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Chen T, Sun C, Abbas SC, Alam N, Qiang S, Tian X, Fu C, Zhang H, Xia Y, Liu L, Ni Y, Jiang X. Multi-dimensional microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) for noninvasive testing: A review of structural design and applications. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1321:342877. [PMID: 39155092 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
The rapid emergence of microfluidic paper-based devices as point-of-care testing (POCT) tools for early disease diagnosis and health monitoring, particularly in resource-limited areas, holds immense potential for enhancing healthcare accessibility. Leveraging the numerous advantages of paper, such as capillary-driven flow, porous structure, hydrophilic functional groups, biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, and flexibility, it has become a pivotal choice for microfluidic substrates. The repertoire of microfluidic paper-based devices includes one-dimensional lateral flow assays (1D LFAs), two-dimensional microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (2D μPADs), and three-dimensional (3D) μPADs. In this comprehensive review, we provide and examine crucial information related to paper substrates, design strategies, and detection methods in multi-dimensional microfluidic paper-based devices. We also investigate potential applications of microfluidic paper-based devices for detecting viruses, metabolites and hormones in non-invasive samples such as human saliva, sweat and urine. Additionally, we delve into capillary-driven flow alternative theoretical models of fluids within the paper to provide guidance. Finally, we critically examine the potential for future developments and address challenges for multi-dimensional microfluidic paper-based devices in advancing noninvasive early diagnosis and health monitoring. This article showcases their transformative impact on healthcare, paving the way for enhanced medical services worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China; Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Ce Sun
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Syed Comail Abbas
- Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Nur Alam
- Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Sheng Qiang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xiuzhi Tian
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Chenglong Fu
- Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China; Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Xia
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China; Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Liu Liu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
| | - Xue Jiang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China.
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2
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Kumar S, Kaushal JB, Lee HP. Sustainable Sensing with Paper Microfluidics: Applications in Health, Environment, and Food Safety. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:300. [PMID: 38920604 PMCID: PMC11202065 DOI: 10.3390/bios14060300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
This manuscript offers a concise overview of paper microfluidics, emphasizing its sustainable sensing applications in healthcare, environmental monitoring, and food safety. Researchers have developed innovative sensing platforms for detecting pathogens, pollutants, and contaminants by leveraging the paper's unique properties, such as biodegradability and affordability. These portable, low-cost sensors facilitate rapid diagnostics and on-site analysis, making them invaluable tools for resource-limited settings. This review discusses the fabrication techniques, principles, and applications of paper microfluidics, showcasing its potential to address pressing challenges and enhance human health and environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Scott Campus, Omaha, NE 68182-0816, USA
| | - Jyoti Bala Kaushal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Heow Pueh Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore;
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3
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Bezinge L, Shih CJ, Richards DA, deMello AJ. Electrochemical Paper-Based Microfluidics: Harnessing Capillary Flow for Advanced Diagnostics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401148. [PMID: 38801400 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical paper-based microfluidics has attracted much attention due to the promise of transforming point-of-care diagnostics by facilitating quantitative analysis with low-cost and portable analyzers. Such devices harness capillary flow to transport samples and reagents, enabling bioassays to be executed passively. Despite exciting demonstrations of capillary-driven electrochemical tests, conventional methods for fabricating electrodes on paper impede capillary flow, limit fluidic pathways, and constrain accessible device architectures. This account reviews recent developments in paper-based electroanalytical devices and offers perspective by revisiting key milestones in lateral flow tests and paper-based microfluidics engineering. The study highlights the benefits associated with electrochemical sensing and discusses how the detection modality can be leveraged to unlock novel functionalities. Particular focus is given to electrofluidic platforms that embed electrodes into paper for enhanced biosensing applications. Together, these innovations pave the way for diagnostic technologies that offer portability, quantitative analysis, and seamless integration with digital healthcare, all without compromising the simplicity of commercially available rapid diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léonard Bezinge
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Chih-Jen Shih
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Daniel A Richards
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
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Franck N, Vera Candioti L, Gerlero GS, Urteaga R, Kler PA. A simple method for the assessment of electrophoretic mobility in porous media. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:589-598. [PMID: 37853649 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Developing paper-based electrophoretic methods involve dealing with significant uncertainty levels when compared to their capillary counterparts. Critical information for developing these kinds of methods are the electrophoretic mobility of background electrolytes and samples. This work presents the design and characterization of a device for measuring the electrophoretic mobilities of dyes in porous media. The device was developed with the aim of validating a previously presented model and also proposing a protocol for the straightforward determination of electrophoretic mobilities in porous media when open-channel values are already known. Whatman #1 paper was used as a model substrate as far as it is the most common porous medium substrate for paper-based electrophoresis. The device was designed using a numerical simulation-assisted approach, utilizing OpenFOAM® and specific solvers for capillary transport and electromigration, namely porousMicroTransport and electroMicroTransport, respectively. The electrophoretic mobilities of five dyes were analyzed experimentally with the proposed device. To establish appropriate comparative values at different pHs, experiments in fused silica capillaries were also performed. An effective parameter model for describing the electrophoretic behavior of dyes in porous media, that is, the constriction factor, was found consistent with previous reports for the Whatman #1 paper. This consistency was found after considering (via direct measurements) the chromatographic effect of the medium over each dye. Consequently, the recorded values hold significant worth due to their potential for direct application in designing new experiments or devices in Whatman #1 paper. With the validation of the model through the experiments with the proposed device, those researchers interested on developing electrophoretic methods in porous substrates can make use of the open-channel electrophoretic mobilities reported in the literature, or in the well-known software databases, and correct them for the media of interest just by performing two simple characterization steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Franck
- Centro de Investigación en Métodos Computacionales (CIMEC, UNL-CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Instituto de Física del Litoral (IFIS Litoral, UNL-CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luciana Vera Candioti
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Bromatología y Nutrición-(FBCB,UNL-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gabriel S Gerlero
- Centro de Investigación en Métodos Computacionales (CIMEC, UNL-CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Rafaela, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Raúl Urteaga
- Instituto de Física del Litoral (IFIS Litoral, UNL-CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Pablo A Kler
- Centro de Investigación en Métodos Computacionales (CIMEC, UNL-CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Sistemas de Información, FRSF-UTN, Lavaise, Santa Fe, Argentina
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5
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Nicasy RJK, Waldner C, Erich SJF, Adan OCG, Hirn U, Huinink HP. Liquid uptake in porous cellulose sheets studied with UFI-NMR: Penetration, swelling and air displacement. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 326:121615. [PMID: 38142096 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Liquid penetration in porous cellulosic materials is crucial in many technological fields. The complex geometry, small pore size, and often fast timescale of liquid uptake makes the process hard to capture. Effects such as swelling, vapor transport, film flow and water transport within cellulosic material makes transport deviate from well-known relations such as Lucas-Washburn and Darcy's Law. In this work it is demonstrated how Ultra-Fast Imaging NMR can be used to simultaneously monitor the liquid distribution and swelling during capillary uptake of water with a temporal- and spatial resolution of 10 ms and 14.5-18 μm respectively. The measurements show that in a cellulose fiber sheet, within the first 65 ms, liquid first penetrates the whole sheet before swelling takes place for another 30 s. Furthermore, it was observed that the liquid front traps 15 v% of air which is slowly replaced by water during the final stage of liquid uptake. Our method makes it possible to simultaneously quantify the concentration of all three phases (solid, liquid and air) within porous materials during processes exceeding 50 ms (5 times the temporal resolution). We hence believe that the proposed method should also be useful to study liquid penetration, or water diffusion, into other porous cellulosic materials like foams, membranes, nonwovens, textiles and films.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J K Nicasy
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Applied Physics Department, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, the Netherlands.
| | - C Waldner
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, TU Graz, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria; CD Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - S J F Erich
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Applied Physics Department, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, the Netherlands; Organization of Applied Scientific Research, TNO, P.O. Box 49, Delft, 2600 AA, the Netherlands.
| | - O C G Adan
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Applied Physics Department, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, the Netherlands; Organization of Applied Scientific Research, TNO, P.O. Box 49, Delft, 2600 AA, the Netherlands.
| | - U Hirn
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, TU Graz, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria; CD Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - H P Huinink
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Applied Physics Department, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, the Netherlands.
