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Burazer S, Horák L, Filinchuk Y, Černý R, Popović J. Abrupt change from moderate positive to colossal negative thermal expansion caused by imidazolate composite formation. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2022; 57:11563-11581. [PMID: 35789923 PMCID: PMC9246808 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-022-07360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This work describes temperature-induced crystallization processes and reaction mechanisms occurring in the borohydride-imidazolate system. In the course of thermal evolution, crystal structures of two novel bimetallic imidazolates AMnIm3 (A = Na, K) were solved using synchrotron radiation powder diffraction data. Both the alkali metal cation and the Mn cations exhibit distorted octahedral coordination while each imidazolate is surrounded by two alkali metal and two manganese atoms. Extensive study of the thermal expansion behaviour revealed that the expansion of the bimetallic imidazolates does not proceed uniformly over the entire temperature range but rather abruptly changes from a colossal negative to a moderate positive volume expansion. Such behaviour is caused by the coherent intergrowth of the coexisting phases which form a composite, a positive lattice mismatch and a tensile strain during the coexistence of NaMIm3 (M = Mg and Mn) and NaIm or HT-NaIm. Such coherent coalescence of two materials opens the possibility for targeted design of zero thermal expansion materials. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Crystal structures of AMnIm3 (A = Na, K) were determined. Coherently intergrown NaMIm3/NaIm (M = Mg, Mn) present colossal negative thermal expansion. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10853-022-07360-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Burazer
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Horák
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Yaroslav Filinchuk
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Radovan Černý
- Laboratory of Crystallography, DQMP, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 24, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jasminka Popović
- Laboratory for Synthesis and Crystallography of Functional Materials, Division for Materials Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Comanescu C. Complex Metal Borohydrides: From Laboratory Oddities to Prime Candidates in Energy Storage Applications. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062286. [PMID: 35329738 PMCID: PMC8949998 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite being the lightest element in the periodic table, hydrogen poses many risks regarding its production, storage, and transport, but it is also the one element promising pollution-free energy for the planet, energy reliability, and sustainability. Development of such novel materials conveying a hydrogen source face stringent scrutiny from both a scientific and a safety point of view: they are required to have a high hydrogen wt.% storage capacity, must store hydrogen in a safe manner (i.e., by chemically binding it), and should exhibit controlled, and preferably rapid, absorption–desorption kinetics. Even the most advanced composites today face the difficult task of overcoming the harsh re-hydrogenation conditions (elevated temperature, high hydrogen pressure). Traditionally, the most utilized materials have been RMH (reactive metal hydrides) and complex metal borohydrides M(BH4)x (M: main group or transition metal; x: valence of M), often along with metal amides or various additives serving as catalysts (Pd2+, Ti4+ etc.). Through destabilization (kinetic or thermodynamic), M(BH4)x can effectively lower their dehydrogenation enthalpy, providing for a faster reaction occurring at a lower temperature onset. The present review summarizes the recent scientific results on various metal borohydrides, aiming to present the current state-of-the-art on such hydrogen storage materials, while trying to analyze the pros and cons of each material regarding its thermodynamic and kinetic behavior in hydrogenation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar Comanescu
- National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomiștilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania;
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 1 Polizu St., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 405, Atomiștilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
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Suárez-Alcántara K, Tena García JR. Metal Borohydrides beyond Groups I and II: A Review. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14102561. [PMID: 34069281 PMCID: PMC8156325 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review consists of a compilation of synthesis methods and several properties of borohydrides beyond Groups I and II, i.e., transition metals, main group, lanthanides, and actinides. The reported properties include crystal structure, decomposition temperature, ionic conductivity, photoluminescence, etc., when available. The compiled properties reflect the rich chemistry and possible borohydrides’ application in areas such as hydrogen storage, electronic devices that require an ionic conductor, catalysis, or photoluminescence. At the end of the review, two short but essential sections are included: a compilation of the decomposition temperature of all reported borohydrides versus the Pauling electronegativity of the cations, and a brief discussion of the possible reactions occurring during diborane emission, including some strategies to reduce this inconvenience, particularly for hydrogen storage purposes.
