by nanoparticle adsorption and then finally assembly of the top alkanedithiol layer. These devices are then sandwiched between the bottom gold substrates and a top eGaIn probe contact and current-voltage (I-V) curves recorded. Devices have been fabricated with 1,5-pentanedithiol, 1,6-hexanedithiol, 1,8-octanedithiol and 1,10-decanedithiol linkers. In all cases the electrical conductance of the double SAM junctions with GNPs is higher than the corresponding and much thinner single alkanedithiol SAM. Competing models for this enhanced conductance are discussed and it is suggested to have a topological origin arising from how the devices assemble or structure during the fabrication, which gives more efficient cross device electron transport pathways without the GNPs producing short circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhou
- Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute, No. 199, Huayang West Road, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - X Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - D C Milan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - S J Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - A Vezzoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - R J Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
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7
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Moreira AC, Da Silva JC, Dias RP. Impurity absorption sites and parity effects: a deviation from Simmons's model in methylene bridges with an even number of carbons and its consequences in the conductance. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2023.114033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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8
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Khalili L, Dehghan G, Sheibani N, Khataee A. Smart active-targeting of lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for therapeutic applications: Recent advances and challenges. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 213:166-194. [PMID: 35644315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The advances in producing multifunctional lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNs) by combining the biomimetic behavior of liposomes and architectural advantages of polymers have provided great opportunities for selective and efficient therapeutics delivery. The constructed LPHNs exhibit different therapeutic efficacies for special uses based on characteristics of different excipients. However, the high mechanical/structural stability of hybrid nano-systems could be viewed as both a negative property and a positive feature, where the concomitant release of drug molecules in a controllable manner is required. In addition, difficulties in scaling up the LPHNs production, due to involvement of several criteria, limit their application for biomedical fields, especially in monitoring, bioimaging, and drug delivery. To address these challenges bio-modifications have exhibited enormous potential to prepare reproducible LPHNs for site-specific therapeutics delivery, diagnostic and preventative applications. The ever-growing surface bio-functionality has provided continuous vitality to this biotechnology and has also posed desirable biosafety to nanoparticles (NPs). As a proof-of-concept, this manuscript provides a crucial review of coated lipid and polymer NPs displaying excellent surface functionality and architectural advantages. We also provide a description of structural classifications and production methodologies, as well as the biomedical possibilities and translational obstacles in the development of surface modified nanocarrier technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Khalili
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Dehghan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran; Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Mersin 10, Turkey.
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9
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Joudeh N, Linke D. Nanoparticle classification, physicochemical properties, characterization, and applications: a comprehensive review for biologists. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:262. [PMID: 35672712 PMCID: PMC9171489 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in nanomaterials and especially nanoparticles has exploded in the past decades primarily due to their novel or enhanced physical and chemical properties compared to bulk material. These extraordinary properties have created a multitude of innovative applications in the fields of medicine and pharma, electronics, agriculture, chemical catalysis, food industry, and many others. More recently, nanoparticles are also being synthesized ‘biologically’ through the use of plant- or microorganism-mediated processes, as an environmentally friendly alternative to the expensive, energy-intensive, and potentially toxic physical and chemical synthesis methods. This transdisciplinary approach to nanoparticle synthesis requires that biologists and biotechnologists understand and learn to use the complex methodology needed to properly characterize these processes. This review targets a bio-oriented audience and summarizes the physico–chemical properties of nanoparticles, and methods used for their characterization. It highlights why nanomaterials are different compared to micro- or bulk materials. We try to provide a comprehensive overview of the different classes of nanoparticles and their novel or enhanced physicochemical properties including mechanical, thermal, magnetic, electronic, optical, and catalytic properties. A comprehensive list of the common methods and techniques used for the characterization and analysis of these properties is presented together with a large list of examples for biogenic nanoparticles that have been previously synthesized and characterized, including their application in the fields of medicine, electronics, agriculture, and food production. We hope that this makes the many different methods more accessible to the readers, and to help with identifying the proper methodology for any given nanoscience problem.
