1
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Hsueh AJ, Mutalib NA, Shirato Y, Suzuki H. Bipolar Electrode Arrays for Chemical Imaging and Multiplexed Sensing. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:20298-20305. [PMID: 35721987 PMCID: PMC9202012 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar electrodes (BPEs) with arrays of cathodic and anodic poles were developed for use in closed bipolar systems. To increase the number of BPEs in the array, the anodic and cathodic poles were connected with each other using thin leads. A further increase in the number of BPEs was achieved by forming the cathodic and anodic poles of the BPEs and the leads in different layers. A device with 9 × 10 arrays of cathodes and anodes was thus realized. When using this device to sense hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the sensitivity and linear range of calibration plots could be adjusted by changing the driving voltage and the area ratio between the cathodic and anodic poles. The devices were used to image H2O2 and obtain time-lapse images for the diffusion and dilution of H2O2. Furthermore, DNA detection was demonstrated using an electroactive intercalator. The sensitivity could be improved by making the anodic poles smaller with respect to the cathodic pole and concentrating the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) in a small area. The ECL intensity changed according to the target DNA concentration in the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ju Hsueh
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Nurul Asyikeen
Ab Mutalib
- Graduate
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shirato
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Faculty
of Pure and Applied Sciences, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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2
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Ino K, Pai HJ, Hiramoto K, Utagawa Y, Nashimoto Y, Shiku H. Electrochemical Imaging of Endothelial Permeability Using a Large-Scale Integration-Based Device. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35476-35483. [PMID: 34984279 PMCID: PMC8717544 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is important to clarify the transport of biomolecules and chemicals to tissues. Herein, we present an electrochemical imaging method for evaluating the endothelial permeability. In this method, the diffusion of electrochemical tracers, [Fe(CN)6]4-, through a monolayer of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was monitored using a large-scale integration-based device containing 400 electrodes. In conventional tracer-based assays, tracers that diffuse through an HUVEC monolayer into another channel are detected. In contrast, the present method does not employ separated channels. In detail, a HUVEC monolayer is immersed in a solution containing [Fe(CN)6]4- on the device. As [Fe(CN)6]4- is oxidized and consumed at the packed electrodes, [Fe(CN)6]4- begins to diffuse through the monolayer from the bulk solution to the electrodes and the obtained currents depend on the endothelial permeability. As a proof-of-concept, the effects of histamine on the monolayer were monitored. Also, an HUVEC monolayer was cocultured with cancer spheroids, and the endothelial permeability was monitored to evaluate the metastasis of the cancer spheroids. Unlike conventional methods, the device can provide spatial information, allowing the interaction between the monolayer and the spheroids to be monitored. The developed method is a promising tool for organs-on-a-chip and drug screening in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hao-Jen Pai
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku
University, 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kaoru Hiramoto
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku
University, 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Utagawa
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku
University, 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Frontier
Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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3
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SUZUKI M, IWAKI Y, TERAO K, KUNIKATA R, SUDA A, Y. INOUE K, INO K, MATSUE T, YASUKAWA T. Simultaneous Monitoring of Oxygen Consumption and Movement of Zebrafish Embryos Based on an LSI-based Electrochemical Multiple-biosensor. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2021. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.70.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuka IWAKI
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo
| | | | | | | | - Kumi Y. INOUE
- Faculty of Engineering, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi
| | - Kosuke INO
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
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4
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Real-Time Analysis of Oxygen Gradient in Oocyte Respiration Using a High-Density Microelectrode Array. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11080256. [PMID: 34436058 PMCID: PMC8393405 DOI: 10.3390/bios11080256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Physiological events related to oxygen concentration gradients provide valuable information to determine the state of metabolizing biological cells. The existing oxygen sensing methods (i.e., optical photoluminescence, magnetic resonance, and scanning electrochemical) are well-established and optimized for existing in vitro analyses. However, such methods also present various limitations in resolution, real-time sensing performance, complexity, and costs. An electrochemical imaging system with an integrated microelectrode array (MEA) would offer attractive means of measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR) based on the cell’s two-dimensional (2D) oxygen concentration gradient. This paper presents an application of an electrochemical sensor platform with a custom-designed complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-based microchip and its Pt-coated surface MEA. The high-density MEA provides 16,064 individual electrochemical pixels that cover a 3.6 mm × 3.6 mm area. Utilizing the three-electrode configuration, the system is capable of imaging low oxygen concentration (18.3 µM, 0.58 mg/L, or 13.8 mmHg) at 27.5 µm spatial resolution and up to 4 Hz temporal resolution. In vitro oxygen imaging experiments were performed to analyze bovine cumulus-oocytes-complexes cells OCR and oxygen flux density. The integration of a microfluidic system allows proper bio-sample handling and delivery to the MEA surface for imaging. Finally, the imaging results are processed and presented as 2D heatmaps, representing the dissolved oxygen concentration in the immediate proximity of the MEA. This paper provides the results of real-time 2D imaging of OCR of live cells/tissues to gain spatial and temporal dynamics of target cell metabolism.