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Grinderslev JB, Jensen TR. Trends in the Series of Ammine Rare-Earth-Metal Borohydrides: Relating Structural and Thermal Properties. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:2573-2589. [PMID: 33499595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ammine metal borohydrides display extreme structural and compositional diversity and show potential applications for solid-state hydrogen and ammonia storage and as solid-state electrolytes. Thirty-two new compounds are reported in this work, and trends in the full series of ammine rare-earth-metal borohydrides are discussed. The majority of the rare-earth metals (RE) form trivalent RE(BH4)3·xNH3 (x = 7-1) compounds, which possess an intriguing crystal chemistry changing with the number of ammonia ligands, varying from structures built from complex ions (x = 5-7), to molecular structures (x = 3, 4), one-dimensional chains (x = 2), and structures built from two-dimensional layers (x = 1). Divalent RE(BH4)2·xNH3 (x = 4, 2, 1) compounds are observed for RE2+ = Sm, Eu, Yb, with structures varying from molecular structures (x = 4) to two-dimensional layered (x = 2, 1) and three-dimensional structures (Yb(BH4)2·NH3). The crystal structure and composition of the compounds depend on the volume of the rare-earth ion. In all structures, NH3 coordinates to the metal, while BH4- has a more flexible coordination and is observed as a bridging and terminal ligand and as a counterion. RE(BH4)3·xNH3 (x = 7-5, 4) releases NH3 stepwise during thermal treatment, while mainly H2 is released for x ≤ 3. In contrast, only NH3 is released from RE(BH4)2·xNH3 due to the lower charge density on the RE2+ ion and higher stability of RE(BH4)2. The thermal stability of RE(BH4)3·xNH3 increase with increasing cation charge density for x = 5, 7, while it decreases for x = 4, 6. For x = 3, the thermal stability decreases with increasing charge density, due to the destabilization of the BH4- group, making it more reactive toward NH3. This research provides a large number of novel compounds and new insight into trends in the crystal chemistry of ammine metal borohydrides and reveals a correlation between the local metal coordination and the thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob B Grinderslev
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Torben R Jensen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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5
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Abstract
Ammine metal borohydrides show large compositional and structural diversity, and have been proposed as candidates for solid-state ammonia and hydrogen storage as well as fast cationic conductors. Here, we report the synthesis method of ammine barium borohydrides, Ba(BH4)2·xNH3 (x = 1, 2). The two new compounds were investigated with time-resolved temperature-varied in situ synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy and photographic analysis. The compound Ba(BH4)2·2NH3 crystallizes in an orthorhombic unit cell with space group symmetry Pnc2, and is isostructural to Sr(BH4)2·2NH3, forming octahedral [Ba(NH3)2(BH4)4] complexes, which are connected into a two-dimensional layered structure, where the layers are interconnected by dihydrogen bonds, N–Hδ+⋯−δH–B. A new structure type is observed for Ba(BH4)2·NH3, which crystallizes in an orthorhombic unit cell with space group symmetry P212121, forming a three-dimensional framework structure of [Ba(NH3)(BH4)6] complexes. The structure is built from distorted hexagonal chains, where NH3 groups form dihydrogen bonds to the nearby BH4−-groups within the chain. Ba(BH4)2·2NH3 is unstable at room temperature and releases NH3 in two subsequent endothermic reactions with maxima at 49 and 117 °C, eventually reforming Ba(BH4)2. We demonstrate that the thermal stability and composition of the gas release for the ammine alkaline earth metal borohydrides can be correlated to the charge density of the metal cation, but are also influenced by other effects.