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Wu D, Han D, Zhou W, Streiff S, Khodakov AY, Ordomsky VV. Surface modification of metallic catalysts for the design of selective processes. CATALYSIS REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2022.2079809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- UCCS–Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ, Artois, France
- Eco-Efficient Products and Processes Laboratory (E2P2L), UMI 3464 CNRS-Solvay, Shanghai, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dandan Han
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhou
- Eco-Efficient Products and Processes Laboratory (E2P2L), UMI 3464 CNRS-Solvay, Shanghai, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Stephane Streiff
- Eco-Efficient Products and Processes Laboratory (E2P2L), UMI 3464 CNRS-Solvay, Shanghai, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andrei Y. Khodakov
- UCCS–Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ, Artois, France
| | - Vitaly V. Ordomsky
- UCCS–Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ, Artois, France
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11
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Bai L, Wang N, Li Y. Controlled Growth and Self-Assembly of Multiscale Organic Semiconductor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2102811. [PMID: 34486181 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Currently, organic semiconductors (OSs) are widely used as active components in practical devices related to energy storage and conversion, optoelectronics, catalysis, and biological sensors, etc. To satisfy the actual requirements of different types of devices, chemical structure design and self-assembly process control have been synergistically performed. The morphology and other basic properties of multiscale OS components are governed on a broad scale from nanometers to macroscopic micrometers. Herein, the up-to-date design strategies for fabricating multiscale OSs are comprehensively reviewed. Related representative works are introduced, applications in practical devices are discussed, and future research directions are presented. Design strategies combining the advances in organic synthetic chemistry and supramolecular assembly technology perform an integral role in the development of a new generation of multiscale OSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Bai
- Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, No. 27 # Shanda South Street, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, No. 27 # Shanda South Street, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yuliang Li
- Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, No. 27 # Shanda South Street, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 # Zhongguancun North First Street, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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12
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Cao X, Tan D, Wulan B, Hui KS, Hui KN, Zhang J. In Situ Characterization for Boosting Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100700. [PMID: 34927933 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide into organic fuels and feedstocks is a fascinating method to implement the sustainable carbon cycle. Thus, a rational design of advanced electrocatalysts and a deep understanding of reaction mechanisms are crucial for the complex reactions of carbon dioxide reduction with multiple electron transfer. In situ and operando techniques with real-time monitoring are important to obtain deep insight into the electrocatalytic reaction to reveal the dynamic evolution of electrocatalysts' structure and composition under experimental conditions. In this paper, the reaction pathways for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) in the generation of various products (e.g., C1 and C2 ) via the proposed mechanisms are introduced. Moreover, recent advances in the development and applications of in situ and operando characterization techniques, from the basic working principles and in situ cell structure to detailed applications are discussed. Suggestions and future directions of in situ/operando analysis are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Cao
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Dongxing Tan
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Bari Wulan
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - K S Hui
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - K N Hui
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, P. R. China
| | - Jintao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
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13
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Zhang J, Yuan Y, Gao L, Zeng G, Li M, Huang H. Stabilizing Pt-Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Fundamental Understanding and Design Strategies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006494. [PMID: 33825222 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) with high efficiency and nonpollution characteristics have attracted massive attention from both academic and industrial communities due to their irreplaceable roles in building the future sustainable energy system. However, the stability issue of Pt-based catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has become a central constraint to the widespread deployment of the devices relative to the catalytic activity. This review aims to provide comprehensive insights into how to improve the stability of Pt-based catalysts for ORR. First, the basic physical chemistry behind the catalyst degradation, including the fundamental understandings of carbon corrosion, catalyst dissolution, and particle sintering, is highlighted. After a discussion of advanced characterization techniques for the catalyst degradation, the design strategies for improving the stability of Pt-based catalysts are summarized. Finally, further insights into the remaining challenges and future research directions are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yuliang Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Lei Gao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Gangming Zeng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Mengfan Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Hongwen Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
- Advanced Catalytic Engineer Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
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14
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Cancer Nanopharmaceuticals: Physicochemical Characterization and In Vitro/In Vivo Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081896. [PMID: 33920840 PMCID: PMC8071188 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and biopharmaceutical characterization tools play a key role in the assessment of nanopharmaceuticals' potential imaging analysis and for site-specific delivery of anti-cancers to neoplastic cells/tissues. If diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches are combined in one single nanoparticle, a new platform called nanotheragnostics is generated. Several analytical technologies allow us to characterize nanopharmaceuticals and nanoparticles and their properties so that they can be properly used in cancer therapy. This paper describes the role of multifunctional nanoparticles in cancer diagnosis and treatment, describing how nanotheragnostics can be useful in modern chemotherapy, and finally, the challenges associated with the commercialization of nanoparticles for cancer therapy.
