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McCue C, Atari A, Parks S, Tseng YY, Varanasi KK. Reducing Cancer Cell Adhesion using Microtextured Surfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302401. [PMID: 37559167 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
For the past century, trypsin has been the primary method of cell dissociation, largely without any major changes to the process. Enzymatic cell detachment strategies for large-scale cell culturing processes are popular but can be labor-intensive, potentially lead to the accumulation of genetic mutations, and produce large quantities of liquid waste. Therefore, engineering surfaces to lower cell adhesion strength could enable the next generation of cell culture surfaces for delicate primary cells and automated, high-throughput workflows. In this study, a process for creating microtextured polystyrene (PS) surfaces to measure the impact of microposts on the adhesion strength of cells is developed. Cell viability and proliferation assays show comparable results in two cancer cell lines between micropost surfaces and standard cell culture vessels. However, cell image analysis on microposts reveals that cell area decreases by half, and leads to an average twofold increase in cell length per area. Using a microfluidic-based method up to a seven times greater percentage of cells are removed from micropost surfaces than the flat control surfaces. These results show that micropost surfaces enable decreased cell adhesion strength while maintaining similar cell viabilities and proliferation as compared to flat PS surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline McCue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Adel Atari
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sean Parks
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yuen-Yi Tseng
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Kripa K Varanasi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
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2
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Monteduro AG, Rizzato S, Caragnano G, Trapani A, Giannelli G, Maruccio G. Organs-on-chips technologies – A guide from disease models to opportunities for drug development. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 231:115271. [PMID: 37060819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Current in-vitro 2D cultures and animal models present severe limitations in recapitulating human physiopathology with striking discrepancies in estimating drug efficacy and side effects when compared to human trials. For these reasons, microphysiological systems, organ-on-chip and multiorgans microdevices attracted considerable attention as novel tools for high-throughput and high-content research to achieve an improved understanding of diseases and to accelerate the drug development process towards more precise and eventually personalized standards. This review takes the form of a guide on this fast-growing field, providing useful introduction to major themes and indications for further readings. We start analyzing Organs-on-chips (OOC) technologies for testing the major drug administration routes: (1) oral/rectal route by intestine-on-a-chip, (2) inhalation by lung-on-a-chip, (3) transdermal by skin-on-a-chip and (4) intravenous through vascularization models, considering how drugs penetrate in the bloodstream and are conveyed to their targets. Then, we focus on OOC models for (other) specific organs and diseases: (1) neurodegenerative diseases with brain models and blood brain barriers, (2) tumor models including their vascularization, organoids/spheroids, engineering and screening of antitumor drugs, (3) liver/kidney on chips and multiorgan models for gastrointestinal diseases and metabolic assessment of drugs and (4) biomechanical systems recapitulating heart, muscles and bones structures and related diseases. Successively, we discuss technologies and materials for organ on chips, analyzing (1) microfluidic tools for organs-on-chips, (2) sensor integration for real-time monitoring, (3) materials and (4) cell lines for organs on chips. (Nano)delivery approaches for therapeutics and their on chip assessment are also described. Finally, we conclude with a critical discussion on current significance/relevance, trends, limitations, challenges and future prospects in terms of revolutionary impact on biomedical research, preclinical models and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Grazia Monteduro
- Omnics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento and Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR-Nanotec and INFN Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Silvia Rizzato
- Omnics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento and Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR-Nanotec and INFN Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giusi Caragnano
- Omnics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento and Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR-Nanotec and INFN Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Adriana Trapani
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS "Saverio de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maruccio
- Omnics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento and Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR-Nanotec and INFN Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
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3