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6
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Takken M, Wille R. Accelerated Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations of Microfluidic Devices by Exploiting Higher Levels of Abstraction. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:129. [PMID: 38258248 PMCID: PMC11154455 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The design of microfluidic devices is a cumbersome and tedious process that can be significantly improved by simulation. Methods based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are considered state-of-the-art, but require extensive compute time-oftentimes limiting the size of microfluidic devices that can be simulated. Simulation methods that abstract the underlying physics on a higher level generally provide results instantly, but the fidelity of these methods is usually worse. In this work, a simulation method that accelerates CFD simulations by exploiting simulation methods on higher levels of abstraction is proposed. Case studies confirm that the proposed method accelerates CFD simulations by multiple factors (often several orders of magnitude) while maintaining the fidelity of CFD simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Takken
- School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Robert Wille
- School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, 80333 München, Germany
- Software Competence Center Hagenberg GmbH (SCCH), Softwarepark 32a, 4232 Hagenberg, Austria
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7
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Golparvar A, Thenot L, Boukhayma A, Carrara S. Soft Epidermal Paperfluidics for Sweat Analysis by Ratiometric Raman Spectroscopy. BIOSENSORS 2023; 14:12. [PMID: 38248389 PMCID: PMC10812966 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The expanding interest in digital biomarker analysis focused on non-invasive human bodily fluids, such as sweat, highlights the pressing need for easily manufactured and highly efficient soft lab-on-skin solutions. Here, we report, for the first time, the integration of microfluidic paper-based devices (μPAD) and non-enhanced Raman-scattering-enabled optical biochemical sensing (Raman biosensing). Their integration merges the enormous benefits of μPAD, with high potential for commercialization and use in resource-limited settings, with biorecognition-element-free (but highly selective) optical Raman biosensing. The introduced thin (0.36 mm), ultra-lightweight (0.19 g), and compact footprint (3 cm2) opto-paperfluidic sweat patch is flexible, stretchable, and conforms, irritation-free, to hairless or minimally haired body regions to enable swift sweat collection. As a great advantage, this new bio-chemical sensory system excels through its absence of onboard biorecognition elements (bioreceptor-free) and omission of plasmonic nanomaterials. The proposed easy fabrication process is adaptable to mass production by following a fully sustainable and cost-effective process utilizing only basic tools by avoiding typically employed printing or laser patterning. Furthermore, efficient collection and transportation of precise sweat volumes, driven exclusively by the wicking properties of porous materials, shows high efficiency in liquid transportation and reduces biosensing latency by a factor of 5 compared to state-of-the-art epidermal microfluidics. The proposed unit enables electronic chip-free and imaging-less visual sweat loss quantification as well as optical biochemical analysis when coupled with Raman spectroscopy. We investigated the multimodal quantification of sweat urea and lactate levels ex vivo (with syntactic sweat including +30 sweat analytes on porcine skin) and achieved a linear dynamic range from 0 to 100 mmol/L during fully dynamic continuous flow characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Golparvar
- Bio/CMOS Interfaces (BCI) Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Lucie Thenot
- Bio/CMOS Interfaces (BCI) Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | | | - Sandro Carrara
- Bio/CMOS Interfaces (BCI) Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
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Ruiz-García I, Escobedo P, Ramos-Lorente CE, Erenas MM, Capitán-Vallvey LF, Carvajal MA, Palma AJ, López-Ruiz N. Capacitive platform for real-time wireless monitoring of liquid wicking in a paper strip. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4092-4103. [PMID: 37615614 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00368j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the phenomenon of liquid wicking in porous media is crucial for various applications, including the transportation of fluids in soils, the absorption of liquids in textiles and paper, and the development of new and efficient microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs). Hence, accurate and real-time monitoring of the liquid wicking process is essential to enable precise flow transport and control in microfluidic devices, thus enhancing their performance and usefulness. However, most existing flow monitoring strategies require external instrumentation, are generally bulky and unsuitable for portable systems. In this work, we present a portable, compact, and cost-effective electronic platform for real-time and wireless flow monitoring of liquid wicking in paper strips. The developed microcontroller-based system enables flow and flow rate monitoring based on the capacitance measurement of a pair of electrodes patterned beneath the paper strip along the liquid path, with an accuracy of 4 fF and a full-scale range of 8 pF. Additionally to the wired transmission of the monitored data to a computer via USB, the liquid wicking process can be followed in real-time via Bluetooth using a custom-developed smartphone application. The performance of the capacitive monitoring platform was evaluated for different aqueous solutions (purified water and 1 M NaCl solution), various paper strip geometries, and several custom-made chemical valves for flow retention (chitosan-, wax-, and sucrose-based barriers). The experimental validation delivered a full-scale relative error of 0.25%, resulting in an absolute capacitance error of ±10 fF. In terms of reproducibility, the maximum uncertainty was below 10 nl s-1 for flow rate determination in this study. Furthermore, the experimental data was compared and validated with numerical analysis through electrical and flow dynamics simulations in porous media, providing crucial information on the wicking process, its physical parameters, and liquid flow dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro Ruiz-García
- Electronic and Chemical Sensing Solutions (ECsens), CITIC-UGR, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada (UGR), 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada (UGR), 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Escobedo
- Electronic and Chemical Sensing Solutions (ECsens), CITIC-UGR, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada (UGR), 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada (UGR), 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Celia E Ramos-Lorente
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Electronic and Chemical Sensing Solutions (ECsens), Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada (UGR), 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel M Erenas
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Electronic and Chemical Sensing Solutions (ECsens), Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada (UGR), 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Luis F Capitán-Vallvey
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Electronic and Chemical Sensing Solutions (ECsens), Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada (UGR), 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel A Carvajal
- Electronic and Chemical Sensing Solutions (ECsens), CITIC-UGR, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada (UGR), 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada (UGR), 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto J Palma
- Electronic and Chemical Sensing Solutions (ECsens), CITIC-UGR, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada (UGR), 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada (UGR), 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Nuria López-Ruiz
- Electronic and Chemical Sensing Solutions (ECsens), CITIC-UGR, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada (UGR), 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada (UGR), 18071 Granada, Spain
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Macleod Briongos I, Call ZD, Henry CS, Bark DL. Maximizing flow rate in single paper layer, rapid flow microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2023; 27:70. [PMID: 37719231 PMCID: PMC10499984 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-023-02679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Small, single-layer microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) offer potential for a range of point-of-care applications; however, they have been limited to low flow rates. Here, we investigate the role of laser cutting paper channels in maximizing flow rate in small profile devices with limited fluid volumes. We demonstrate that branching, laser-cut grooves can provide a 59.23-73.98% improvement in flow rate over a single cut, and a 435% increase over paper alone. These design considerations can be applied to more complex microfluidic devices with the aim of increasing the flow rate, and could be used in stand-alone channels for self-pumping. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10404-023-02679-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Macleod Briongos
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Zachary D. Call
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - David L. Bark
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
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10
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Raj M K, Priyadarshani J, Karan P, Bandyopadhyay S, Bhattacharya S, Chakraborty S. Bio-inspired microfluidics: A review. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:051503. [PMID: 37781135 PMCID: PMC10539033 DOI: 10.1063/5.0161809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Biomicrofluidics, a subdomain of microfluidics, has been inspired by several ideas from nature. However, while the basic inspiration for the same may be drawn from the living world, the translation of all relevant essential functionalities to an artificially engineered framework does not remain trivial. Here, we review the recent progress in bio-inspired microfluidic systems via harnessing the integration of experimental and simulation tools delving into the interface of engineering and biology. Development of "on-chip" technologies as well as their multifarious applications is subsequently discussed, accompanying the relevant advancements in materials and fabrication technology. Pointers toward new directions in research, including an amalgamated fusion of data-driven modeling (such as artificial intelligence and machine learning) and physics-based paradigm, to come up with a human physiological replica on a synthetic bio-chip with due accounting of personalized features, are suggested. These are likely to facilitate physiologically replicating disease modeling on an artificially engineered biochip as well as advance drug development and screening in an expedited route with the minimization of animal and human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Raj M
- Department of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Jyotsana Priyadarshani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomechanics Section (BMe), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300, 3001 Louvain, Belgium
| | - Pratyaksh Karan
- Géosciences Rennes Univ Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Saumyadwip Bandyopadhyay
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Soumya Bhattacharya
- Achira Labs Private Limited, 66b, 13th Cross Rd., Dollar Layout, 3–Phase, JP Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka 560078, India
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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11
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Tokihiro JC, Tu WC, Berthier J, Lee JJ, Dostie AM, Khor JW, Eakman M, Theberge AB, Berthier E. Enhanced capillary pumping using open-channel capillary trees with integrated paper pads. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (WOODBURY, N.Y. : 1994) 2023; 35:082120. [PMID: 37675268 PMCID: PMC10479884 DOI: 10.1063/5.0157801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The search for efficient capillary pumping has led to two main directions for investigation: first, assembly of capillary channels to provide high capillary pressures, and second, imbibition in absorbing fibers or paper pads. In the case of open microfluidics (i.e., channels where the top boundary of the fluid is in contact with air instead of a solid wall), the coupling between capillary channels and paper pads unites the two approaches and provides enhanced capillary pumping. In this work, we investigate the coupling of capillary trees-networks of channels mimicking the branches of a tree-with paper pads placed at the extremities of the channels, mimicking the small capillary networks of leaves. It is shown that high velocities and flow rates (7 mm/s or 13.1 μl/s) for more than 30 s using 50% (v/v) isopropyl alcohol, which has a 3-fold increase in viscosity in comparison to water; 6.5 mm/s or 12.1 μl/s for more than 55 s with pentanol, which has a 3.75-fold increase in viscosity in comparison to water; and >3.5 mm/s or 6.5 μl/s for more than 150 s with nonanol, which has a 11-fold increase in viscosity in comparison to water, can be reached in the root channel, enabling higher sustained flow rates than that of capillary trees alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie C. Tokihiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Wan-chen Tu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jean Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jing J. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Ashley M. Dostie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jian Wei Khor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Madeleine Eakman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | | | - Erwin Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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12