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15
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Basu TS, Diesch S, Hayakawa R, Wakayama Y, Scheer E. Single-charge transport through hybrid core-shell Au-ZnS quantum dots: a comprehensive analysis from a modified energy structure. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:4978-4984. [PMID: 33634301 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06883g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We examined the modified electronic structure and single-carrier transport of individual hybrid core-shell metal-semiconductor Au-ZnS quantum dots (QDs) using a scanning tunnelling microscope. Nearly monodisperse ultra-small QDs are achieved by a facile wet chemical route. The exact energy structures are evaluated by scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS) measurements at 300 mK for the individual nanoobjects starting from the main building block Au nanocrystals (NCs) to the final Au-ZnS QDs. The study divulges the evolution of the energy structure and the charge transport from the single metallic building block core to the core-shell metal-semiconductor QDs. Furthermore, we successfully determined the contributions related to the quantum-confinement-induced excitonic band structure of the ZnS nano-shell and the charging energy of the system by applying a semi-empirical approach considering a double barrier tunnel junction (DBTJ) arrangement. We detect strong conductance peaks in Au-ZnS QDs due to the overlapping of the energy structure of the Au nano-core and the discrete energy states of the semiconductor ZnS nano-shell. Our findings will help in understanding the electronic properties of metal-semiconductor QDs. The outcomes therefore have the potential to fabricate tailored metal-semiconductor QDs for single-electron devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Shuvra Basu
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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16
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Li X, Guo Y, Cao H. Nanostructured surfaces from ligand-protected metal nanoparticles. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14314-14319. [PMID: 33043928 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02822c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructuring surfaces with metal atoms or clusters represents a promising approach to create materials with unique electronic/magnetic properties and improved chemical reactivity. By means of plasma sputtering and mass spectrometric techniques, the deposition of precisely size-selected clusters onto single-crystal surfaces has been applied to prepare surfaces with tailored properties. However, nanostructured surfaces can as well be prepared with metal nanoparticles via solution-phase methods, but the difference is that nanoparticles prepared by wet chemistry are usually coated with a layer of ligands, which are essential not only for maintaining the size and the atomic structure of metallic cores, but also for playing crucial roles in the synthesis, physicochemical properties and catalytic activities of the nanoparticles. This Frontier covers aspects of nanostructured surfaces from ligand-protected metal nanoparticles, starting with high-resolution imaging of the ligand-protected metal nanoparticles, followed by periodic patterning of metal nanoparticles on surfaces and the well-controlled atomic layer deposition with nanoclusters at the liquid/solid interface. We also highlight the potential of the surface-supported structures from ligand-protected metal nanoparticles, and the challenges remaining to be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Yiming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Hai Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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17
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Gunasekaran S, Reed DA, Paley DW, Bartholomew AK, Venkataraman L, Steigerwald ML, Roy X, Nuckolls C. Single-Electron Currents in Designer Single-Cluster Devices. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14924-14932. [PMID: 32809814 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Atomically precise clusters can be used to create single-electron devices wherein a single redox-active cluster is connected to two macroscopic electrodes via anchoring ligands. Unlike single-electron devices comprising nanocrystals, these cluster-based devices can be fabricated with atomic precision. This affords an unprecedented level of control over the device properties. Herein, we design a series of cobalt chalcogenide clusters with varying ligand geometries and core nuclearities to control their current-voltage (I-V) characteristics in a scanning tunneling microscope-based break junction (STM-BJ) device. First, the device geometry is modified by precisely positioning junction-anchoring ligands on the surface of the cluster. We show that the I-V characteristics are independent of ligand placement, confirming a sequential, single-electron tunneling mechanism. Next, we chemically fuse two clusters to realize a larger cluster dimer that behaves as a single electronic unit, possessing a smaller reorganization energy and more accessible redox states than the monomeric analogues. As a result, dimer-based devices exhibit significantly higher currents and can even be pushed to current saturation at high bias. Owing to these controllable properties, single-cluster junctions serve as an excellent platform for exploring incoherent charge transport processes at the nanoscale. With this understanding, as well as properties such as nonlinear I-V characteristics and rectification, these molecular clusters may function as conductive inorganic nodes in new devices and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Gunasekaran