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Grinderslev JB, Jepsen LH, Lee YS, Møller KT, Cho YW, Černý R, Jensen TR. Structural Diversity and Trends in Properties of an Array of Hydrogen-Rich Ammonium Metal Borohydrides. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12733-12747. [PMID: 32799455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metal borohydrides are a fascinating and continuously expanding class of materials, showing promising applications within many different fields of research. This study presents 17 derivatives of the hydrogen-rich ammonium borohydride, NH4BH4, which all exhibit high gravimetric hydrogen densities (>9.2 wt % of H2). A detailed insight into the crystal structures combining X-ray diffraction and density functional theory calculations exposes an intriguing structural variety ranging from three-dimensional (3D) frameworks, 2D-layered, and 1D-chainlike structures to structures built from isolated complex anions, in all cases containing NH4+ countercations. Dihydrogen interactions between complex NH4+ and BH4- ions contribute to the structural diversity and flexibility, while inducing an inherent instability facilitating hydrogen release. The thermal stability of the ammonium metal borohydrides, as a function of a range of structural properties, is analyzed in detail. The Pauling electronegativity of the metal, the structural dimensionality, the dihydrogen bond length, the relative amount of NH4+ to BH4-, and the nearest coordination sphere of NH4+ are among the most important factors. Hydrogen release usually occurs in three steps, involving new intermediate compounds, observed as crystalline, polymeric, and amorphous materials. This research provides new opportunities for the design and tailoring of novel functional materials with interesting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob B Grinderslev
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lars H Jepsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Young-Su Lee
- Center for Energy Materials Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kasper T Møller
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Imaging and Applied Physics, Fuels and Energy Technology Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Young Whan Cho
- Center for Energy Materials Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Radovan Černý
- Laboratory of Crystallography, DQMP, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Torben R Jensen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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He T, Cao H, Chen P. Complex Hydrides for Energy Storage, Conversion, and Utilization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902757. [PMID: 31682051 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Functional materials are the key enabling factor in the development of clean energy technologies. Materials of particular interest, which are reviewed herein, are a class of hydrogenous compound having the general formula of M(XHn )m , where M is usually a metal cation and X can be Al, B, C, N, O, transition metal (TM), or a mixture of them, which sets up an iono-covalent or covalent bonding with H. M(XHn )m is generally termed as a complex hydride by the hydrogen storage community. The rich chemistry between H and B/C/N/O/Al/TM allows complex hydrides of diverse composition and electronic configuration, and thus tunable physical and chemical properties, for applications in hydrogen storage, thermal energy storage, ion conduction in electrochemical devices, and catalysis in fuel processing. The recent progress is reviewed here and strategic approaches for the design and optimization of complex hydrides for the abovementioned applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng He
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hujun Cao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM·2011), Xiamen University, Fujian, 361005, China
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Starobrat A, Jaroń T, Grochala W. Two new derivatives of scandium borohydride, MSc(BH 4) 4, M = Rb, Cs, prepared via a one-pot solvent-mediated method. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:11829-11837. [PMID: 31304946 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01967g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new derivatives of scandium borohydride, MSc(BH4)4, M = Rb, Cs, were prepared via two different synthetic methodologies - mechanochemical and solvent-mediated. The latter led to products free from the commonly present halide contamination, as evidenced by powder X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy and TGA/DSC/MS. The rubidium derivative crystallizes in an orthorhombic unit cell of the Pbcm space group in the structure which can be derived from ht-CrVO4, while CsSc(BH4)4 adopts a monoclinic (P21/c) unit cell which has monazite (CePO4) as a structural aristotype. Thermal decomposition of the samples obtained using the two methods was compared, evidencing the influence of lithium chloride on the decomposition reactions as well as chemical identity of the decomposition products. Uncontaminated MSc(BH4)4 salts decompose thermally yielding nearly pure hydrogen with the maximum decomposition rate at 230 °C and 235 °C, for M = Rb and Cs, respectively. Among the by-products of the solvent-mediated synthesis, a new cubic crystalline phase of M3ScCl6, M = Rb, Cs, has been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Starobrat
- College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences (MISMaP), University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland and Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Jaroń
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Grochala
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