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Cao UMN, Zhang Y, Chen J, Sayson D, Pillai S, Tran SD. Microfluidic Organ-on-A-chip: A Guide to Biomaterial Choice and Fabrication. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3232. [PMID: 36834645 PMCID: PMC9966054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ-on-A-chip (OoAC) devices are miniaturized, functional, in vitro constructs that aim to recapitulate the in vivo physiology of an organ using different cell types and extracellular matrix, while maintaining the chemical and mechanical properties of the surrounding microenvironments. From an end-point perspective, the success of a microfluidic OoAC relies mainly on the type of biomaterial and the fabrication strategy employed. Certain biomaterials, such as PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane), are preferred over others due to their ease of fabrication and proven success in modelling complex organ systems. However, the inherent nature of human microtissues to respond differently to surrounding stimulations has led to the combination of biomaterials ranging from simple PDMS chips to 3D-printed polymers coated with natural and synthetic materials, including hydrogels. In addition, recent advances in 3D printing and bioprinting techniques have led to the powerful combination of utilizing these materials to develop microfluidic OoAC devices. In this narrative review, we evaluate the different materials used to fabricate microfluidic OoAC devices while outlining their pros and cons in different organ systems. A note on combining the advances made in additive manufacturing (AM) techniques for the microfabrication of these complex systems is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon D. Tran
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
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Huang X, Wang P, Liu J, Xu F, Liu C, Xu Z, Hou Z, Ye F. Patterning High-Resolution Microstructures on Thermoplastics by Ceramic Nanoparticles Filled Epoxy Coated Molds for Duplicating Nature-Derived Functional Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:28270-28279. [PMID: 35680478 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Patterning high-resolution microstructures on thermoplastic substrates is of fundamental importance for the commercialization of microfluidics, advanced functional surfaces, and optical elements. Though many methods are developed to fabricate micropatterned plastic devices with 100 μm resolution, they suffer substantially higher cost or lower productivity when the resolution of the micropatterns is to be further improved. Here, we develop low-cost molds consisting of thin ceramic-filled-epoxy composite coatings on steel substrates. By virtue of the loaded ZrO2 nanoparticle fillers, the enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of the composite molds enable the epoxy microstructures to survive harsh conditions in conventional thermoplastic processing methods including hot embossing, imprinting, and mold injection. With the ceramic-filled-epoxy coated molds, we are able to improve the fabrication resolution of microstructures on plastics to 10 μm with unprecedented low-cost and excellent durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
- Institute of Process Equipment, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Institute of Process Equipment, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Fangmin Xu
- Institute of Process Equipment, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Institute of Process Equipment, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhongbin Xu
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Institute of Process Equipment, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Ningbo Research Institute and Institute of Robotics, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Zhanglin Hou
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
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Azim N, Orrico JF, Appavoo D, Zhai L, Rajaraman S. Polydopamine surface functionalization of 3D printed resin material for enhanced polystyrene adhesion towards insulation layers for 3D microelectrode arrays (3D MEAs). RSC Adv 2022; 12:25605-25616. [PMID: 36320408 PMCID: PMC9493467 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03911g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printing involves the use of photopolymerizable resins, which are toxic and typically have incompatible properties with materials such as polystyrene (PS), which present limitations for biomedical applications. We present a method to dramatically improve the poor adhesion between the PS insulative layer on 3D printed Microelectrode Array (MEA) substrates by functionalizing the resin surface with polydopamine (PDA), a mussel-inspired surface chemistry derivative. A commercial 3D printing prepolymer resin, FormLabs Clear (FLC), was printed using a digital light processing (DLP) printer and then surface functionalized with PDA by alkali-induced aqueous immersion deposition and self-polymerization. It was observed that the adhesion of the PS to FLC was improved due to the precision emanating from the DLP method and further improved after the functionalization of DLP printed substrates with PDA at 1, 12, and 24 h time intervals. The adhesion of PS was evaluated through scotch tape peel testing and instron measurements of planar substrates and incubation testing with qualitative analysis of printed culture wells. The composition and topology of the samples