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5
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Sassa F, Biswas GC, Suzuki H. Microfabricated electrochemical sensing devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1358-1389. [PMID: 32129358 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry provides possibilities to realize smart microdevices of the next generation with high functionalities. Electrodes, which constitute major components of electrochemical devices, can be formed by various microfabrication techniques, and integration of the same (or different) components for that purpose is not difficult. Merging this technique with microfluidics can further expand the areas of application of the resultant devices. To augment the development of next generation devices, it will be beneficial to review recent technological trends in this field and clarify the directions required for moving forward. Even when limiting the discussion to electrochemical microdevices, a variety of useful techniques should be considered. Therefore, in this review, we attempted to provide an overview of all relevant techniques in this context in the hope that it can provide useful comprehensive information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Sassa
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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6
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Electrochemical measurement of respiratory activity for evaluation of fibroblast spheroids containing endothelial cell networks. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Schwarz M, Jendrusch M, Constantinou I. Spatially resolved electrical impedance methods for cell and particle characterization. Electrophoresis 2019; 41:65-80. [PMID: 31663624 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Electrical impedance is an established technique used for cell and particle characterization. The temporal and spectral resolution of electrical impedance have been used to resolve basic cell characteristics like size and type, as well as to determine cell viability and activity. Such electrical impedance measurements are typically performed across the entire sample volume and can only provide an overall indication concerning the properties and state of that sample. For the study of heterogeneous structures such as cell layers, biological tissue, or polydisperse particle mixtures, an overall measured impedance value can only provide limited information and can lead to data misinterpretation. For the investigation of localized sample properties in complex heterogeneous structures/mixtures, the addition of spatial resolution to impedance measurements is necessary. Several spatially resolved impedance measurement techniques have been developed and applied to cell and particle research, including electrical impedance tomography, scanning electrochemical microscopy, and microelectrode arrays. This review provides an overview of spatially resolved impedance measurement methods and assesses their applicability for cell and particle characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Schwarz
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Iordania Constantinou
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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8
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Kasai S, Sugiura Y, Prasad A, Inoue KY, Sato T, Honmo T, Kumar A, Pospíšil P, Ino K, Hashi Y, Furubayashi Y, Matsudaira M, Suda A, Kunikata R, Matsue T. Real-time imaging of photosynthetic oxygen evolution from spinach using LSI-based biosensor. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12234. [PMID: 31439857 PMCID: PMC6706413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48561-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The light-driven splitting of water to oxygen (O2) is catalyzed by a protein-bound tetra-manganese penta-oxygen calcium (Mn4O5Ca) cluster in Photosystem II. In the current study, we used a large-scale integration (LSI)-based amperometric sensor array system, designated Bio-LSI, to perform two-dimensional imaging of light-induced O2 evolution from spinach leaves. The employed Bio-LSI chip consists of 400 sensor electrodes with a pitch of 250 μm for fast electrochemical imaging. Spinach leaves were illuminated to varying intensities of white light (400-700 nm) which induced oxygen evolution and subsequent electrochemical images were collected using the Bio-LSI chip. Bio-LSI images clearly showed the dose-dependent effects of the light-induced oxygen release from spinach leaves which was then significantly suppressed in the presence of urea-type herbicide 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU). Our results clearly suggest that light-induced oxygen evolution can be monitored using the chip and suggesting that the Bio-LSI is a promising tool for real-time imaging. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to describe electrochemical imaging of light-induced O2 evolution using LSI-based amperometric sensors in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenobu Kasai
- Graduate Department of Environmental Information Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Sendai, Japan.