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Grinderslev JB, Møller KT, Bremholm M, Jensen TR. Trends in Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Rare-Earth Metal Borohydrides. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:5503-5517. [PMID: 31013080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis, crystal structures, and thermal and magnetic properties of the complete series of halide-free rare-earth (RE) metal borohydrides are presented. A new synthesis method provides high yield and high purity products. Fifteen new metal borohydride structures are reported. The trends in crystal structures, thermal behavior, and magnetic properties for the entire series of RE(BH4) x are compared and discussed. The RE(BH4) x possess a very rich crystal chemistry, dependent on the oxidation state and the ionic size of the rare-earth ion. Due to the lanthanide contraction, there is a significant decrease in the volume of the RE3+-ion with increasing atomic number, which correlates linearly with the unit cell volume of the α- and β-RE(BH4)3 polymorphs and the solvated complexes α-RE(BH4)3·S(CH3)2. The thermal analysis reveals a one-step decomposition pathway in the temperature range from 247 to 277 °C for all RE(BH4)3 except Lu(BH4)3, which follows a three-step decomposition pathway. In contrast, the RE(BH4)2 decompose at higher temperatures in the range 306 to 390 °C due to lower charge density on the rare-earth ion. The RE(BH4)3 show increasing stability with increasing Pauling electronegativity, which contradicts other main group and transition metal borohydrides. The majority of the compounds follow Curie-Weiss paramagnetic behavior down to 3 K with weak antiferromagnetic interactions and magnetic moments in accord with those of isolated 4f ions. Some of the RE(BH4) x display varying degrees of temperature-dependent magnetic moments due to low-lying excited stated induced by crystal field effects. Additionally, a weak antiferromagnetic ordering is observed in Gd(BH4)3, indicating superexchange through a borohydride group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob B Grinderslev
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Kasper T Møller
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Martin Bremholm
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Torben R Jensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
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10
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Liu YS, Jeong S, White JL, Feng X, Seon Cho E, Stavila V, Allendorf MD, Urban JJ, Guo J. In-Situ/Operando X-ray Characterization of Metal Hydrides. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:1261-1271. [PMID: 30737862 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201801185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the capabilities of soft and hard X-ray techniques, including X-ray absorption (XAS), soft X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES), resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering (RIXS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and their application to solid-state hydrogen storage materials are presented. These characterization tools are indispensable for interrogating hydrogen storage materials at the relevant length scales of fundamental interest, which range from the micron scale to nanometer dimensions. Since nanostructuring is now well established as an avenue to improve the thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrogen release and uptake, due to properties such as reduced mean free paths of transport and increased surface-to-volume ratio, it becomes of critical importance to explicitly identify structure-property relationships on the nanometer scale. X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy are effective tools for probing size-, shape-, and structure-dependent material properties at the nanoscale. This article also discusses the recent development of in-situ soft X-ray spectroscopy cells, which enable investigation of critical solid/liquid or solid/gas interfaces under more practical conditions. These unique tools are providing a window into the thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions and informing a quantitative understanding of the fundamental energetics of hydrogen storage processes at the microscopic level. In particular, in-situ soft X-ray spectroscopies can be utilized to probe the formation of intermediate species, byproducts, as well as the changes in morphology and effect of additives, which all can greatly affect the hydrogen storage capacity, kinetics, thermodynamics, and reversibility. A few examples using soft X-ray spectroscopies to study these materials are discussed to demonstrate how these powerful characterization tools could be helpful to further understand the hydrogen storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Liu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sohee Jeong
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James L White
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - Xuefei Feng
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Eun Seon Cho
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
| | | | | | - Jeffrey J Urban
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Richter B, Grinderslev JB, Møller KT, Paskevicius M, Jensen TR. From Metal Hydrides to Metal Borohydrides. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:10768-10780. [PMID: 30137973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Commencing from metal hydrides, versatile synthesis, purification, and desolvation approaches are presented for a wide range of metal borohydrides and their solvates. An optimized and generalized synthesis method is provided for 11 different metal borohydrides, M(BH4) n, (M = Li, Na, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Y, Nd, Sm, Gd, Yb), providing controlled access to more than 15 different polymorphs and in excess of 20 metal borohydride solvate complexes. Commercially unavailable metal hydrides (MH n, M = Sr, Ba, Y, Nd, Sm, Gd, Yb) are synthesized utilizing high pressure hydrogenation. For synthesis of metal borohydrides, all hydrides are mechanochemically activated prior to reaction with dimethylsulfide borane. A purification process is devised, alongside a complementary desolvation process for solvate complexes, yielding high purity products. An array of polymorphically pure metal borohydrides are synthesized in this manner, supporting the general applicability of this method. Additionally, new metal borohydrides, α-, α'- β-, γ-Yb(BH4)2, α-Nd(BH4)3 and new solvates Sr(BH4)2·1THF, Sm(BH4)2·1THF, Yb(BH4)2· xTHF, x = 1 or 2, Nd(BH4)3·1Me2S, Nd(BH4)3·1.5THF, Sm(BH4)3·1.5THF and Yb(BH4)3· xMe2S (" x" = unspecified), are presented here. Synthesis conditions are optimized individually for each metal, providing insight into reactivity and mechanistic concerns. The reaction follows a nucleophilic addition/hydride-transfer mechanism. Therefore, the reaction is most efficient for ionic and polar-covalent metal hydrides. The presented synthetic approaches are widely applicable, as demonstrated by permitting facile access to a large number of materials and by performing a scale-up synthesis of LiBH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Richter