were studied to understand how the properties of the surface change after PDA functionalization and how this contributes to the overall improvement in PS adhesion. Furthermore, the surface energies at each PDA deposition time were calculated from contact angle studies as it related to adhesion. Finally, biocompatibility assays of the newly modified surfaces were performed using mouse cardiac cells (HL-1) to demonstrate the biocompatibility of the PDA functionalization process. PDA surface functionalization of 3D DLP printed FLC resin resulted in a dramatic improvement of thin film PS adhesion and proved to be a biocompatible solution for improving additive manufacturing processes to realize biosensors such as in vitro MEAs. 3D printing involves the use of toxic photopolymerizable resins which typically have incompatible properties with polystyrene for biomedical applications. Herein, we use 3D printing tricks and polydopamine to dramatically improve adhesion.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilab Azim
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Julia Freitas Orrico
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Divambal Appavoo
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Lei Zhai
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Swaminathan Rajaraman
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
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Amadeo F, Mukherjee P, Gao H, Zhou J, Papautsky I. Polycarbonate Masters for Soft Lithography. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1392. [PMID: 34832803 PMCID: PMC8622653 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of microfluidic devices by soft lithography is by far the most popular approach due to its simplicity and low cost. The approach relies on casting of elastomers, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), on masters fabricated from photoresists on silicon substrates. These masters, however, can be expensive, complicated to fabricate, and fragile. Here we describe an optimized replica molding approach to preserve the original masters by heat molding of polycarbonate (PC) sheets on PDMS molds. The process is faster and simpler than previously reported methods and does not result in a loss of resolution or aspect ratio for the features. The generated PC masters were used to successfully replicate a wide range of microfluidic devices, including rectangular channels with aspect ratios from 0.025 to 7.3, large area spiral channels, and micropost arrays with 5 µm spacing. Moreover, fabrication of rounded features, such as semi-spherical microwells, was possible and easy. Quantitative analysis of the replicated features showed variability of <2%. The approach is low cost, does not require cleanroom setting or hazardous chemicals, and is rapid and simple. The fabricated masters are rigid and survive numerous replication cycles. Moreover, damaged or missing masters can be easily replaced by reproduction from previously cast PDMS replicas. All of these advantages make the PC masters highly desirable for long-term preservation of soft lithography masters for microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ian Papautsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (F.A.); (P.M.); (H.G.); (J.Z.)
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7
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Mader M, Rein C, Konrat E, Meermeyer SL, Lee-Thedieck C, Kotz-Helmer F, Rapp BE. Fused Deposition Modeling of Microfluidic Chips in Transparent Polystyrene. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1348. [PMID: 34832759 PMCID: PMC8618114 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS) is one of the most commonly used thermoplastic materials worldwide and plays a ubiquitous role in today's biomedical and life science industry and research. The main advantage of PS lies in its facile processability, its excellent optical and mechanical properties, as well as its biocompatibility. However, PS is only rarely used in microfluidic prototyping, since the structuring of PS is mainly performed using industrial-scale replication processes. So far, microfluidic chips in PS have not been accessible to rapid prototyping via 3D printing. In this work, we present, for the first time, 3D printing of transparent PS using fused deposition modeling (FDM). We present FDM printing of transparent PS microfluidic channels with dimensions as small as 300 µm and a high transparency in the region of interest. Furthermore, we demonstrate the fabrication of functional chips such as Tesla-mixer and mixer cascades. Cell culture experiments showed a high cell viability during seven days of culturing, as well as enabling cell adhesion and proliferation. With the aid of this new PS prototyping method, the development of future biomedical microfluidic chips will be significantly accelerated, as it enables using PS from the early academic prototyping all the way to industrial-scale mass replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Mader
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (M.M.); (C.R.); (E.K.); (B.E.R.)
| | - Christof Rein
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (M.M.); (C.R.); (E.K.); (B.E.R.)
| | - Eveline Konrat
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (M.M.); (C.R.); (E.K.); (B.E.R.)
| | - Sophia Lena Meermeyer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (S.L.M.); (C.L.-T.)
| | - Cornelia Lee-Thedieck
- Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (S.L.M.); (C.L.-T.)