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Douglas A Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Daniel W Paley
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States.,Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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18
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Nguyen TDH, Pham HD, Lin SY, Lin MF. Featured properties of Li +-based battery anode: Li 4Ti 5O 12. RSC Adv 2020; 10:14071-14079. [PMID: 35498449 PMCID: PMC9051913 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00818d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
3D ternary Li4Ti5O12, a Li+-based battery anode, presents an unusual lattice symmetry (triclinic crystal), band structure, charge density, and density of states under first-principles calculations. It is a large direct-gap semiconductor with E d g ∼ 2.98 eV. The atom-dominated valence and conduction bands, the spatial charge distribution and the atom- and orbital-decomposed van Hove singularities are available for delicate identifications of multi-orbital hybridizations in Li-O and Ti-O bonds. The extremely non-uniform chemical environment, which induces very complicated hopping integrals, directly arises from the large bonding fluctuations and the highly anisotropic configurations. Also, the developed theoretical framework is very useful for fully understanding cathodes and electrolytes of oxide compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hai Duong Pham
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University Tainan 701 Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yang Lin
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University Chiayi 62102 Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fa Lin
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University Tainan 701 Taiwan
- Hierarchical Green-Energy Materials Research Center Taiwan
- Quantum Topology Center, National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan 701 Taiwan
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19
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Stetsenko M, Margitych T, Kryvyi S, Maksimenko L, Hassan A, Filonenko S, Li Β, Qu J, Scheer E, Snegir S. Gold Nanoparticle Self-Aggregation on Surface with 1,6-Hexanedithiol Functionalization. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E512. [PMID: 32168942 PMCID: PMC7153467 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Here we study the morphology and the optical properties of assemblies made of small (17 nm) gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) directly on silicon wafers coated with (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTES). We employed aliphatic 1,6-hexanedithiol (HDT) molecules to cross-link AuNPs during a two-stage precipitation procedure. The first immersion of the wafer in AuNP colloidal solution led mainly to the attachment of single particles with few inclusions of dimers and small aggregates. After the functionalization of precipitated NPs with HDT and after the second immersion in the colloidal solution of AuNP, we detected a sharp rise in the number of aggregates compared to single AuNPs and their dimers. The lateral size of the aggregates was about 100 nm, while some of them were larger than 1μm. We propose that the uncompensated dipole moment of the small aggregates appeared after the first precipitation and acts further as the driving force accelerating their further growth on the surface during the second precipitation. By having such inhomogeneous surface coating, the X-ray reciprocal space maps and modulation polarimetry showed well-distinguished signals from the single AuNPs and their dimers. From these observations, we concluded that the contribution from aggregated AuNPs does not hamper the detection and investigation of plasmonic effects for AuNP dimers. Meantime, using unpolarized and polarized light spectroscopy, the difference in the optical signals between the dimers, being formed because of self-aggregation and the one being cross-linked by means of HDT, was not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksym Stetsenko
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.S.); (A.H.)
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine; (S.K.); (L.M.)
| | - Tetiana Margitych
- Kyiv Institute for Nuclear Research, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Serhii Kryvyi
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine; (S.K.); (L.M.)