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Anushka, Bandopadhyay A, Das PK. Paper based microfluidic devices: a review of fabrication techniques and applications. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. SPECIAL TOPICS 2022; 232:781-815. [PMID: 36532608 PMCID: PMC9743133 DOI: 10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of applications are possible with paper-based analytical devices, which are low priced, easy to fabricate and operate, and require no specialized equipment. Paper-based microfluidics offers the design of miniaturized POC devices to be applied in the health, environment, food, and energy sector employing the ASSURED (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment free and Deliverable to end users) principle of WHO. Therefore, this field is growing very rapidly and ample research is being done. This review focuses on fabrication and detection techniques reported to date. Additionally, this review emphasises on the application of this technology in the area of medical diagnosis, energy generation, environmental monitoring, and food quality control. This review also presents the theoretical analysis of fluid flow in porous media for the efficient handling and control of fluids. The limitations of PAD have also been discussed with an emphasis to concern on the transformation of such devices from laboratory to the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Aditya Bandopadhyay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302 India
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13
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Garcia Eijo PM, Duriez T, Cabaleiro JM, Artana G. A machine learning-based framework to design capillary-driven networks. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4860-4870. [PMID: 36377409 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00843b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel approach for the design of capillary-driven microfluidic networks using a machine learning genetic algorithm (ML-GA). This strategy relies on a user-friendly 1D numerical tool specifically developed to generate the necessary data to train the ML-GA. This 1D model was validated using analytical results issued from a Y-shaped capillary network and experimental data. For a given microfluidic network, we defined the objective of the ML-GA to obtain the set of geometric parameters that produces the closest matching results against two prescribed curves of delivered volume against time. We performed more than 20 generations of 10 000 simulations to train the ML-GA and achieved the optimal solution of the inverse design problem. The optimisation took less than 6 hours, and the results were successfully validated using experimental data. This work establishes the utility of the presented method for the fast and reliable design of complex capillary-driven devices, enabling users to optimise their designs via an easy-to-use 1D numerical tool and machine learning technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Manuel Garcia Eijo
- Laboratorio de Fluidodinámica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1063ACV, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Thomas Duriez
- Laboratorio de Fluidodinámica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1063ACV, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Juan Martín Cabaleiro
- Laboratorio de Fluidodinámica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1063ACV, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo Artana
- Laboratorio de Fluidodinámica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1063ACV, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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14
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Rofman B, Naddaf R, Bar-Dolev M, Gefen T, Ben-Assa N, Geva-Zatorsky N, Bercovici M. Automated device for multi-stage paper-based assays enabled by an electroosmotic pumping valve. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4511-4520. [PMID: 35960181 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00572g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We leverage electroosmotic-flow generation in porous media in combination with a hydrophobic air gap to create a controllable valve capable of operating in either finite dosing or continuous flow mode, enabling the implementation of multi-step assays on paper-based devices. The hydrophobic air gap between two paper pads creates a barrier keeping the valve nominally closed. Electroosmotic actuation, implemented using a pair of electrodes under the upstream pad, generates sufficient pressure to overcome the barrier and connect the two pads. We present a model describing the flow and governing parameters, including the electric potentials required to open and close the valve and the threshold potential for switching between the modes of operation. We construct the air gap using a hierarchical superhydrophobic surface and study the stability of the closed valve under strenuous conditions and find good agreement between our model and experimental results, as well as stable working conditions for practical applications. We present a straightforward design for a compact and automated device based on paper pads placed on top of printed circuit boards (PCB), equipped with heating and actuation electrodes and additional power and logic capabilities. Finally, we demonstrate the use of the device for amplification of SARS-CoV-2 sequences directly from raw saliva samples, using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) protocol requiring sample lysis followed by enzymatic deactivation and delivery to multiple amplification sites. Since PCB costs scale favorably with mass-production, we believe that this approach could lead to a low-cost diagnostic device that offers the sensitivity of amplification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruch Rofman
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
| | - Rawi Naddaf
- Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (RTICC), Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
| | - Maya Bar-Dolev
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
| | - Tal Gefen
- Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (RTICC), Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
| | - Nadav Ben-Assa
- Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (RTICC), Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
| | - Naama Geva-Zatorsky
- Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (RTICC), Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
- CIFAR, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Moran Bercovici
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
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15
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Mollaie E, Asiaei S, Aryan H. Nitrite enhanced detection from saliva by simple geometrical modifications of paper-based micromixers. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2022; 26:88. [PMID: 36246785 PMCID: PMC9554860 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-022-02596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of nitric oxide (NO) and it's two relatively stable metabolites, nitrite, and nitrate, in SARS-CoV-2, are reported in infected populations, especially for nitrates levels > 68.4 μmol/L. In this paper, we measure the abnormal presence of nitrite in the saliva by developing a cheap μPAD for colorimetric detection through the modified Griess reaction. This includes a diazotization reaction between nitrite and Griess reagent, including Sulfanilamide and N-Naphthyl-ethylenediamine in an acidic medium, causing a pink Azo compound. The modifications are suggested by a numerical method model that couples the mass flux with the porosity medium equations (convection, diffusion and, dispersion) that improves the mixing process. The mixing index was quantified from the concentration deviation method via simulation of a homogeneous two-phase flow in a porous environment. Five μPAD designs were fabricated to verify the simulation results of mixing enhancement on the Griess reactants in saliva samples. The investigated geometries include straight, helical, zig-zag, square wave, and inclined jagged shapes fabricated by direct laser writing, suitable for low cost, mass fabrication. Inclined jagged micromixer exhibited the best performance with up to 40% improvement compared with the simple straight geometry. Deliberate geometrical modifications, exemplified here in a jagged micromixer on paper, cut the limit of detection (LOD) by at least half without impacting the linear detection range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mollaie
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Asiaei
- Sensors and Integrated Bio-Microfluidics/MEMS Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hiwa Aryan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini and Mohammad Kermanshahi and Farabi Hospitals, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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16
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Das D, Singh T, Ahmed I, Masetty M, Priye A. Effects of Relative Humidity and Paper Geometry on the Imbibition Dynamics and Reactions in Lateral Flow Assays. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:9863-9873. [PMID: 35913402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow assays and paper microfluidics have the potential to replace benchtop instrumented medical diagnostic systems with instrument-free systems that rely on passive transport of liquid through micro-porous paper substrates. Predicting the imbibition dynamics of liquid through dry paper substrates is mostly modeled through the Lucas-Washburn (LW) equations. However, the LW framework assumes that the fluid front exhibits a sharp boundary between the dry and wet phases across the liquid imbibition interface. Additionally, the relative humidity in the environment results in moisture trapped within the pores of the paper substrates as the paper attains an equilibrium with the ambient air. Here, we apply a two-phase transport framework based on Brooks and Corey's model to capture imbibition dynamics on partially saturated paper substrates. The model is experimentally validated and is then used to predict the liquid-paper imbibition dynamics in simulated environments with 1-70% relative humidity. The model was also used to determine the saturation gradient of liquid along the imbibition interface of the paper substrate. Insights from these studies enabled us to determine the mechanism of the liquid transport in partially saturated porous paper substrates. The model also enabled us to evaluate the optimal paper shapes and relative humidity of the environment that maximize imbibition rates and minimize imbibition front broadening. Finally, we evaluate the effect of moisture content of paper on the rate of paper-based biochemical reaction by amplifying a sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA target via reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Taken together, this study provides some important guidelines to academic and applied researchers working in point-of-care diagnostics to develop paper-based testing platforms that are capable of functioning in a robust manner across multiple environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debayan Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Tarun Singh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Isteaque Ahmed
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Manaswini Masetty
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Aashish Priye
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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17
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Jeerapan I, Moonla C, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P. Lab on a body for biomedical electrochemical sensing applications: The next generation of microfluidic devices. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 187:249-279. [PMID: 35094777 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This chapter highlights applications of microfluidic devices toward on-body biosensors. The emerging application of microfluidics to on-body bioanalysis is a new strategy to establish systems for the continuous, real-time, and on-site determination of informative markers present in biofluids, such as sweat, interstitial fluid, blood, saliva, and tear. Electrochemical sensors are attractive to integrate with such microfluidics due to the possibility to be miniaturized. Moreover, on-body microfluidics coupled with bioelectronics enable smart integration with modern information and communication technology. This chapter discusses requirements and several challenges when developing on-body microfluidics such as difficulties in manipulating small sample volumes while maintaining mechanical flexibility, power-consumption efficiency, and simplicity of total automated systems. We describe key components, e.g., microchannels, microvalves, and electrochemical detectors, used in microfluidics. We also introduce representatives of advanced lab-on-a-body microfluidics combined with electrochemical sensors for biomedical applications. The chapter ends with a discussion of the potential trends of research in this field and opportunities. On-body microfluidics as modern total analysis devices will continue to bring several fascinating opportunities to the field of biomedical and translational research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itthipon Jeerapan
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.