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Jakob B Grinderslev
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Kasper T Møller
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Fuels and Energy Technology Institute , Curtin University , Wark Avenue , Bentley , Western Australia 6102 , Australia
| | - Mark Paskevicius
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Fuels and Energy Technology Institute , Curtin University , Wark Avenue , Bentley , Western Australia 6102 , Australia
| | - Torben R Jensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
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12
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Heere M, Zavorotynska O, Deledda S, Sørby MH, Book D, Steriotis T, Hauback BC. Effect of additives, ball milling and isotopic exchange in porous magnesium borohydride. RSC Adv 2018; 8:27645-27653. [PMID: 35542747 PMCID: PMC9083490 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05146a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium borohydride (Mg(BH4)2) is a promising material for solid state hydrogen storage. However, the predicted reversible hydrogen sorption properties at moderate temperatures have not been reached due to sluggish hydrogen sorption kinetics. Hydrogen (H) → deuterium (D) exchange experiments can contribute to the understanding of the stability of the BH4− anion. Pure γ-Mg(BH4)2, ball milled Mg(BH4)2 and composites with the additives nickel triboride (Ni3B) and diniobium pentaoxide (Nb2O5) have been investigated. In situ Raman analysis demonstrated that in pure γ-Mg(BH4)2 the isotopic exchange reaction during continuous heating started at ∼80 °C, while the ball milled sample did not show any exchange at 3 bar D2. However, during ex situ exchange reactions investigated by infrared (IR) and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses a comparable H → D exchange during long exposures (23 h) to deuterium atmosphere was observed for as received, ball milled and γ-Mg(BH4)2 + Nb2O5, while the Ni3B additive hindered isotopic exchange. The specific surface areas (SSA) were shown to be very different for as received γ-Mg(BH4)2, BET area = 900 m2 g−1, and ball milled Mg(BH4)2, BET area = 30 m2 g−1, respectively, and this explains why no gas–solid H(D) diffusion was observed for the ball milled (amorphous) Mg(BH4)2 during the short time frames of in situ Raman measurements. The heat treated ball milled sample partially regained the porous γ-Mg(BH4)2 structure (BET area = 560 m2 g−1). This in combination with the long reaction times allowing for the reaction to approach equilibrium explains the observed gas–solid H(D) diffusion during long exposure. We have also demonstrated that a small amount of D can be substituted in both high surface area and low surface area samples at room temperature proving that the B–H bonds in Mg(BH4)2 can be challenged at these mild conditions. Specific surface area measurements (BET) of as received and ball milled samples showed the collapse of the porous network after milling, while a heat treated ball milled sample regained most of its porous γ-Mg(BH4)2 structure.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heere
- Department for Neutron Materials Characterization
- Institute for Energy Technology
- Norway
- Institute for Applied Materials – Energy Storage Systems (IAM – ESS)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
| | - Olena Zavorotynska
- Department for Neutron Materials Characterization
- Institute for Energy Technology
- Norway
- Institute for Mathematics and Physics
- University of Stavanger
| | - Stefano Deledda
- Department for Neutron Materials Characterization
- Institute for Energy Technology
- Norway
| | - Magnus H. Sørby
- Department for Neutron Materials Characterization
- Institute for Energy Technology
- Norway
| | - David Book
- School of Metallurgy and Materials
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham B15 2TT
- UK
| | - Theodore Steriotis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- NCSR “Demokritos”
- Athens 15341
- Greece
| | - Bjørn C. Hauback
- Department for Neutron Materials Characterization
- Institute for Energy Technology
- Norway
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13
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Paskevicius M, Jepsen LH, Schouwink P, Černý R, Ravnsbæk DB, Filinchuk Y, Dornheim M, Besenbacher F, Jensen TR. Metal borohydrides and derivatives – synthesis, structure and properties. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:1565-1634. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00705h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review of metal borohydrides from synthesis to application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Paskevicius
- Center for Materials Crystallography
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), and Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Lars H. Jepsen
- Center for Materials Crystallography
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), and Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Pascal Schouwink
- Laboratory of Crystallography
- DQMP
- University of Geneva
- 1211 Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Radovan Černý
- Laboratory of Crystallography
- DQMP
- University of Geneva
- 1211 Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Dorthe B. Ravnsbæk
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Southern Denmark
- 5230 Odense M
- Denmark
| | - Yaroslav Filinchuk
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Université catholique de Louvain
- B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Martin Dornheim
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- Department of Nanotechnology
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | - Flemming Besenbacher