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Maksimenko
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine; (S.K.); (L.M.)
| | - Ali Hassan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Svitlana Filonenko
- Pisarzhevski Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 31 Prospect Nauky, 03028 Kiev, Ukraine;
| | - Βaikui Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Elke Scheer
- University of Konstanz, Department of Physics, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany;
| | - Sergii Snegir
- University of Konstanz, Department of Physics, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany;
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20
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Unprecedented efficient electron transport across Au nanoparticles with up to 25-nm insulating SiO 2-shells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18336. [PMID: 31797902 PMCID: PMC6892908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54835-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum tunneling is the basis of molecular electronics, but often its electron transport range is too short to overcome technical defects caused by downscaling of electronic devices, which limits the development of molecular-/nano-electronics. Marrying electronics with plasmonics may well present a revolutionary way to meet this challenge as it can manipulate electron flow with plasmonics at the nanoscale. Here we report on unusually efficient temperature-independent electron transport, with some photoconductivity, across a new type of junction with active plasmonics. The junction is made by assembly of SiO2 shell-insulated Au nanoparticles (Au@SiO2 NPs) into dense nanomembranes of a few Au@SiO2 layers thick and transport is measured across these membranes. We propose that the mechanism is plasmon-enabled transport, possibly tunneling (as it is temperature-independent). Unprecedentedly ultra-long-range transport across one, up to even three layers of Au@SiO2 in the junction, with a cumulative insulating (silica) gap up to 29 nm/NP layer was achieved, well beyond the measurable limit for normal quantum mechanical tunneling across insulators (~2.5 nm at 0.5–1 V). This finding opens up a new interdisciplinary field of exploration in nanoelectronics with wide potential impact on such areas as electronic information transfer.
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21
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George A, Maman MP, Bhattacharyya K, Das Chakraborty S, S A, Das BC, Senapati D, Datta A, Mandal S. Aggregation induced non-emissive-to-emissive switching of molecular platinum clusters. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:5914-5919. [PMID: 30892370 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00979e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We show here for the first time the Aggregation Induced Emission (AIE) mechanism and solvatochromic impact on Pt-SG (SG-deprotonated glutathione) nanoclusters. In this work, the AIE properties of Pt-SG clusters were investigated through computational and spectroscopic investigations. Computational data established that aggregation triggers a distinct change in the frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) from metal d-orbital centered FMOs in the monomer to metal-thiolate and thiolate centered FMOs in the dimer improving the radiative decay process. Solvent dependent photoluminescence studies proved that a Lewis-acidic environment can significantly perturb the metal-thiolate and thiolate centered FMOs that are involved in the electronic transitions as predicted by our computational work. These semiconducting clusters exhibit a large Stokes shift and zero spectral overlap between absorption and emission which makes this Pt-SG cluster an excellent material for solar concentrators and solid-state light emitters. This AIE-OFF-ON emission was utilized to delineate a proof-of-concept sensor device that is sensitive to temperature and an acid/base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu George
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram-695551, India.
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22
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Basu TS, Diesch S, Obergfell M, Demsar J, Scheer E. Energy scales and dynamics of electronic excitations in functionalized gold nanoparticles measured at the single particle level. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:13446-13452. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02378j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the electronic structure in nanoparticles and their dynamics is a prerequisite to develop miniaturized single electron devices based on nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Diesch
- Department of Physics
- University of Konstanz
- 78457 Konstanz
- Germany
| | - Manuel Obergfell
- Institute of Physics
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Jure Demsar
- Institute of Physics
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Elke Scheer
- Department of Physics
- University of Konstanz
- 78457 Konstanz
- Germany
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23
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Bai W, Li P, Ju S, Xiao C, Shi H, Wang S, Qin S, Sun Z, Xie Y. Monolayer Behavior of NbS 2 in Natural van der Waals Heterostructures. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6421-6425. [PMID: 30351949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) constitute an important family of materials with many intriguing properties and applications. The ability to achieve large-size and high-quality monolayer TMDs is the key prerequisite toward a deep understanding and practical application of TMDs in electronics and optoelectronics. Here, on the basis of high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS), we find a monolayer NbS2-dominated Fermi-level feature in a misfit compound, which is a type of natural heterostructures. Considering the infrequency of the synthesis approach and electronic properties of the NbS2 monolayer, our results cannot only provide direct insight into the electronic structure of van der Waals heterostructures (VDWHs) but also shed light on the way toward rationally investigating the monolayer TMDs, which are hardly obtained and studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pengju Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , People's Republic of China