| | - Frederik Kotz-Helmer
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (M.M.); (C.R.); (E.K.); (B.E.R.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bastian E. Rapp
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (M.M.); (C.R.); (E.K.); (B.E.R.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- FIT Freiburg Center of Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Didier CM, Kundu A, Rajaraman S. Rapid Makerspace Microfabrication and Characterization of 3D Microelectrode Arrays (3D MEAs) for Organ-on-a-Chip Models. JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS : A JOINT IEEE AND ASME PUBLICATION ON MICROSTRUCTURES, MICROACTUATORS, MICROSENSORS, AND MICROSYSTEMS 2021; 30:853-863. [PMID: 34949905 PMCID: PMC8691745 DOI: 10.1109/jmems.2021.3110163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Integrated sensors in "on-a-chip" in vitro cellular models are a necessity for granularity in data collection required for advanced biosensors. As these models become more complex, the requirement for the integration of electrogenic cells is apparent. Interrogation of such cells, whether alone or within a connected cellular framework, are best achieved with microelectrodes, in the form of a microelectrode array (MEA). Makerspace microfabrication has thus far enabled novel and accessible approaches to meet these demands. Here, resin-based 3D printing, selective multimodal laser micromachining, and simple insulation strategies, define an approach to highly customizable and "on-demand" in vitro 3D MEA-based biosensor platforms. The scalability of this approach is aided by a novel makerspace microfabrication assisted technique denoted using the term Hypo-Rig. The MEA utilizes custom-defined metal microfabricated microelectrodes transitioned from planar (2D) to 3D using the Hypo-Rig. To simulate this transition process, COMSOL modeling is utilized to estimate transitionary forces and angles (with respect to normal). Practically, the Hypo-Rig demonstrated a force of ~40N, as well as a consistent 70° average angular transitionary performance which matched well with the COMSOL model. To illustrate the scalability potential, 3 × 3, 6 × 6, and 8 × 8 versions of the device were fabricated and characterized. The 3D MEAs, demonstrated impedance and phase measurements in the biologically relevant 1 kHz range of 45.4 kΩ, and -34.6° respectively, for polystyrene insulated, ~70μm sized microelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Didier
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, and the Nanoscience Technology Center at the University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Avra Kundu
- College of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Swaminathan Rajaraman
- Nanoscience Technology Center, the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, the College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and the Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences at the University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Chen Y, Wang Q, Mills CE, Kann JG, Shull KR, Tullman-Ercek D, Wang M. High-Throughput Screening Test for Adhesion in Soft Materials Using Centrifugation. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1135-1143. [PMID: 34345666 PMCID: PMC8323114 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening of mechanical properties can transform materials science research by both aiding in materials discovery and developing predictive models. However, only a few such assays have been reported, requiring custom or expensive equipment, while the mounting demand for enormous data sets of materials properties for predictive models is unfulfilled by the current characterization throughput. We address this problem by developing a high-throughput colorimetric adhesion screening method using a common laboratory centrifuge, multiwell plates, and microparticles. The technique uses centrifugation to apply a homogeneous mechanical detachment force across individual formulations in a multiwell plate. We also develop a high-throughput sample deposition method to prepare films with uniform thickness in each well, minimizing well-to-well variability. After establishing excellent agreement with the well-known probe tack adhesion test, we demonstrate the consistency of our method by performing the test on a multiwell plate with two different formulations in an easily discernible pattern. The throughput is limited only by the number of wells in the plates, easily reaching 103 samples/run. With its simplicity, low cost, and large dynamic range, this high-throughput method has the potential to change the landscape of adhesive material characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusu Chen
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, United States
| | - Qifeng Wang
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, United States
| | - Carolyn E. Mills
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, United States
| | - Johanna G. Kann
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Shull
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, United States
| | - Danielle Tullman-Ercek
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, United States
| | - Muzhou Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, United States
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10