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Torben R. Jensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), and Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
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14
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Ley MB, Jørgensen M, Černý R, Filinchuk Y, Jensen TR. From M(BH 4) 3 (M = La, Ce) Borohydride Frameworks to Controllable Synthesis of Porous Hydrides and Ion Conductors. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:9748-9756. [PMID: 27622390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rare earth metal borohydrides show a number of interesting properties, e.g., Li ion conductivity and luminescence, and the series of materials is well explored. However, previous attempts to obtain M(BH4)3 (M = La, Ce) by reacting MCl3 and LiBH4 yielded LiM(BH4)3Cl. Here, a synthetic approach is presented, which allows the isolation of M(BH4)3 (M = La, Ce) via formation of intermediate complexes with dimethyl sulfide. The cubic c-Ce(BH4)3 (Fm3̅c) is isostructural to high-temperature polymorphs of A(BH4)3 (A = Y, Sm, Er, Yb) borohydrides. The larger size of the Ce3+ ion makes the empty void in the open ReO3-type framework structure potentially accessible to small guest molecules like H2. Another new rhombohedral polymorph, r-M(BH4)3 (M = La, Ce), is a closed form of the framework, prone to stacking faults. The new compounds M(BH4)3 (M = La, Ce) can be combined with LiCl in an addition reaction to form LiM(BH4)3Cl also known as Li4[M4(BH4)12Cl4]; the latter contains the unique tetranuclear cluster [M4(BH4)12Cl4]4- and shows high Li-ion conductivity. This reaction pathway opens a way to synthesize a series of A4[M4(BH4)12X4] (M = La, Ce) compounds with different anions (X) and metal ions (A) and potentially high ion conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Brix Ley
- Center for Materials Crystallography (CMC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus , Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark.,Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Mathias Jørgensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography (CMC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus , Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark
| | - Radovan Černý
- Laboratory of Crystallography, DQMP, University of Geneva , Quai Ernest-Ansermet 24, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yaroslav Filinchuk
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain , Place L. Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Torben R Jensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography (CMC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus , Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark
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15
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Sharma M, Didelot E, Spyratou A, Lawson Daku LM, Černý R, Hagemann H. Halide Free M(BH4)2 (M = Sr, Ba, and Eu) Synthesis, Structure, and Decomposition. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:7090-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Sharma
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30, quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Didelot
- Laboratory
of Crystallography, Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24, quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Spyratou
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30, quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Latévi Max Lawson Daku
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30, quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Radovan Černý
- Laboratory
of Crystallography, Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24, quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Hans Hagemann
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30, quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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16
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Starobrat A, Tyszkiewicz MJ, Wegner W, Pancerz D, Orłowski PA, Leszczyński PJ, Fijalkowski KJ, Jaroń T, Grochala W. Salts of highly fluorinated weakly coordinating anions as versatile precursors towards hydrogen storage materials. Dalton Trans 2016; 44:19469-77. [PMID: 26242623 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02005k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the most recent results related to application of a metathetic pathway towards mixed-metal borohydrides. The synthetic protocol utilizes highly-fluorinated weakly coordinating anion salts as precursors. We discuss the technicalities related to the use of fluorine-rich anions as well as the improvements which are still needed to deliver high-purity materials with potential applications for hydrogen storage. The applicability of the method is expanded beyond the previously described complex borohydrides of alkali metal Zn or Y, towards the systems containing Mg(II), Sc(III), Mn(II), or Eu(III). We have prepared for the first time [Ph4P]2[Mn(BH4)4] and [Me4N]2[Mg(BH4)4], solved their crystal structures from powder x-ray diffraction, and used selected organic metal borohydride derivatives as precursors towards mixed-metal borohydrides (K2Mn(BH4)4, Rb3Mg(BH4)5, etc.). We have also prepared [Ph4P][Eu(BH4)4], which is the first derivative of Eu(III) in the homoleptic environment of borohydride anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Starobrat
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M J Tyszkiewicz
- Inter-faculty Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - W Wegner
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - D Pancerz
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - P A Orłowski
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - P J Leszczyński
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02089 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - K J Fijalkowski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02089 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - T Jaroń
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02089 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - W Grochala
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02089 Warsaw, Poland.