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Yamato Sugiura
- Graduate Department of Environmental Information Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ankush Prasad
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Kumi Y Inoue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teruya Sato
- Graduate Department of Environmental Information Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Honmo
- Graduate Department of Environmental Information Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Sendai, Japan
| | - Aditya Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Pospíšil
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuka Hashi
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoko Furubayashi
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masahki Matsudaira
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suda
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Kunikata
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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9
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Ino K, Onodera T, Fukuda MT, Nashimoto Y, Shiku H. Combination of Double-Mediator System with Large-Scale Integration-Based Amperometric Devices for Detecting NAD(P)H:quinone Oxidoreductase 1 Activity of Cancer Cell Aggregates. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1619-1625. [PMID: 30995391 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is a key enzyme providing cytoprotection from quinone species. In addition, it is expressed at high levels in many human tumors, such as breast cancer. Therefore, it is considered to be a potential target in cancer treatment. In order to detect intracellular NQO1 activity in MCF-7 aggregates as a cancer model, we present, in this study, a double-mediator system combined with large-scale integration (LSI)-based amperometric devices. This LSI device contained 20 × 20 Pt working electrodes with a 250 μm pitch for electrochemical imaging. In the detection system, menadione (MD) and [Fe(CN)6]3- were used. Since MD can diffuse into cells due to its hydrophobicity, it is reduced into menadiol by intracellular NQO1. The menadiol diffuses out of the cells and reduces [Fe(CN)6]3- of a hydrophilic mediator into [Fe(CN)6]4-. The accumulated [Fe(CN)6]4- outside the cells is electrochemically detected at 0.5 V in the LSI device. Using this strategy, the intracellular NQO1 activity of MCF-7 aggregates was successfully detected. The effect of rotenone, which is an inhibitor for Complex I, on NQO1 activity was also investigated. In addition, NQO1 and respiration activities were simultaneously imaged using the detection system that was further combined with electrochemicolor imaging. Thus, the double-mediator system was proven to be useful for evaluating intracellular redox activity of cell aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takehiro Onodera
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mika T. Fukuda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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10
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Hiramoto K, Ino K, Nashimoto Y, Ito K, Shiku H. Electric and Electrochemical Microfluidic Devices for Cell Analysis. Front Chem 2019; 7:396. [PMID: 31214576 PMCID: PMC6557978 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic devices are widely used for cell analysis, including applications for single-cell analysis, healthcare, environmental monitoring, and organs-on-a-chip that mimic organs in microfluidics. Moreover, to enable high-throughput cell analysis, real-time monitoring, and non-invasive cell assays, electric and electrochemical systems have been incorporated into microfluidic devices. In this mini-review, we summarize recent advances in these systems, with applications from single cells to three-dimensional cultured cells and organs-on-a-chip. First, we summarize microfluidic devices combined with dielectrophoresis, electrophoresis, and electrowetting-on-a-dielectric for cell manipulation. Next, we review electric and electrochemical assays of cells to determine chemical section activity, and oxygen and glucose consumption activity, among other applications. In addition, we discuss recent devices designed for the electric and electrochemical collection of cell components from cells. Finally, we highlight the future directions of research in this field and their application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Hiramoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ito
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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11
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Ino K, Şen M, Shiku H, Matsue T. Micro/nanoelectrochemical probe and chip devices for evaluation of three-dimensional cultured cells. Analyst 2018; 142:4343-4354. [PMID: 29106427 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01442b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present an overview of recent research progress in the development of micro/nanoelectrochemical probe and chip devices for the evaluation of three-dimensional (3D) cultured cells. First, we discuss probe devices: a general outline, evaluation of O2 consumption, enzyme-modified electrodes, evaluation of endogenous enzyme activity, and the collection of cell components from cell aggregates are discussed. The next section is focused on integrated chip devices: a general outline, electrode array devices, smart electrode array devices, droplet detection of 3D cultured cells, cell manipulation using dielectrophoresis (DEP), and electrodeposited hydrogels used for fabrication of 3D cultured cells on chip devices are discussed. Finally, we provide a summary and discussion of future directions of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Mustafa Şen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620 Cigli, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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12