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Ding C, Chen X, Kang Q, Yan X. Biomedical Application of Functional Materials in Organ-on-a-Chip. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:823. [PMID: 32793573 PMCID: PMC7387427 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The organ-on-a-chip (OOC) technology has been utilized in a lot of biomedical fields such as fundamental physiological and pharmacological researches. Various materials have been introduced in OOC and can be broadly classified into inorganic, organic, and hybrid materials. Although PDMS continues to be the preferred material for laboratory research, materials for OOC are constantly evolving and progressing, and have promoted the development of OOC. This mini review provides a summary of the various type of materials for OOC systems, focusing on the progress of materials and related fabrication technologies within the last 5 years. The advantages and drawbacks of these materials in particular applications are discussed. In addition, future perspectives and challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizhu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinshu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianghua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, China
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11
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Sonmez UM, Coyle S, Taylor RE, LeDuc PR. Polycarbonate Heat Molding for Soft Lithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000241. [PMID: 32227442 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soft lithography enables rapid microfabrication of many types of microsystems by replica molding elastomers into master molds. However, master molds can be very costly, hard to fabricate, vulnerable to damage, and have limited casting life. Here, an approach for the multiplication of master molds into monolithic thermoplastic sheets for further soft lithographic fabrication is introduced. The technique is tested with master molds fabricated through photolithography, mechanical micromilling as well as 3D printing, and the results are demonstrated. Microstructures with submicron feature sizes and high aspect ratios are successfully copied. The copying fidelity of the technique is quantitatively characterized and the microfluidic devices fabricated through this technique are functionally tested. This approach is also used to combine different master molds with up to 19 unique geometries into a single monolithic copy mold in a single step displaying the effectiveness of the copying technique over a large footprint area to scale up the microfabrication. This microfabrication technique can be performed outside the cleanroom without using any sophisticated equipment, suggesting a simple way for high-throughput rigid monolithic mold fabrication that can be used in analytical chemistry studies, biomedical research, and microelectromechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utku M Sonmez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Stephen Coyle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Rebecca E Taylor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Philip R LeDuc
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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12
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Adding a new dimension to investigations of early radiolarian evolution. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6450. [PMID: 31015493 PMCID: PMC6478871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the detailed architecture of the earliest radiolarian microfossils is key to resolving the evolution and systematics of this important group of marine protozoans. Non-destructive methods for observing the complexity within the internal structures of their siliceous skeletons have long eluded paleontologists. By developing methodologies that overcome some limitations of existing micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) we demonstrate a technique with potential to provide new insight into their evolution. Using 3D micro-CT data to generate models for six well-preserved siliceous radiolarian skeletons from the Middle Cambrian Inca Formation in far north Queensland, Australia and the Middle Ordovician Piccadilly Formation, in western Newfoundland, Canada, we can reconstruct phylogenetic relationships amongst some of the earliest radiolarians. Better knowledge of early radiolarian morphologies clarifies the vital function of internal structures and hierarchical diagnosis across a range of taxonomic affiliations.
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13
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Lerman MJ, Muramoto S, Arumugasaamy N, Van Order M, Lembong J, Gerald AG, Gillen G, Fisher JP. Development of surface functionalization strategies for 3D-printed polystyrene constructs. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 107:2566-2578. [PMID: 30821930 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in 3D printing to fabricate culture substrates; however, the surface properties of the scaffold remain pertinent to elicit targeted and expected cell responses. Traditional 2D polystyrene (PS) culture systems typically require surface functionalization (oxidation) to facilitate and encourage cell adhesion. Determining the surface properties which enhance protein adhesion from media and cellular extracellular matrix (ECM) production remains the first step to translating 2D PS systems to a 3D culture surface. Here we show that the presence of carbonyl groups to PS surfaces correlated well with successful adhesion of ECM proteins and sustaining ECM production of deposited human mesenchymal stem cells, if the surface has a water contact angle between 50° and 55°. Translation of these findings to custom-fabricated 3D PS scaffolds reveals carbonyl groups continued to enhance spreading and growth in 3D culture. Cumulatively, these data present a method for 3D printing PS and the design considerations required for understanding cell-material interactions. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B:2566-2578, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J Lerman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Surface and Trace Chemical Analysis Group, Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland.,Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Shin Muramoto