- ICQD, CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, and Department of Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , People's Republic China
| | - Sailong Ju
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230029 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Xiao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haohao Shi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , People's Republic of China
- ICQD, CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, and Department of Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , People's Republic China
| | - Sheng Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230029 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyong Qin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , People's Republic of China
- ICQD, CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, and Department of Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , People's Republic China
| | - Zhe Sun
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230029 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , People's Republic of China
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24
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Real-space imaging with pattern recognition of a ligand-protected Ag 374 nanocluster at sub-molecular resolution. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2948. [PMID: 30054489 PMCID: PMC6063937 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High-resolution real-space imaging of nanoparticle surfaces is desirable for better understanding of surface composition and morphology, molecular interactions at the surface, and nanoparticle chemical functionality in its environment. However, achieving molecular or sub-molecular resolution has proven to be very challenging, due to highly curved nanoparticle surfaces and often insufficient knowledge of the monolayer composition. Here, we demonstrate sub-molecular resolution in scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of thiol monolayer of a 5 nm nanoparticle Ag374 protected by tert-butyl benzene thiol. The experimental data is confirmed by comparisons through a pattern recognition algorithm to simulated topography images from density functional theory using the known total structure of the Ag374 nanocluster. Our work demonstrates a working methodology for investigations of structure and composition of organic monolayers on curved nanoparticle surfaces, which helps designing functionalities for nanoparticle-based applications. Translating high-resolution imaging methods to the curved organic surface of a nanoparticle has been challenging. Here, the authors are able to spatially resolve the sub-molecular surface details of a silver nanocluster by comparing scanning tunneling microscopy images and simulated topography data through a pattern recognition algorithm.
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25
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Basu TS, Diesch S, Scheer E. Single-electron transport through stabilised silicon nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:13949-13958. [PMID: 29781492 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01552j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We have fabricated organically capped stable luminescent silicon nanocrystals with narrow size distribution by a novel, high yield and easy to implement technique. We demonstrate transport measurements of individual silicon nanocrystals by scanning tunnelling microscopy at a low temperature in a double-barrier tunnel junction arrangement in which we observed pronounced single electron tunnelling effects. The tunnelling spectroscopy of these nanocrystals with different diameters reveals quantum confinement induced bandgap modifications. Furthermore, from the features in the tunnelling spectra, we differentiate several energy contributions arising from electronic interactions inside the nanocrystal. By applying a magnetic field, we have detected a variation in the differential conductance profile that we attribute to arising from higher order tunnelling processes. We have also systematically simulated our experimental data with the Orthodox theory, and the results show good agreement with the experiment. The study establishes a correlation between the nanocrystal size and quantum confinement induced band-structure modifications which will pave the way to devise tailored nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Shuvra Basu
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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26
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Ouyang C, Hashimoto K, Tsuji H, Nakamura E, Majima Y. Coherent Resonant Electron Tunneling at 9 and 300 K through a 4.5 nm Long, Rigid, Planar Organic Molecular Wire. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:5125-5130. [PMID: 31458728 PMCID: PMC6641898 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecular wires that operate stably at ambient temperatures are a necessary first step toward practical and useful molecular-scale electronic devices, which have thus far been hampered by many factors, including the structural and electron configurational instability of organic molecules. We report here that a single disulfanyl carbon-bridged oligo(phenylenevinylene) (COPV6) molecule embedded between thermally stable electroless Au-plated electrodes of a 4 nm nanogap undergoes coherent resonant tunneling at both 9 and 300 K and functions even after storage in air at room temperature. Such enormous stability is ascribed to the unique structural characteristics of COPV6, that is, rigidity, planarity, thermal stability, resistivity against oxidation and reduction, and an organic insulating sheath that protects the π-system. When sandwiched between the gaps without pinning, this molecule behaves as a Coulomb island with sequential single-electron tunneling at 9 K that disappears at 300 K while maintaining a stable electron flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ouyang
- Laboratory
for Materials and Structures, Tokyo Institute
of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Surface
and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kohei Hashimoto