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Shiku H. Electrochemical Biosensing System for Single Cells, Cellular Aggregates and Microenvironments. ANAL SCI 2018; 35:29-38. [PMID: 30473568 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18sdr01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Applications of electrochemical biosensing for surveying intact cells and tissues have been focus of attention. Two experimental approaches have been used when performing amperometric measurements on biological cells, the stylus-type microelectrode probes and the electrode-integrated microdevices based on lithographic technologies. For the probe scanning approach, various types of microsensors were developed to monitor localized physical or chemical natures at a variety of surfaces in situ under wet conditions. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has been applied for monitoring local oxygen, enzyme activity, and collection of transcripts. For the non-scanning type of approach, electrode array devices allow very rapid response, parallel monitoring, and multi-analyte assay. Sveral topics of on-chip-culture system were introduced especially concerning on gene expression monitoring by reporter system and reconstruction of in vivo-like nature by controlling microenvironments. Electrochemical reporter assay has been demonstrated to monitor the gene expression process of the gene-modified cultured cells. Long-term monitoring of cellular function of spheroids and three dimensionally-cultured cells were carried out by controlling microenvironments on the cellular chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Shiku
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
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13
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Ino K, Yokokawa Y, Taira N, Suda A, Kunikata R, Nashimoto Y, Matsue T, Shiku H. Electrochemical Imaging of Cell Activity in Hydrogels Embedded in Grid-shaped Polycaprolactone Scaffolds Using a Large-scale Integration-based Amperometric Device. ANAL SCI 2018; 35:39-43. [PMID: 30270260 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18sdp01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering requires analytical methods to monitor cell activity in hydrogels. Here, we present a method for the electrochemical imaging of cell activity in hydrogels embedded in printed polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds. Because a structure made of only hydrogel is fragile, PCL frameworks are used as a support material. A grid-shaped PCL was fabricated using an excluder printer. Photocured hydrogels containing cells were set at each grid hole, and cell activity was monitored using a large-scale integration-based amperometric device. The electrochemical device contains 400 microelectrodes for biomolecule detection, such as dissolved oxygen and enzymatic products. As proof of the concept, alkaline phosphatase and respiration activities of embryonic stem cells in the hydrogels were electrochemically monitored. The results indicate that the electrochemical imaging is useful for evaluating cells in printed scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
| | - Yuki Yokokawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
| | - Noriko Taira
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
| | | | | | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University
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14
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Abe H, Iwama T, Yabu H, Ino K, Inoue KY, Suda A, Kunikata R, Matsudaira M, Matsue T. Simultaneous and Selective Imaging of Dopamine and Glutamate Using an Enzyme‐modified Large‐scale Integration (LSI)‐based Amperometric Electrochemical Device. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Abe
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Tomoki Iwama
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yabu
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Kumi Y. Inoue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Atsushi Suda
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd. 1-1, Musashino 3-chome, Akishima-shi Tokyo 196-8555 Japan
| | - Ryota Kunikata
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd. 1-1, Musashino 3-chome, Akishima-shi Tokyo 196-8555 Japan
| | - Masahki Matsudaira
- Micro System Integration Center Tohoku University 519-1176 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-0845 Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
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15
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Ino K, Onodera T, Kanno Y, Suda A, Kunikata R, Matsue T, Shiku H. Electrochemicolor imaging of endogenous alkaline phosphatase and respiratory activities of mesenchymal stem cell aggregates in early-stage osteodifferentiation. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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Huang M, Delacruz JB, Ruelas JC, Rathore SS, Lindau M. Surface-modified CMOS IC electrochemical sensor array targeting single chromaffin cells for highly parallel amperometry measurements. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:113-123. [PMID: 28889250 PMCID: PMC5750066 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amperometry is a powerful method to record quantal release events from chromaffin cells and is widely used to assess how specific drugs modify quantal size, kinetics of release, and early fusion pore properties. Surface-modified CMOS-based electrochemical sensor arrays allow simultaneous recordings from multiple cells. A reliable, low-cost technique is presented here for efficient targeting of single cells specifically to the electrode sites. An SU-8 microwell structure is patterned on the chip surface to provide insulation for the circuitry as well as cell trapping at the electrode sites. A shifted electrode design is also incorporated to increase the flexibility of the dimension and shape of the microwells. The sensitivity of the electrodes is validated by a dopamine injection experiment. Microwells with dimensions slightly larger than the cells to be trapped ensure excellent single-cell targeting efficiency, increasing the reliability and efficiency for on-chip single-cell amperometry measurements. The surface-modified device was validated with parallel recordings of live chromaffin cells trapped in the microwells. Rapid amperometric spikes with no diffusional broadening were observed, indicating that the trapped and recorded cells were in very close contact with the electrodes. The live cell recording confirms in a single experiment that spike parameters vary significantly from cell to cell but the large number of cells recorded simultaneously provides the statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Huang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Joannalyn B Delacruz