| | - Chochanon Moonla
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Panote Thavarungkul
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Proespichaya Kanatharana
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
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18
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Bandyopadhyay S, Santra S, Das SS, Mukherjee R, Chakraborty S. Non-wetting Liquid-Infused Slippery Paper. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13627-13636. [PMID: 34752110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-infused slippery surfaces have replaced structural superhydrophobic surfaces in a plethora of emerging applications, hallmarked by their favorable self-healing and liquid-repelling characteristics. Their ease of fabrication on different types of materials and increasing demand in various industrial applications have triggered research interests targeted toward developing an environmental-friendly, flexible, and frugal substrate as the underlying structural and functional backbone. Although many expensive polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene have so far been used for their fabrication, these are constrained by their compromised flexibility and non-ecofriendliness due to the use of fluorine. Here, we explore the development and deployment of a biodegradable, recyclable, flexible, and an economically viable material in the form of a paper matrix for fabricating liquid-infused slippery interfaces for prolonged usage. We show by controlled experiments that a simple silanization followed by an oil infusion protocol imparts an inherent slipperiness (low contact angle hysteresis and low tilting angle for sliding) to the droplet motion on the paper substrate and provides favorable anti-icing characteristics, albeit keeping the paper microstructures unaltered. This ensures concomitant hydrophobicity, water adhesion, and capillarity for low surface tension fluids, such as mustard oil, with an implicit role played by the paper pore size distribution toward retaining a stable layer of the infused oil. With demonstrated supreme anti-icing characteristics, these results open up new possibilities of realizing high-throughput paper-based substrates for a wide variety of applications ranging from biomedical unit operations to droplet-based digital microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumyadwip Bandyopadhyay
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal, India
| | - Somnath Santra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sankha Shuvra Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Rabibrata Mukherjee
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal, India
- Instability and Soft Patterning Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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19
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Kishnani V, Park S, Nakate UT, Mondal K, Gupta A. Nano-functionalized paper-based IoT enabled devices for point-of-care testing: a review. Biomed Microdevices 2021; 24:2. [PMID: 34792679 PMCID: PMC8600500 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-021-00588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, the microfluidics phenomenon coupled with the Internet of Things (IoT) using innovative nano-functional materials has been recognized as a sustainable and economical tool for point-of-care testing (POCT) of various pathogens influencing human health. The sensors based on these phenomena aim to be designed for cost-effectiveness, make it handy, environment-friendly, and get an accurate, easy, and rapid response. Considering the burgeoning importance of analytical devices in the healthcare domain, this review paper is based on the gist of sensing aspects of the microfabricated paper-based analytical devices (μPADs). The article discusses the various used design methodologies and fabrication approaches and elucidates the recently reported surface modification strategies, detection mechanisms viz., colorimetric, electrochemical, fluorescence, electrochemiluminescence, etc. In a nutshell, this article summarizes the state-of-the-art research work carried out over the nano functionalized paper-based analytical devices and associated challenges/solutions in the point of care testing domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kishnani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur-342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sungjune Park
- Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Umesh T Nakate
- Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Kunal Mondal
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA
| | - Ankur Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur-342037, Rajasthan, India.
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20
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Imbibition of Newtonian Fluids in Paper-like Materials with the Infinitesimal Control Volume Method. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12111391. [PMID: 34832802 PMCID: PMC8626007 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidic devices are widely used in point-of-care testing applications. Imbibition study of paper porous media is important for fluid controlling, and then significant to the applications of paper-based microfluidic devices. Here we propose an analytical approach based on the infinitesimal control volume method to study the imbibition of Newtonian fluids in commonly used paper-like materials. Three common paper shapes (rectangular paper strips, fan-shaped and circular paper sheets) are investigated with three modeling methods (corresponding to equivalent tiny pores with circle, square and regular triangle cross section respectively). A model is derived for liquid imbibition in rectangular paper strips, and the control equations for liquid imbibition in fan-shaped and circular paper sheets are also derived. The model is verified by imbibition experiments done using the mixed cellulose ester filter paper and pure water. The relation of imbibition distance and time is similar to that of the Lucas−Washburn (L−W) model. In addition, a new porosity measurement method based on the imbibition in circular paper sheets is proposed and verified. Finally, the flow rates are investigated. This study can provide guidance for the design of different shapes of paper, and for better applications of paper-based microfluidic devices.
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21
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Kwak B, Choi S, Maeng J, Bae J. Marangoni effect inspired robotic self-propulsion over a water surface using a flow-imbibition-powered microfluidic pump. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17469. [PMID: 34471178 PMCID: PMC8410760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain aquatic insects rapidly traverse water by secreting surfactants that exploit the Marangoni effect, inspiring the development of many self-propulsion systems. In this research, to demonstrate a new way of delivering liquid fuel to a water surface for Marangoni propulsion, a microfluidic pump driven by the flow-imbibition by a porous medium was integrated to create a novel self-propelling robot. After triggered by a small magnet, the liquid fuel stored in a microchannel is autonomously transported to an outlet in a mechanically tunable manner. We also comprehensively analyzed the effects of various design parameters on the robot's locomotory behavior. It was shown that the traveled distance, energy density of fuel, operation time, and motion directionality were tunable by adjusting porous media, nozzle diameter, keel-extrusion, and the distance between the nozzle and water surface. The utilization of a microfluidic device in bioinspired robot is expected to bring out new possibilities in future development of self-propulsion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokeon Kwak
- Bio-Robotics and Control (BiRC), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Engineering (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Choi
- Bio-Robotics and Control (BiRC), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Engineering (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Maeng
- Bio-Robotics and Control (BiRC), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Engineering (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonbum Bae
- Bio-Robotics and Control (BiRC), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Engineering (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Rovira M, Fernández-Sánchez C, Jiménez-Jorquera C. Hybrid Technologies Combining Solid-State Sensors and Paper/Fabric Fluidics for Wearable Analytical Devices. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:303. [PMID: 34562893 PMCID: PMC8467283 DOI: 10.3390/bios11090303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of diagnostic tools for measuring a wide spectrum of target analytes, from biomarkers to other biochemical parameters in biological fluids, has experienced a significant growth in the last decades, with a good number of such tools entering the market. Recently, a clear focus has been put on miniaturized wearable devices, which offer powerful capabilities for real-time and continuous analysis of biofluids, mainly sweat, and can be used in athletics, consumer wellness, military, and healthcare applications. Sweat is an attractive biofluid in which different biomarkers could be noninvasively measured to provide rapid information about the physical state of an individual. Wearable devices reported so far often provide discrete (single) measurements of the target analytes, most of them in the form of a yes/no qualitative response. However, quantitative biomarker analysis over certain periods of time is highly demanded for many applications such as the practice of sports or the precise control of the patient status in hospital settings. For this, a feasible combination of fluidic elements and sensor architectures has been sought. In this regard, this paper shows a concise overview of analytical tools based on the use of capillary-driven fluidics taking place on paper or fabric devices integrated with solid-state sensors fabricated by thick film technologies. The main advantages and limitations of the current technologies are pointed out together with the progress towards the development of functional devices. Those approaches reported in the last decade are examined in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Rovira
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.); (C.F.-S.)