- Surface and Trace Chemical Analysis Group, Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Navein Arumugasaamy
- Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Fischell Department of Bioengineerin, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Michael Van Order
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Josephine Lembong
- Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Fischell Department of Bioengineerin, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Anushka G Gerald
- Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Fischell Department of Bioengineerin, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Greg Gillen
- Surface and Trace Chemical Analysis Group, Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - John P Fisher
- Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Fischell Department of Bioengineerin, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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14
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Grate JW, Liu B, Kelly RT, Anheier NC, Schmidt TM. Microfluidic Sensors with Impregnated Fluorophores for Simultaneous Imaging of Spatial Structure and Chemical Oxygen Gradients. ACS Sens 2019; 4:317-325. [PMID: 30609370 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interior surfaces of polystyrene microfluidic structures were impregnated with the oxygen sensing dye Pt(II) tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (PtTFPP) using a solvent-induced fluorophore impregnation (SIFI) method. Using this technique, microfluidic oxygen sensors are obtained that enable simultaneous imaging of both chemical oxygen gradients and the physical structure of the microfluidic interior. A gentle method of fluorophore impregnation using acetonitrile solutions of PtTFPP at 50 °C was developed leading to a 10-μm-deep region containing fluorophore. This region is localized at the surface to sense oxygen in the interior fluid during use. Regions of the device that do not contact the interior fluid pathways lack fluorophores and are dark in fluorescent imaging. The technique was demonstrated on straight microchannel and pore network devices, the latter having pillars of 300 μm diameter spaced center to center at 340 μm providing pore throats of 40 μm. Sensing within channels or pores and imaging across the pore network devices were performed using a Lambert LIFA-P frequency domain fluorescence lifetime imaging system on a Leica microscope platform. Calibrations of different devices prepared by the SIFI method were indistinguishable. Gradient imaging showed fluorescent regions corresponding to the fluid pore network, dark pillars, and fluorescent lifetime varying across the gradient, thus providing both physical and chemical imaging. More generally, the SIFI technique can impregnate the interior surfaces of other polystyrene containers, such as cuvettes or cell and tissue culture containers, to enable sensing of interior conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W. Grate
- Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bingwen Liu
- Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ryan T. Kelly
- Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Norman C. Anheier
- Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Thomas M. Schmidt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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15
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Characterization and Neutral Atom Beam Surface Modification of a Clear Castable Polyurethane for Biomicrofluidic Applications. SURFACES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/surfaces2010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PU) are a broad class of polymers that offer good solvent compatibility and a wide range of properties that can be used to generate microfluidic layers. Here, we report the first characterization of a commercially available Shore 80D polyurethane (Ultraclear™ 480N) for biomicrofluidic applications. Studies included comparing optical clarity with Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and using high-fidelity replica molding to produce solid PU structures from the millimeter to nanometer scales. Additionally, we report the first use of NanoAccel™ treatment in Accelerated Neutral Atom Beam (ANAB) mode to permanently roughen the surface of PU and improve the adhesion of breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) on PU. Surface energy measurements using Owens-Wendt equations indicate an increase in polar and total surface energy due to ANAB treatment. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance (ATR) mode was used to demonstrate that the treatment does not introduce any new types of functional groups on the surface of Ultraclear™ PU. Finally, applicability in rapid prototyping for biomicrofluidics was demonstrated by utilizing a 3D-printing-based replica molding strategy to create PU microfluidic layers. These layers were sealed to polystyrene (PS) bases to produce PU-PS microfluidic chips. Ultraclear™ PU can serve as a clear and castable alternative to PDMS in biomicrofluidic studies.