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - John C Ruelas
- ExoCytronics LLC, 1601 S Providence Rd, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shailendra S Rathore
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Manfred Lindau
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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17
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Kanno Y, Ino K, Abe H, Sakamoto C, Onodera T, Inoue KY, Suda A, Kunikata R, Matsudaira M, Shiku H, Matsue T. Electrochemicolor Imaging Using an LSI-Based Device for Multiplexed Cell Assays. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12778-12786. [PMID: 29090905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexed bioimaging systems have triggered the development of effective assays, contributing new biological information. Although electrochemical imaging is beneficial for quantitative analysis in real time, monitoring multiple cell functions is difficult. We have developed a novel electrochemical imaging system, herein, using a large-scale integration (LSI)-based amperometric device for detecting multiple biomolecules simultaneously. This system is designated as an electrochemicolor imaging system in which the current signals from two different types of biomolecules are depicted as a multicolor electrochemical image. The mode-selectable function of the 400-electrode device enables the imaging system and two different potentials can be independently applied to the selected electrodes. The imaging system is successfully applied for detecting multiple cell functions of the embryonic stem (ES) cell and the rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell aggregates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a real-time electrochemical mapping technique for multiple electroactive species, simultaneously, has been reported. The imaging system is a promising bioanalytical method for exploring complex biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kanno
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroya Abe
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Chika Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takehiro Onodera
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kumi Y Inoue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suda
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd. , 1-1 Musashino 3-chome, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-8555, Japan
| | - Ryota Kunikata
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd. , 1-1 Musashino 3-chome, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-8555, Japan
| | - Masahki Matsudaira
- Micro System Integration Center, Tohoku University , 519-1176 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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18
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Hiramoto K, Yasumi M, Ushio H, Shunori A, Ino K, Shiku H, Matsue T. Development of Oxygen Consumption Analysis with an on-Chip Electrochemical Device and Simulation. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10303-10310. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Hiramoto
- Corporate
Engineering Division, Automotive and Industrial Systems Company, Panasonic Corporation, 1006 Kadoma, Kadomashi, 571-0050, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yasumi
- Corporate
Engineering Division, Automotive and Industrial Systems Company, Panasonic Corporation, 1006 Kadoma, Kadomashi, 571-0050, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ushio
- Corporate
Engineering Division, Automotive and Industrial Systems Company, Panasonic Corporation, 1006 Kadoma, Kadomashi, 571-0050, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shunori
- Corporate
Engineering Division, Automotive and Industrial Systems Company, Panasonic Corporation, 1006 Kadoma, Kadomashi, 571-0050, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-605
Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
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19
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Ino K, Kanno Y, Inoue KY, Suda A, Kunikata R, Matsudaira M, Shiku H, Matsue T. Electrochemical Motion Tracking of Microorganisms Using a Large‐Scale‐Integration‐Based Amperometric Device. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Yusuke Kanno
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Kumi Y. Inoue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Atsushi Suda
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd. 1-1, Musashino 3-chome, Akishima-shi Tokyo 196-8555 Japan
| | - Ryota Kunikata
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd. 1-1, Musashino 3-chome, Akishima-shi Tokyo 196-8555 Japan
| | - Masahki Matsudaira
- Micro System Integration Center Tohoku University 519–1176 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-0845 Japan)
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba Sendai 980-8577 Japan)
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20
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Ino K, Kanno Y, Inoue KY, Suda A, Kunikata R, Matsudaira M, Shiku H, Matsue T. Electrochemical Motion Tracking of Microorganisms Using a Large-Scale-Integration-Based Amperometric Device. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6818-6822. [PMID: 28471045 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Motion tracking of microorganisms is useful to investigate the effects of chemical or physical stimulation on their biological functions. Herein, we describe a novel electrochemical imaging method for motion tracking of microorganisms using a large-scale integration (LSI)-based amperometric device. The device consists of 400 electrochemical sensors with a pitch of 250 μm. A convection flow caused by the motion of microorganisms supplies redox species to the sensors and increases their electrochemical responses. Thus, the flow is converted to electrochemical signals, enabling the electrochemical motion tracking of the microorganisms. As a proof of concept, capillary vibration was monitored. Finally, the method was applied to monitoring the motion of Daphnia magna. The motions of these microorganisms were clearly tracked based on the electrochemical oxidation of [Fe(CN)6 ]4- and reduction of O2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kanno