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17
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Grube E, Olesen CH, Ravnsbæk DB, Jensen TR. Barium borohydride chlorides: synthesis, crystal structures and thermal properties. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:8291-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00772d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel barium-based borohydrides, structurally resembling various BaCl2 and BaBr2 polymorphs, were prepared by mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Grube
- Center for Materials Crystallography
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Cathrine H. Olesen
- Center for Materials Crystallography
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Dorthe B. Ravnsbæk
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Southern Denmark
- 5230 Odense M
- Denmark
| | - Torben R. Jensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
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18
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Dimitrievska M, White JL, Zhou W, Stavila V, Klebanoff LE, Udovic TJ. Structure-dependent vibrational dynamics of Mg(BH4)2 polymorphs probed with neutron vibrational spectroscopy and first-principles calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:25546-25552. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04469g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutron vibrational spectroscopy and DFT calculations are used in order to gain deeper insights into the structure-dependent vibrational properties of Mg(BH4)2 polymorphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Dimitrievska
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
- Golden
- USA
- NIST Center for Neutron Research
- National Institute of Standards and Technology
| | | | - Wei Zhou
- NIST Center for Neutron Research
- National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Gaithersburg
- USA
| | | | | | - Terrence J. Udovic
- NIST Center for Neutron Research
- National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Gaithersburg
- USA
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19
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Černý R, Schouwink P. The crystal chemistry of inorganic metal borohydrides and their relation to metal oxides. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2015; 71:619-640. [PMID: 26634719 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520615018508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structures of inorganic homoleptic metal borohydrides are analysed with respect to their structural prototypes found amongst metal oxides in the inorganic databases such as Pearson's Crystal Data [Villars & Cenzual (2015). Pearson's Crystal Data. Crystal Structure Database for Inorganic Compounds, Release 2014/2015, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, USA]. The coordination polyhedra around the cations and the borohydride anion are determined, and constitute the basis of the structural systematics underlying metal borohydride chemistry in various frameworks and variants of ionic packing, including complex anions and the packing of neutral molecules in the crystal. Underlying nets are determined by topology analysis using the program TOPOS [Blatov (2006). IUCr CompComm. Newsl. 7, 4-38]. It is found that the Pauling rules for ionic crystals apply to all non-molecular borohydride crystal structures, and that the latter can often be derived by simple deformation of the close-packed anionic lattices c.c.p. and h.c.p., by partially removing anions and filling tetrahedral or octahedral sites. The deviation from an ideal close packing is facilitated in metal borohydrides with respect to the oxide due to geometrical and electronic considerations of the BH4(-) anion (tetrahedral shape, polarizability). This review on crystal chemistry of borohydrides and their similarity to oxides is a contribution which should serve materials engineers as a roadmap to design new materials, synthetic chemists in their search for promising compounds to be prepared, and materials scientists in understanding the properties of novel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radovan Černý
- Laboratory of Crystallography, Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 24, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Schouwink
- Laboratory of Crystallography, Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 24, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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20
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Synthesis and characterization of a series of mixed-cation borohydrides of scandium: [ Cat ][Sc(BH 4 ) 4 ], [ Cat ] = [Me 4 N], [ n -Bu 4 N], and [Ph 4 P]. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Lai Q, Paskevicius M, Sheppard DA, Buckley CE, Thornton AW, Hill MR, Gu Q, Mao J, Huang Z, Liu HK, Guo Z, Banerjee A, Chakraborty S, Ahuja R, Aguey-Zinsou KF. Hydrogen Storage Materials for Mobile and Stationary Applications: Current State of the Art. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:2789-2825. [PMID: 26033917 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the limitations to the widespread use of hydrogen as an energy carrier is its storage in a safe and compact form. Herein, recent developments in effective high-capacity hydrogen storage materials are reviewed, with a special emphasis on light compounds, including those based on organic porous structures, boron, nitrogen, and aluminum. These elements and their related compounds hold the promise of high, reversible, and practical hydrogen storage capacity for mobile applications, including vehicles and portable power equipment, but also for the large scale and distributed storage of energy for stationary applications. Current understanding of the fundamental principles that govern the interaction of hydrogen with these light compounds is summarized, as well as basic strategies to meet practical targets of hydrogen uptake and release. The limitation of these strategies and current understanding is also discussed and new directions proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Lai