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Lerman MJ, Lembong J, Muramoto S, Gillen G, Fisher JP. The Evolution of Polystyrene as a Cell Culture Material. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2018; 24:359-372. [PMID: 29631491 PMCID: PMC6199621 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS) has brought in vitro cell culture from its humble beginnings to the modern era, propelling dozens of research fields along the way. This review discusses the development of the material, fabrication, and treatment approaches to create the culture material. However, native PS surfaces poorly facilitate cell adhesion and growth in vitro. To overcome this, liquid surface deposition, energetic plasma activation, and emerging functionalization methods transform the surface chemistry. This review seeks to highlight the many potential applications of the first widely accepted polymer growth surface. Although the majority of in vitro research occurs on two-dimensional surfaces, the importance of three-dimensional (3D) culture models cannot be overlooked. The methods to transition PS to specialized 3D culture surfaces are also reviewed. Specifically, casting, electrospinning, 3D printing, and microcarrier approaches to shift PS to a 3D culture surface are highlighted. The breadth of applications of the material makes it impossible to highlight every use, but the aim remains to demonstrate the versatility and potential as both a general and custom cell culture surface. The review concludes with emerging scaffolding approaches and, based on the findings, presents our insights on the future steps for PS as a tissue culture platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J. Lerman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
- Surface and Trace Chemical Analysis Group, Materials Measurement Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Josephine Lembong
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Shin Muramoto
- Surface and Trace Chemical Analysis Group, Materials Measurement Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Greg Gillen
- Surface and Trace Chemical Analysis Group, Materials Measurement Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - John P. Fisher
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Podwin A, Kubicki W, Dziuban JA. Study of the behavior of Euglena viridis, Euglena gracilis and Lepadella patella cultured in all-glass microaquarium. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 19:63. [PMID: 28688071 PMCID: PMC5501897 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the paper, the microaquarium fabricated in a form of entirely glass lab-on-a-chip for culturing and microscale study of microorganisms has been presented. A new approach towards cellular studies that brings a significant improvement over commonly utilized - polymer-based solutions has been shown. For the first time, all-borosilicate glass chip was applied for the culturing of the selected microorganisms and enabled notable population growth and behaviorism investigation. The chip fabrication method in comparison to typical glass chip technology was notably simplified, including quick patterning and low temperature bonding in 80 °C. In the studies, both a single-cell (Euglena gracilis and Euglena viridis) and multi-cell microorganisms (Lepadella patella) were cultured in the microaquarium. Behaviorism of the selected microorganisms was investigated by supplying various proportions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and air into the chip. Tests included studies of microorganisms chemotaxis, viability (mostly based on photosynthesis process) and coexistence in the lab-on-a-chip environment. The experiments confirmed that the developed chip is a tool that fits the requirements for the culturing and behavioral studies of microorganisms and constitute ground-works to propel its further application in broadly defined cellular study field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Podwin
- Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 11/17 Janiszewskiego St, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Kubicki
- Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 11/17 Janiszewskiego St, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan A Dziuban
- Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 11/17 Janiszewskiego St, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
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Mahata D, Nag A, Mandal SM, Nando GB. Antibacterial coating on in-line suction respiratory catheter to inhibit the bacterial biofilm formation using renewable cardanyl methacrylate copolymer. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2016; 28:365-379. [PMID: 28025903 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2016.1277623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Health-care materials associated with infections are very common in hospital admitted patients. There are generally infected by contact with the catheter or other multipurpose devices which are contacted with microbes. The respiratory infections associated with the pathogens having strong biofilm forming ability on catheter surface, causes life-threatening in every year. Therefore, a catheter coating material is of great interest which inhibits the biofilm formation of pathogens on a catheter to prevent respiratory infections. In this study, we synthesized cardanol containing copolymers as antimicrobial healthcare material via radical polymerization of cardanyl methacrylate (CMA) with styrene (St) monomer in presence of free radical initiator. The rate of polymerization was drastically reduced with the increase of feeding CMA monomer in copolymer. The thermal and mechanical properties were found to increase with incorporation of cardanol moiety in brittle and hard polystyrene. This soft copolymer was grafted onto polyvinyl chloride respiratory catheter which showed high antibacterial activity, inhibit the biofilm formation and also prevent bacterial adhesion. Therefore, the developed coating material on respiratory catheter surface is effective way to control the respiratory catheter-associated nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denial Mahata
- a Rubber Technology Centre , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , India
| | - Ahindra Nag
- b Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , India
| | - Santi M Mandal
- c Central Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , India
| | - Golok B Nando
- a Rubber Technology Centre , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , India
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