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kumi Y Inoue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suda
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd., 1-1, Musashino 3-chome, Akishima-shi, Tokyo, 196-8555, Japan
| | - Ryota Kunikata
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd., 1-1, Musashino 3-chome, Akishima-shi, Tokyo, 196-8555, Japan
| | - Masahki Matsudaira
- Micro System Integration Center, Tohoku University, 519-1176 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan)
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan.,WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan)
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21
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Hokuto T, Yasukawa T, Kunikata R, Suda A, Inoue KY, Ino K, Matsue T, Mizutani F. Imaging of enzyme activity using bio-LSI system enables simultaneous immunosensing of different analytes in multiple specimens. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:838-42. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Hokuto
- Graduate School of Material Science; University of Hyogo; Hyogo Kamigori Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yasukawa
- Graduate School of Material Science; University of Hyogo; Hyogo Kamigori Japan
| | - Ryota Kunikata
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Limited; Tokyo Japan
| | - Atsushi Suda
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Limited; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kumi Y. Inoue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies; Tohoku University; Miyagi Sendai Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies; Tohoku University; Miyagi Sendai Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies; Tohoku University; Miyagi Sendai Japan
- The World Premier International Research Center-Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR); Tohoku University; Miyagi Sendai Japan
| | - Fumio Mizutani
- Graduate School of Material Science; University of Hyogo; Hyogo Kamigori Japan
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22
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Kanno Y, Ino K, Sakamoto C, Inoue KY, Matsudaira M, Suda A, Kunikata R, Ishikawa T, Abe H, Shiku H, Matsue T. Potentiometric bioimaging with a large-scale integration (LSI)-based electrochemical device for detection of enzyme activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:709-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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ABE H, KANNO Y, INO K, INOUE KY, SUDA A, KUNIKATA R, MATSUDAIRA M, SHIKU H, MATSUE T. Electrochemical Imaging for Single-cell Analysis of Cell Adhesion Using a Collagen-coated Large-scale Integration (LSI)-based Amperometric Device. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.84.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya ABE
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
| | - Yusuke KANNO
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
| | - Kosuke INO
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
| | - Kumi Y. INOUE
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
| | | | | | | | - Hitoshi SHIKU
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
| | - Tomokazu MATSUE
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
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24
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Abe H, Ino K, Li CZ, Kanno Y, Inoue KY, Suda A, Kunikata R, Matsudaira M, Takahashi Y, Shiku H, Matsue T. Electrochemical Imaging of Dopamine Release from Three-Dimensional-Cultured PC12 Cells Using Large-Scale Integration-Based Amperometric Sensors. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6364-70. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Abe
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Chen-Zhong Li
- Nanobioengineering/Nanobioelectronics Laboratory, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West
Flagler Street, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1
Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kanno
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kumi Y. Inoue
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suda
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd. 1-1, Musashino 3-chome, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-8555, Japan
| | - Ryota Kunikata
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd. 1-1, Musashino 3-chome, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-8555, Japan
| | - Masahki Matsudaira
- Micro
System Integration Center, Tohoku University, 519-1176 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1
Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1
Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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25
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KANNO Y, INO K, INOUE KY, SUDA A, KUNIKATA R, MATSUDAIRA M, SHIKU H, MATSUE T. Simulation Analysis of Positional Relationship between Embryoid Bodies and Sensors on an LSI-based Amperometric Device for Electrochemical Imaging of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity. ANAL SCI 2015; 31:715-9. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke KANNO
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
| | - Kosuke INO
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
| | - Kumi Y. INOUE
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
| | | | | | | | - Hitoshi SHIKU
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
| | - Tomokazu MATSUE
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
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