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, University
of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hayato Tsuji
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, University
of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa
University, Hiratsuka 259-1293, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, University
of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yutaka Majima
- Laboratory
for Materials and Structures, Tokyo Institute
of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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Lovat G, Choi B, Paley DW, Steigerwald ML, Venkataraman L, Roy X. Room-temperature current blockade in atomically defined single-cluster junctions. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:1050-1054. [PMID: 28805817 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fabricating nanoscopic devices capable of manipulating and processing single units of charge is an essential step towards creating functional devices where quantum effects dominate transport characteristics. The archetypal single-electron transistor comprises a small conducting or semiconducting island separated from two metallic reservoirs by insulating barriers. By enabling the transfer of a well-defined number of charge carriers between the island and the reservoirs, such a device may enable discrete single-electron operations. Here, we describe a single-molecule junction comprising a redox-active, atomically precise cobalt chalcogenide cluster wired between two nanoscopic electrodes. We observe current blockade at room temperature in thousands of single-cluster junctions. Below a threshold voltage, charge transfer across the junction is suppressed. The device is turned on when the temporary occupation of the core states by a transiting carrier is energetically enabled, resulting in a sequential tunnelling process and an increase in current by a factor of ∼600. We perform in situ and ex situ cyclic voltammetry as well as density functional theory calculations to unveil a two-step process mediated by an orbital localized on the core of the cluster in which charge carriers reside before tunnelling to the collector reservoir. As the bias window of the junction is opened wide enough to include one of the cluster frontier orbitals, the current blockade is lifted and charge carriers can tunnel sequentially across the junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Lovat
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Bonnie Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Daniel W Paley
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Columbia Nano Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | | | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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28
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Höldrich M, Liu S, Epe M, Lämmerhofer M. Taylor dispersion analysis, resonant mass measurement and bioactivity of pepsin-coated gold nanoparticles. Talanta 2017; 167:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Kundu B, Bera A, Pal AJ. Differential conductance (dI/dV) imaging of a heterojunction-nanorod. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:095705. [PMID: 28135209 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa58f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Through scanning tunneling spectroscopy, we envisage imaging a heterostructure, namely a junction formed in a single nanorod. While the differential conductance spectrum provides location of conduction and valence band edges, dI/dV images record energy levels of materials. Such dI/dV images at different voltages allowed us to view p- and n-sections of heterojunction nanorods and more importantly the depletion region in such a junction that has a type-II band alignment. Viewing of selective sections in a heterojunction occurred due to band-bending in the junction and is correlated to the density of states spectrum of the individual semiconductors. The dI/dV images recorded at different voltages could be used to generate a band diagram of a pn junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Kundu
- Department of Solid State Physics, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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30
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Kano S, Fujii M. Conversion efficiency of an energy harvester based on resonant tunneling through quantum dots with heat leakage. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:095403. [PMID: 28082731 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa5939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We study the conversion efficiency of an energy harvester based on resonant tunneling through quantum dots with heat leakage. Heat leakage current from a hot electrode to a cold electrode is taken into account in the analysis of the harvester operation. Modeling of electrical output indicates that a maximum heat leakage current is not negligible because it is larger than that of the heat current harvested into electrical power. A reduction of heat leakage is required in this energy harvester in order to obtain efficient heat-to-electrical conversion. Multiple energy levels of a quantum dot can increase the output power of the harvester. Heavily doped colloidal semiconductor quantum dots are a possible candidate for a quantum-dot monolayer in the energy harvester to reduce heat leakage, scaling down device size, and increasing electrical output via multiple discrete energy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kano
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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31
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Untangling the Role of the Capping Agent in Nanocatalysis: Recent Advances and Perspectives. Catalysts 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/catal6120185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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32
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33