| | - César Fernández-Sánchez
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.); (C.F.-S.)
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Jiménez-Jorquera
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.); (C.F.-S.)
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23
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Hamidon NN, Salentijn GI, Verpoorte E. Enhanced passive mixing for paper microfluidics. RSC Adv 2021; 11:25677-25685. [PMID: 34354827 PMCID: PMC8311897 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04916j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Imprecise control of fluid flows in paper-based devices is a major challenge in pushing the innovations in this area towards societal implementation. Assays on paper tend to have low reaction yield and reproducibility issues that lead to poor sensitivity and detection limits. Understanding and addressing these issues is key to improving the performance of paper-based devices. In this work, we use colorimetric analysis to observe the mixing behaviour of molecules from two parallel flow streams in unobstructed (on unpatterned paper) and constricted flow (through the gap of a patterned hourglass structure). The model system used for characterization of mixing involved the reaction of Fe3+ with SCN− to form the coloured, soluble complex Fe(SCN)2+. At all tested concentrations (equal concentrations of 50.0 mM, 25.0 mM or 12.5 mM for KSCN and FeCl3 in each experiment), the reaction yield increases (higher colorimetric signal) and better mixing is obtained (lower relative standard deviation) as the gap of the flow constriction becomes smaller (4.69–0.32 mm). This indicates enhanced passive mixing of reagents. A transition window of gap widths exhibiting no mixing enhancement (about 2 mm) to gap widths exhibiting complete mixing (0.5 mm) is defined. The implementation of gap sizes that are smaller than 0.5 mm (below the transition window) for passive mixing is suggested as a good strategy to obtain complete mixing and reproducible reaction yields on paper. In addition, the hourglass structure was used to define the ratio of reagents to be mixed (2 : 1, 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 HCl–NaOH) by simply varying the width ratio of the input channels of the paper. This allows easy adaptation of the device to reaction stoichiometry. Efficient passive mixing can be achieved by contricting the reagent flow using structures having narrow gaps.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Nadiah Hamidon
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen 9700 AD Groningen The Netherlands +31 50 363 75 82 +31 50 363 33 37.,Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang 26300 Kuantan Malaysia
| | - Gert Ij Salentijn
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Verpoorte
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen 9700 AD Groningen The Netherlands +31 50 363 75 82 +31 50 363 33 37
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Baldwin SA, Van Bruggen SM, Koelbl JM, Appalabhotla R, Bear JE, Haugh JM. Microfluidic devices fitted with "flowver" paper pumps generate steady, tunable gradients for extended observation of chemotactic cell migration. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:044101. [PMID: 34290842 PMCID: PMC8282348 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics approaches have gained popularity in the field of directed cell migration, enabling control of the extracellular environment and integration with live-cell microscopy; however, technical hurdles remain. Among the challenges are the stability and predictability of the environment, which are especially critical for the observation of fibroblasts and other slow-moving cells. Such experiments require several hours and are typically plagued by the introduction of bubbles and other disturbances that naturally arise in standard microfluidics protocols. Here, we report on the development of a passive pumping strategy, driven by the high capillary pressure and evaporative capacity of paper, and its application to study fibroblast chemotaxis. The paper pumps-flowvers (flow + clover)-are inexpensive, compact, and scalable, and they allow nearly bubble-free operation, with a predictable volumetric flow rate on the order of μl/min, for several hours. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we combined the flowver pumping strategy with a Y-junction microfluidic device to generate a chemoattractant gradient landscape that is both stable (6+ h) and predictable (by finite-element modeling calculations). Integrated with fluorescence microscopy, we were able to recapitulate previous, live-cell imaging studies of fibroblast chemotaxis to platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), with an order-of-magnitude gain in throughput. The increased throughput of single-cell analysis allowed us to more precisely define PDGF gradient conditions conducive for chemotaxis; we were also able to interpret how the orientation of signaling through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway affects the cells' sensing of and response to conducive gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Baldwin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Shawn M. Van Bruggen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Joseph M. Koelbl
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Ravikanth Appalabhotla
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - James E. Bear
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jason M. Haugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Mathematical characterization of ink diffusion and imbibition processes in chromatography paper as a potential biosensing platform. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2021.100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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26
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Modha S, Shen Y, Chamouni H, Mulchandani A, Tsutsui H. Laser-etched grooves for rapid fluid delivery for a paper-based chemiresistive biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 180:113090. [PMID: 33662845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidic devices are an attractive option for developing low-cost, point-of-care diagnostic tools. To incorporate more complex assays into paper, these devices must become more sophisticated, through the sequential delivery of different liquids or reagents without user intervention. Many flow control strategies focus on slowing the fluid down. However, this can lead to increased assay times and sample loss due to evaporation. We report the use of a CO2 laser to create etched grooves on paper to accelerate wicking speeds in paper-based microfluidic devices. We explored different laser settings to determine the optimal configuration. Our findings showed that simply cutting a slit into the paper created the fastest wicking channels. The slit acted as a macro capillary, allowing fluid to bypass the paper and speed it up. Further studies determined an ideal groove pitch of 0.75 mm (spacing in between grooves) for a paper channel. Additional experiments documented how sealing grooved channels with different adhesives can influence wicking. Overall, sealing the channels with tape made them wick faster. However, sealing methods such as lamination had a negative effect on wicking. Laser-etched grooves were successfully used to design a fluid-handling architecture for a chemiresistive paper-based biosensor. The grooves facilitated rapid, sequential delivery of sample and wash buffer. Human serum albumin spiked in phosphate buffer, artificial urine, and artificial saliva was successfully detected at as low as 15 pM. Etching grooves in paper is a simple process that requires no additional materials or chemicals, allowing single-step fabrication of paper-based microfluidic channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth Modha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Yu Shen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Hussein Chamouni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Ashok Mulchandani
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Hideaki Tsutsui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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27
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Flores-Hernandez DR, Santamaria-Garcia VJ, Melchor-Martínez EM, Sosa-Hernández JE, Parra-Saldívar R, Bonilla-Rios J. Paper and Other Fibrous Materials-A Complete Platform for Biosensing Applications. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:128. [PMID: 33919464 PMCID: PMC8143474 DOI: 10.3390/bios11050128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) and Electrospun Fiber-Based Biosensors (EFBs) have aroused the interest of the academy and industry due to their affordability, sensitivity, ease of use, robustness, being equipment-free, and deliverability to end-users. These features make them suitable to face the need for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics, monitoring, environmental, and quality food control applications. Our work introduces new and experienced researchers in the field to a practical guide for fibrous-based biosensors fabrication with insight into the chemical and physical interaction of fibrous materials with a wide variety of materials for functionalization and biofunctionalization purposes. This research also allows readers to compare classical and novel materials, fabrication techniques, immobilization methods, signal transduction, and readout. Moreover, the examined classical and alternative mathematical models provide a powerful tool for bioanalytical device designing for the multiple steps required in biosensing platforms. Finally, we aimed this research to comprise the current state of PADs and EFBs research and their future direction to offer the reader a full insight on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jaime Bonilla-Rios
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico; (D.R.F.-H.); (V.J.S.-G.); (E.M.M.-M.); (J.E.S.-H.); (R.P.-S.)