- MERLin Group, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052 (Australia), Fax: (+61) 02-938-55966
| | - Mark Paskevicius
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000 (Denmark)
- Department of Physics, Astronomy and Medical Radiation Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley WA 6102 (Australia)
| | - Drew A Sheppard
- Department of Physics, Astronomy and Medical Radiation Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley WA 6102 (Australia)
| | - Craig E Buckley
- Department of Physics, Astronomy and Medical Radiation Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley WA 6102 (Australia)
| | | | - Matthew R Hill
- CSIRO, Private Bag 10, Clayton South MDC, VIC 3169 (Australia)
| | - Qinfen Gu
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC 3168 (Australia)
| | - Jianfeng Mao
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, NSW 2500 (Australia)
| | - Zhenguo Huang
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, NSW 2500 (Australia)
| | - Hua Kun Liu
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, NSW 2500 (Australia)
| | - Zaiping Guo
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, NSW 2500 (Australia)
| | - Amitava Banerjee
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Sudip Chakraborty
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Rajeev Ahuja
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Kondo-Francois Aguey-Zinsou
- MERLin Group, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052 (Australia), Fax: (+61) 02-938-55966.
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22
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Stadie NP, Callini E, Mauron P, Borgschulte A, Züttel A. Supercritical nitrogen processing for the purification of reactive porous materials. J Vis Exp 2015:e52817. [PMID: 26066492 DOI: 10.3791/52817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercritical fluid extraction and drying methods are well established in numerous applications for the synthesis and processing of porous materials. Herein, nitrogen is presented as a novel supercritical drying fluid for specialized applications such as in the processing of reactive porous materials, where carbon dioxide and other fluids are not appropriate due to their higher chemical reactivity. Nitrogen exhibits similar physical properties in the near-critical region of its phase diagram as compared to carbon dioxide: a widely tunable density up to ~1 g ml(-1), modest critical pressure (3.4 MPa), and small molecular diameter of ~3.6 Å. The key to achieving a high solvation power of nitrogen is to apply a processing temperature in the range of 80-150 K, where the density of nitrogen is an order of magnitude higher than at similar pressures near ambient temperature. The detailed solvation properties of nitrogen, and especially its selectivity, across a wide range of common target species of extraction still require further investigation. Herein we describe a protocol for the supercritical nitrogen processing of porous magnesium borohydride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Stadie
- Hydrogen and Energy Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology;
| | - Elsa Callini
- Hydrogen and Energy Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
| | - Philippe Mauron
- Hydrogen and Energy Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
| | - Andreas Borgschulte
- Hydrogen and Energy Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
| | - Andreas Züttel
- Hydrogen and Energy Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
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23
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Melting Behavior and Thermolysis of NaBH4−Mg(BH4)2 and NaBH4−Ca(BH4)2 Composites. ENERGIES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/en8042701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Tumanov NA, Safin DA, Richter B, Łodziana Z, Jensen TR, Garcia Y, Filinchuk Y. Challenges in the synthetic routes to Mn(BH4)2: insight into intermediate compounds. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:6571-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03807j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have studied formation of Mn(BH4)2 and intermediates [{M(Et2O)2}Mn2(BH4)5] in the reaction of MnCl2 with MBH4 (M = Li+, Na+, K+) in Et2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay A. Tumanov
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Molecules
- Solids & Reactivity (IMCN/MOST)
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
| | - Damir A. Safin
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Molecules
- Solids & Reactivity (IMCN/MOST)
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
| | - Bo Richter
- Center for Materials Crystallography (CMC)
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- and Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Århus C
| | - Zbigniew Łodziana
- INP Polish Academy of Sciences
- Department of Structural Research
- 31-342 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Torben R. Jensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography (CMC)
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- and Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Århus C
| | - Yann Garcia
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Molecules
- Solids & Reactivity (IMCN/MOST)
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
| | - Yaroslav Filinchuk
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Molecules
- Solids & Reactivity (IMCN/MOST)
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
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