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Azuma Y, Onuma Y, Sakamoto M, Teranishi T, Majima Y. Rhombic Coulomb diamonds in a single-electron transistor based on an Au nanoparticle chemically anchored at both ends. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:4720-4726. [PMID: 26856419 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08965d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rhombic Coulomb diamonds are clearly observed in a chemically anchored Au nanoparticle single-electron transistor. The stability diagrams show stable Coulomb blockade phenomena and agree with the theoretical curve calculated using the orthodox model. The resistances and capacitances of the double-barrier tunneling junctions between the source electrode and the Au core (R1 and C1, respectively), and those between the Au core and the drain electrode (R2 and C2, respectively), are evaluated as 4.5 MΩ, 1.4 aF, 4.8 MΩ, and 1.3 aF, respectively. This is determined by fitting the theoretical curve against the experimental Coulomb staircases. Two-methylene-group short octanedithiols (C8S2) in a C8S2/hexanethiol (C6S) mixed self-assembled monolayer is concluded to chemically anchor the core of the Au nanoparticle at both ends between the electroless-Au-plated nanogap electrodes even when the Au nanoparticle is protected by decanethiol (C10S). This is because the R1 value is identical to that of R2 and corresponds to the tunneling resistances of the octanedithiol chemically bonded with the Au core and the Au electrodes. The dependence of the Coulomb diamond shapes on the tunneling resistance ratio (R1/R2) is also discussed, especially in the case of the rhombic Coulomb diamonds. Rhombic Coulomb diamonds result from chemical anchoring of the core of the Au nanoparticle at both ends between the electroless-Au-plated nanogap electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Azuma
- Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
| | - Yuto Onuma
- Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
| | - Masanori Sakamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Majima
- Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
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Ramesh S, Grijalva M, Debut A, de la Torre BG, Albericio F, Cumbal LH. Peptides conjugated to silver nanoparticles in biomedicine – a “value-added” phenomenon. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:1713-1725. [DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00688d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a glimpse of the various aspects of nanoparticles, in particular silver nanoparticles and their conjugation to peptides, thus opening an avenue for new discoveries in nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Ramesh
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Marcelo Grijalva
- Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología
- Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE
- Sangolquí
- Ecuador
| | - Alexis Debut
- Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología
- Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE
- Sangolquí
- Ecuador
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Luis H. Cumbal
- Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología
- Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE
- Sangolquí
- Ecuador
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35
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Zhao J, Sun S, Swartz L, Riechers S, Hu P, Chen S, Zheng J, Liu GY. "Size-Independent" Single-Electron Tunneling. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4986-4990. [PMID: 26618859 PMCID: PMC4758347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating single-electron tunneling (SET) of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) into modern electronic devices offers great promise to enable new properties; however, it is technically very challenging due to the necessity to integrate ultrasmall (<10 nm) particles into the devices. The nanosize requirements are intrinsic for NPs to exhibit quantum or SET behaviors, for example, 10 nm or smaller, at room temperature. This work represents the first observation of SET that defies the well-known size restriction. Using polycrystalline Au NPs synthesized via our newly developed solid-state glycine matrices method, a Coulomb Blockade was observed for particles as large as tens of nanometers, and the blockade voltage exhibited little dependence on the size of the NPs. These observations are counterintuitive at first glance. Further investigations reveal that each observed SET arises from the ultrasmall single crystalline grain(s) within the polycrystal NP, which is (are) sufficiently isolated from the nearest neighbor grains. This work demonstrates the concept and feasibility to overcome orthodox spatial confinement requirements to achieve quantum effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Shasha Sun
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Logan Swartz
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Shawn Riechers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Peiguang Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Shaowei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Gang-yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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36
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Serdio V VM, Muraki T, Takeshita S, Hurtado S DE, Kano S, Teranishi T, Majima Y. Gap separation-controlled nanogap electrodes by molecular ruler electroless gold plating. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00923e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular ruler electroless plated (MoREP) nanogap electrodes: gap separation can be controlled between 2.5 and 3.3 nm by surfactant CnTAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. Serdio V
- Materials and Structures Laboratory
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8503
- Japan
| | - Taro Muraki
- Materials and Structures Laboratory
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8503
- Japan
| | - Shuhei Takeshita
- Materials and Structures Laboratory
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8503
- Japan
| | - Daniel E. Hurtado S
- Materials and Structures Laboratory
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8503
- Japan
| | - Shinya Kano
- Materials and Structures Laboratory
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8503
- Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Majima
- Materials and Structures Laboratory
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8503
- Japan
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