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Modha S, Castro C, Tsutsui H. Recent developments in flow modeling and fluid control for paper-based microfluidic biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 178:113026. [PMID: 33545552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, researchers have shown that paper is a promising substrate for affordable biosensors. The field of paper-microfluidics has evolved rapidly in that time, with simple colorimetric assays giving way to more complex electrochemical devices that can handle multiple samples at a given time. As paper devices become more complex, the ability to precisely control different fluids simultaneously becomes a challenge. Specifically, automated flow control is a necessary attribute to make paper-based devices more useable in resource-limited settings. Flow control strategies on paper are typically developed experimentally through trial-and-error, with little focus on theory. This is because flow behavior in paper is not well understood and sometimes difficult to predict precisely. Additionally, popular theoretical models are too simplistic, making them unsuitable for complex device designs and application conditions. A better understanding of flow theory would allow devices conceived straight from theoretical models. This could save time and resources by reducing experimental work. In this review, we provide an overview of different theoretical models used to characterize imbibition in paper substrates and document the latest flow control strategies that have been applied to automated fluid control on paper. Additionally, we look at current efforts to commercialize paper-based devices along with challenges facing this industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth Modha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Carlos Castro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA
| | - Hideaki Tsutsui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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29
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A three-dimensional pinwheel-shaped paper-based microfluidic analytical device for fluorescence detection of multiple heavy metals in coastal waters by rational device design. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3299-3313. [PMID: 33758988 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03269-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present the rational design of a pinwheel-shaped three-dimensional microfluidic paper-based analytical device (3D-μPAD) for specific, sensitive and multiplexed detection of heavy metals in coastal waters. A more homogeneous permeation of fluids along the chip than common design, even under unskilled performance, has been achieved by the elaborate chip design of the hydrostatic balancing inlet port and uniformly stressed reversible sealing. With the combination of ion imprinted polymer grafted CdTe quantum-dots and fluid accumulation pad, 4 metals (Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+) in 1 analysis and 25-fold enrichment for each metal can be simultaneously performed within 20 min, with detection limits of 0.007-0.015 μg/L. It has the ability to selectively recognize these 4 metals in mixtures and immunizing to interferences from components found in coastal waters, which provided results that were in agreement with values gained from atomic absorption. The inexpensive and portable nature as well as the highly sensitive and flexible performance of the new developed 3D-μPAD could make it attractive as an on-site testing approach for marine environmental monitoring.
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30
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Jang I, Kang H, Song S, Dandy DS, Geiss BJ, Henry CS. Flow control in a laminate capillary-driven microfluidic device. Analyst 2021; 146:1932-1939. [PMID: 33492316 PMCID: PMC7990706 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02279a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Capillary-driven microfluidic devices are of significant interest for on-site analysis because they do not require external pumps and can be made from inexpensive materials. Among capillary-driven devices, those made from paper and polyester film are among the most common and have been used in a wide array of applications. However, since capillary forces are the only driving force, flow is difficult to control, and passive flow control methods such as changing the geometry must be used to accomplish various analytical applications. This study presents several new flow control methods that can be utilized in a laminate capillary-driven microfluidic device to increase available functionality. First, we introduce push and burst valve systems that can stop and start flow. These valves can stop flow for >30 min and be opened by either pressing the channel or inflowing other fluids to the valve region. Next, we propose flow control methods for Y-shaped channels that enable more functions. In one example, we demonstrate the ability to accurately control concentration to create laminar, gradient, and fully mixed flows. In a second example, flow velocity in the main channel is controlled by adjusting the length of the inlet channel. In addition, the flow velocity is constant as the inlet length increases. Finally, the flow velocity in the Y-shaped device as a function of channel height and fluid properties such as viscosity and surface tension was examined. As in previous studies on capillary-driven channels, the flow rate was affected by each parameter. The fluidic control tools presented here will enable new designs and functions for low cost point of need assays across a variety of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhoon Jang
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, 04763
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, CO, USA, 80523
| | - Hyunwoong Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, 04763
| | - Simon Song
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, 04763
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, 04763
| | - David S. Dandy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, CO, USA, 80523
| | - Brian J. Geiss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, CO, USA, 80523
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, CO, USA, 80523
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31
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Rath D, Toley BJ. Modeling-Guided Design of Paper Microfluidic Networks: A Case Study of Sequential Fluid Delivery. ACS Sens 2021; 6:91-99. [PMID: 33382580 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidic devices are popular for their ability to automate multistep assays for chemical or biological sensing at a low cost, but the design of paper microfluidic networks has largely relied on experimental trial and error. A few mathematical models of flow through paper microfluidic devices have been developed and have succeeded in explaining experimental flow behavior. However, the reverse engineering problem of designing complex paper networks guided by appropriate mathematical models is largely unsolved. In this article, we demonstrate that a two-dimensional paper network (2DPN) designed to sequentially deliver three fluids to a test zone on the device can be computationally designed and experimentally implemented without experimental trial and error. This was accomplished by three new developments in modeling flow through paper networks: (i) coupling of the Richards equation of flow through porous media to the species transport equation, (ii) modeling flow through assemblies of multiple paper materials (test membrane and wicking pad), and (iii) incorporating limited-volume fluid sources. We demonstrate the application of this model in the optimal design of a paper-based signal-enhanced immunoassay for a malaria protein, PfHRP2. This work lays the foundation for the development of a computational design toolbox to aid in the design of paper microfluidic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharitri Rath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C V Raman Avenue, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Bhushan J. Toley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C V Raman Avenue, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
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32
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Jafry AT, Lim H, Lee J. Basic Paper-Based Microfluidics/Electronics Theory. Bioanalysis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8723-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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33
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Lee JJ, Berthier J, Kearney KE, Berthier E, Theberge AB. Open-Channel Capillary Trees and Capillary Pumping. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12795-12803. [PMID: 32936651 PMCID: PMC8259885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Velocity of capillary flow in closed or open channels decreases as the flow proceeds down the length of the channel, varying as the inverse of the square root of time or as the inverse of travel distance. In order to increase the flow rate-and extend the duration of the flow-capillary pumps have been designed by mimicking the pumping principle of paper or cotton fibers. These designs provide a larger volume available for the wicking of the liquids. In microsystems for biotechnology, different designs have been developed based on experimental observation. In the present paper, the mechanisms at the basis of capillary pumping are investigated using a theoretical model for the flow in an open-channel "capillary tree" (i.e., an ensemble of channels with bifurcations mimicking the shape of a tree). The model is checked against experiments. Rules for obtaining better designs of capillary pumps are proposed; specifically, we find (1) when using a capillary tree with identical channel cross-sectional areas throughout, it is possible to maintain nearly constant flow rates throughout the channel network, (2) flow rate can be increased at each branch point of a capillary tree by slightly decreasing the areas of the channel cross section and decreasing the channel lengths at each level of ramification within the tree, and (3) higher order branching (trifurcations vs bifurcations) amplify the flow rate effect. This work lays the foundation for increasing the flow rate in open microfluidic channels driven by capillary flow; we expect this to have broad impact across open microfluidics for biological and chemical applications such as cell culture, sample preparation, separations, and on-chip reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing J. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jean Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Kathleen E. Kearney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Erwin Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ashleigh B. Theberge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
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34
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Kalish B, Tan MK, Tsutsui H. Modifying Wicking Speeds in Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices by Laser-Etching. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11080773. [PMID: 32823829 PMCID: PMC7463483 DOI: 10.3390/mi11080773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidic devices are an attractive platform for developing low-cost, point-of-care diagnostic tools. As paper-based devices’ detection chemistries become more complex, more complicated devices are required, often entailing the sequential delivery of different liquids or reagents to reaction zones. Most research into flow control has been focused on introducing delays. However, delaying the flow can be problematic due to increased evaporation leading to sample loss. We report the use of a CO2 laser to uniformly etch the surface of the paper to modify wicking speeds in paper-based microfluidic devices. This technique can produce both wicking speed increases of up to 1.1× faster and decreases of up to 0.9× slower. Wicking speeds can be further enhanced by etching both sides of the paper, resulting in wicking 1.3× faster than unetched channels. Channels with lengthwise laser-etched grooves were also compared to uniformly etched channels, with the most heavily grooved channels wicking 1.9× faster than the fastest double-sided etched channels. Furthermore, sealing both sides of the channel in packing tape results in the most heavily etched channels, single-sided, double-sided, and grooved, wicking over 13× faster than unetched channels. By selectively etching individual channels, different combinations of sequential fluid delivery can be obtained without altering any channel geometry. Laser etching is a simple process that can be integrated into the patterning of the device and requires no additional materials or chemicals, enabling greater flow control for paper-based microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Kalish
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (B.K.); (M.K.T.)
| | - Mick Kyle Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (B.K.); (M.K.T.)
| | - Hideaki Tsutsui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (B.K.); (M.K.T.)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Paper-based microfluidic devices have the potential of being a low-cost platform for diagnostic devices. Electrical circuit analogy (ECA) model has been used to model the wicking process in paper-based microfluidic devices. However, material characteristics such as absorption capacity cannot be included in the previous ECA models. This paper proposes a new model to describe the wicking process with liquid absorption in a paper strip. We observed that the fluid continues to flow in a paper strip, even after the fluid reservoir has been removed. This phenomenon is caused by the ability of the paper to store liquid in its matrix. The model presented in this paper is derived from the analogy to the current response of an electric circuit with a capacitance. All coefficients in the model are fitted with data of capillary rise experiments and compared with direct measurement of the absorption capacity. The theoretical data of the model agrees well with experimental data and the conventional Washburn model. Considering liquid absorption capacity as a capacitance helps to explain the relationship between material characteristics and the wicking mechanism.
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36
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Jang I, Carrão DB, Menger RF, Moraes de Oliveira AR, Henry CS. Pump-Free Microfluidic Rapid Mixer Combined with a Paper-Based Channel. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2230-2238. [PMID: 32583663 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Capillary forces are commonly employed to transport fluids in pump-free microfluidic platforms such as paper-based microfluidics. However, since paper is a porous material consisting of nonuniform cellulose fibers, it has some limitations in performing stable flow functions like mixing. Here, we developed a pump-free microfluidic device that enables rapid mixing by combining paper and plastic. The device was fabricated by laminating transparency film and double-sided adhesive and is composed of an overlapping inlet ending in a paper-based reaction area. The mixing performance of the developed device was confirmed experimentally using aqueous dyes and pH indicators. In addition, the absolute mixing index was evaluated by numerically calculating the concentration field across the microfluidic channels. To demonstrate the utility of the new approach, the detection of an organophosphate pesticide was carried out using a colorimetric enzymatic inhibition assay. The developed device and a smartphone application were used to detect organophosphate pesticide on food samples, demonstrating the potential for onsite analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Daniel B. Carrão
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14090-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Ruth F. Menger
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Anderson R. Moraes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14090-901, SP, Brazil
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT—DATREM), Unesp, Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 355, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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Emerging applications of paper-based analytical devices for drug analysis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1116:70-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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38
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Shay T, Saha T, Dickey MD, Velev OD. Principles of long-term fluids handling in paper-based wearables with capillary-evaporative transport. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:034112. [PMID: 32566070 PMCID: PMC7286699 DOI: 10.1063/5.0010417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We construct and investigate paper-based microfluidic devices, which model long-term fluid harvesting, transport, sensing, and analysis in new wearables for sweat analysis. Such devices can continuously wick fluid mimicking sweat and dispose of it on evaporation pads. We characterize and analyze how the action of capillarity and evaporation can cooperatively be used to transport and process sweat mimics containing dissolved salts and model analytes. The results point out that non-invasive osmotic extraction combined with paper microfluidics and evaporative disposal can enable sweat collection and monitoring for durations longer than 10 days. We model the fluid flow in the new capillary-evaporative devices and identify the parameters enabling their long-term operation. We show that the transport rates are sufficiently large to handle natural sweat rates, while we envision that such handling can be interfaced with osmotic harvesting of sweat, a concept that we demonstrated recently. Finally, we illustrate that the salt film deposited at the evaporation pad would eventually lead to cessation of the process but at the same time will preserve a record of analytes that may be used for long-term biomarker monitoring in sweat. These principles can be implemented in future platforms for wearable skin-interfacing assays or electronic biomarker monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Shay
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, USA
| | - Tamoghna Saha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, USA
| | - Michael D. Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, USA
| | - Orlin D. Velev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, USA
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39
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Abstract
Microfluidic devices developed over the past decade feature greater intricacy, increased performance requirements, new materials, and innovative fabrication methods. Consequentially, new algorithmic and design approaches have been developed to introduce optimization and computer-aided design to microfluidic circuits: from conceptualization to specification, synthesis, realization, and refinement. The field includes the development of new description languages, optimization methods, benchmarks, and integrated design tools. Here, recent advancements are reviewed in the computer-aided design of flow-, droplet-, and paper-based microfluidics. A case study of the design of resistive microfluidic networks is discussed in detail. The review concludes with perspectives on the future of computer-aided microfluidics design, including the introduction of cloud computing, machine learning, new ideation processes, and hybrid optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elishai Ezra Tsur
- Neuro-Biomorphic Engineering Lab (NBEL), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana 4353701, Israel;
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40
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Wentland L, Polaski R, Fu E. Characterization methods in porous materials for the rational design of multi-step processing in the context of a paper microfluidic phenylalanine test. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:768-780. [PMID: 34887944 PMCID: PMC8654261 DOI: 10.1039/c9ay02500f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A promising application of paper microfluidics is the translation of gold-standard multi-step laboratory tests to a disposable paper-based format for decentralized diagnostic or therapeutic testing. This often entails conversion of bench-top processing of macro-volume samples to the processing of micro-volume samples within a porous matrix, and requires detailed characterization of fluid and reagent interactions within the porous material(s) of the device. The current study focuses on rational device design through the characterization of fluid and reagent interactions in polysulfone and glass fiber substrates for multi-step sample processing. Specifically, we demonstrate how the characterization of fluidic compatibility between substrates, chemical compatibility between reagents and substrates, sample pH, and sample transport can be used to inform device design in the context of a two-reaction detection scheme for phenylalanine in porous materials. Finally, we demonstrate detection of phenylalanine from human whole blood, and discuss the multiple strengths of the current design over a previous version.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lael Wentland
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Rachel Polaski
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Elain Fu
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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41
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Sun S, Feng S, Ji C, Shi M, He X, Xu F, Lu TJ. Microstructural effects on permeability of Nitrocellulose membranes for biomedical applications. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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42
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Pradela-Filho LA, Noviana E, Araújo DAG, Takeuchi RM, Santos AL, Henry CS. Rapid Analysis in Continuous-Flow Electrochemical Paper-Based Analytical Devices. ACS Sens 2020; 5:274-281. [PMID: 31898461 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A simple and low-cost continuous-flow (CF) electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) coupled with thermoplastic electrodes (TPEs) was developed. The fast, continuous flow combined with flow injection analysis was made possible by adding two inlet reservoirs to the same paper-based hollow channel flowing over detection electrodes, terminating in a fan-shaped pumping reservoir. The upstream inlet reservoir was filled with buffer and provided constant flow through the device. Sample injections were performed by adding 2 μL of the sample to the downstream sample inlet. Differences in flow resistance resulted in sample plugs displacing buffer as the solution flowed over the working electrodes. The electrodes were fabricated by mixing carbon black and polycaprolactone (50% w/w). CF-TPE-ePADs were characterized with chronoamperometry using ferrocenylmethyl trimethylammonium as the electrochemical probe. Optimized flow rates and injection volumes gave analysis times roughly an order of magnitude faster than those of previously reported flow injection analysis ePADs. To demonstrate applicability, the CF-TPE-ePADs were used to quantify caffeic acid in three different tea samples. The proposed method had a linear range from 10 to 500 μmol L-1 and limits of detection and quantification of 2.5 and 8.3 μmol L-1, respectively. Our approach is promising for fabricating simple, inexpensive, yet high-performance, flow injection analysis devices using paper substrates and easy-to-make electrodes that do not require external mechanical pumping systems or complicated valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro A. Pradela-Filho
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Minas Gerais, Uberlândia, MG 38400-902, Brasil
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Eka Noviana
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Diele A. G. Araújo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Minas Gerais, Uberlândia, MG 38400-902, Brasil
| | - Regina M. Takeuchi
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Minas Gerais, Uberlândia, MG 38400-902, Brasil
| | - André L. Santos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Minas Gerais, Uberlândia, MG 38400-902, Brasil
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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43
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Noviana E, McCord CP, Clark KM, Jang I, Henry CS. Electrochemical paper-based devices: sensing approaches and progress toward practical applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:9-34. [PMID: 31620764 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00903e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based sensors offer an affordable yet powerful platform for field and point-of-care (POC) testing due to their self-pumping ability and utility for many different analytical measurements. When combined with electrochemical detection using small and portable electronics, sensitivity and selectivity of the paper devices can be improved over naked eye detection without sacrificing portability. Herein, we review how the field of electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs) has grown since it was introduced a decade ago. We start by reviewing fabrication methods relevant to ePADs with more focus given to the electrode fabrication, which is fundamental for electrochemical sensing. Multiple sensing approaches applicable to ePADs are then discussed and evaluated to present applicability, advantages and challenges associated with each approach. Recent applications of ePADs in the fields of clinical diagnostics, environmental testing, and food analysis are also presented. Finally, we discuss how the current ePAD technologies have progressed to meet the analytical and practical specifications required for field and/or POC applications, as well as challenges and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eka Noviana
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA. and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Cynthia P McCord
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Kaylee M Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Ilhoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA. and Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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44
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Shen L, Zhang G, Etzold BJM. Paper-Based Microfluidics for Electrochemical Applications. ChemElectroChem 2020; 7:10-30. [PMID: 32025468 PMCID: PMC6988477 DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidics is characteristic of fluid transportation through spontaneous capillary action of paper and has exhibited great promise for a variety of applications especially for sensing. Furthermore, paper-based microfluidics enables the design of miniaturized electrochemical devices to be applied in the energy sector, which is especially attractive for the rapid growing market of small size disposable electronics. This review gives a brief summary on the basics of paper chemistry and capillary-driven microfluidic behavior, and highlights recent advances of paper-based microfluidics in developing electrochemical sensing devices and miniaturized energy storage/conversion devices. Their structural features, working principles and exemplary applications are comprehensively elaborated and discussed. Additionally, this review also points out the existing challenges and future opportunities of paper-based microfluidic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu‐Liu Shen
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 864287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Gui‐Rong Zhang
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 864287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Bastian J. M. Etzold
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 864287DarmstadtGermany
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45
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Lee JJ, Berthier J, Theberge AB, Berthier E. Capillary Flow in Open Microgrooves: Bifurcations and Networks. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:10667-10675. [PMID: 31318573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Open capillary flows are increasingly used in biotechnology, biology, thermics, and space science. So far, the dynamics of capillary flows has been studied mostly for confined channels. However, the theory of open microfluidics has considerably progressed during the last years, and an expression for the travel distance has been derived, generalizing the well-known theory of Lucas, Washburn, and Rideal. This generalization is based on the use of the average friction length and generalized Cassie angle. In this work, we successively study the spontaneous capillary flow in uniform cross section open rounded U-grooves-for which methods to determine the friction lengths are proposed-the flow behavior at a bifurcation, and finally flow in a simple-loop network. We show that after a bifurcation, the Lucas-Washburn-Rideal law needs to be adapted and the relation between the travel distance and time is more complicated than the square root of time dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing J Lee
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Jean Berthier
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Ashleigh B Theberge
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
- Department of Urology , University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle , Washington 98105 , United States
| | - Erwin Berthier
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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46
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Lim H, Jafry AT, Lee J. Fabrication, Flow Control, and Applications of Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices. Molecules 2019; 24:E2869. [PMID: 31394856 PMCID: PMC6721703 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidic devices have advanced significantly in recent years as they are affordable, automated with capillary action, portable, and biodegradable diagnostic platforms for a variety of health, environmental, and food quality applications. In terms of commercialization, however, paper-based microfluidics still have to overcome significant challenges to become an authentic point-of-care testing format with the advanced capabilities of analyte purification, multiplex analysis, quantification, and detection with high sensitivity and selectivity. Moreover, fluid flow manipulation for multistep integration, which involves valving and flow velocity control, is also a critical parameter to achieve high-performance devices. Considering these limitations, the aim of this review is to (i) comprehensively analyze the fabrication techniques of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices, (ii) provide a theoretical background and various methods for fluid flow manipulation, and iii) highlight the recent detection techniques developed for various applications, including their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosub Lim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea
| | - Ali Turab Jafry
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Pakistan.
| | - Jinkee Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
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47
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Channon RB, Nguyen MP, Henry CS, Dandy DS. Multilayered Microfluidic Paper-Based Devices: Characterization, Modeling, and Perspectives. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8966-8972. [PMID: 31276368 PMCID: PMC7653499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) are simple but powerful analytical tools that are gaining significant recent attention due to their many advantages over more traditional monitoring tools. These include being inexpensive, portable, pump-free, and having the ability to store reagents. One major limitation of these devices is slow flow rates, which are controlled by capillary action in the hydrophilic pores of cellulosic paper. Recent investigations have advanced the flow rates in μPADs through the generation of a gap or channel between two closely spaced paper sheets. This multilayered format has opened up μPADs to new applications and detection schemes, where large gap sizes (>300 μm) provide at least 169× faster flow rates than single-layer μPADs, but do not conform to established mathematical models for fluid transport in porous materials, such as the classic Lucas-Washburn equation. In the present study, experimental investigations and analytical modeling are applied to elucidate the driving forces behind the rapid flow rates in these devices. We investigate a range of hypotheses for the systems fluid dynamics and establish a theoretical model to predict the flow rate in multilayered μPADs that takes into account viscous dissipation within the paper. Device orientation, sample addition method, and the gap height are found to be critical concerns when modeling the imbibition in multilayered devices.
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48
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Eriksson E, Lysell J, Larsson H, Cheung KY, Filippini D, Mak WC. Geometric Flow Control Lateral Flow Immunoassay Devices (GFC-LFIDs): A New Dimension to Enhance Analytical Performance. RESEARCH 2019; 2019:8079561. [PMID: 31549085 PMCID: PMC6750055 DOI: 10.34133/2019/8079561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The nitrocellulose (NC) membrane based lateral flow immunoassay device (LFID) is one of the most important and widely used biosensor platforms for point-of-care (PoC) diagnostics. However, the analytical performance of LFID has limitations and its optimization is restricted to the bioassay chemistry, the membrane porosity, and the choice of biolabel system. These bottom neck technical issues resulted from the fact that the conventional LFID design principle has not evolved for many years, which limited the LFID for advanced biosensor applications. Here we introduce a new dimension for LFID design and optimization based on geometric flow control (GFC) of NC membranes, leading to highly sensitive GFC-LFID. This novel approach enables comprehensive flow control via different membrane geometric features such as the width (w) and the length (l) of a constriction, as well as its input angle (θ1) and output angle (θ2). The GFC-LFID (w=0.5 mm, l=7 mm, θ1= 60°, θ2= 45°) attained a 10-fold increase in sensitivity for detection of interleukin-6 (IL-6), compared with conventional LFID, whereas reducing by 10-fold the antibody consumption. The GFC-LFID detects IL-6 over a linear range of 0.1–10 ng/mL with a limit of detection (LoD) of 29 pg/mL, which even outperforms some commercial IL-6 LFIDs. Such significant improvement is attained by pure geometric control of the NC membrane, without additives, that only relaying on a simple high throughput laser ablation procedure suitable for integration on regular large-scale manufacturing of GFC-LFIDs. Our new development on GFC-LFID with the combination of facile scalable fabrication process, tailored flow control, improved analytical performance, and reduced antibodies consumption is likely to have a significant impact on new design concept for the LFID industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Eriksson
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, IFM-Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - J Lysell
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, IFM-Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - H Larsson
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, IFM-Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - K Y Cheung
- IKE-Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - D Filippini
- Optical Devices Laboratory, IFM-Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - W C Mak
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, IFM-Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
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49
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Kacimov AR, Obnosov YV, Or D. Evaporation-Induced Capillary Siphoning Through Hydraulically Connected Porous Domains: The Vedernikov–Bouwer Model Revisited. Transp Porous Media 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-019-01285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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50
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Dynamics of stain growth from sessile droplets on paper. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 541:312-321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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