1
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Stachelska-Wierzchowska A, Wierzchowski J. Chemo-Enzymatic Generation of Highly Fluorescent Nucleoside Analogs Using Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase. Biomolecules 2024; 14:701. [PMID: 38927104 PMCID: PMC11201700 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemo-enzymatic syntheses of strongly fluorescent nucleoside analogs, potentially applicable in analytical biochemistry and cell biology are reviewed. The syntheses and properties of fluorescent ribofuranosides of several purine, 8-azapurine, and etheno-purine derivatives, obtained using various types of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) as catalysts, as well as α-ribose-1-phosphate (r1P) as a second substrate, are described. In several instances, the ribosylation sites are different to the canonical purine N9. Some of the obtained ribosides show fluorescence yields close to 100%. Possible applications of the new analogs include assays of PNP, nucleoside hydrolases, and other enzyme activities both in vitro and within living cells using fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Wierzchowski
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
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2
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Tor Y. Isomorphic Fluorescent Nucleosides. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1325-1335. [PMID: 38613490 PMCID: PMC11079976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
In 1960, Weber prophesied that "There are many ways in which the properties of the excited state can be utilized to study points of ignorance of the structure and function of proteins". This has been realized, illustrating that an intrinsic and highly responsive fluorophore such as tryptophan can alter the course of an entire scientific discipline. But what about RNA and DNA? Adapting Weber's protein photophysics prophecy to nucleic acids requires the development of intrinsically emissive nucleoside surrogates as, unlike Trp, the canonical nucleobases display unusually low emission quantum yields, which render nucleosides, nucleotides, and oligonucleotides practically dark for most fluorescence-based applications.Over the past decades, we have developed emissive nucleoside surrogates that facilitate the monitoring of nucleoside-, nucleotide-, and nucleic acid-based transformations at a nucleobase resolution in real time. The premise underlying our approach is the identification of minimal atomic/structural perturbations that endow the synthetic analogs with favorable photophysical features while maintaining native conformations and pairing. As illuminating probes, the photophysical parameters of such isomorphic nucleosides display sensitivity to microenvironmental factors. Responsive isomorphic analogs that function similarly to their native counterparts in biochemical contexts are defined as isofunctional.Early analogs included pyrimidines substituted with five-membered aromatic heterocycles at their 5 position and have been used to assess the polarity of the major groove in duplexes. Polarized quinazolines have proven useful in assembling FRET pairs with established fluorophores and have been used to study RNA-protein and RNA-small-molecule binding. Completing a fluorescent ribonucleoside alphabet, composed of visibly emissive purine (thA, thG) and pyrimidine (thU, thC) analogs, all derived from thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidine as the heterocyclic nucleus, was a major breakthrough. To further augment functionality, a second-generation emissive RNA alphabet based on an isothiazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine core (thA, tzG, tzU, and tzC) was fabricated. This single-atom "mutagenesis" restored the basic/coordinating nitrogen corresponding to N7 in the purine skeleton and elevated biological recognition.The isomorphic emissive nucleosides and nucleotides, particularly the purine analogs, serve as substrates for diverse enzymes. Beyond polymerases, we have challenged the emissive analogs with metabolic and catabolic enzymes, opening optical windows into the biochemistry of nucleosides and nucleotides as metabolites as well as coenzymes and second messengers. Real-time fluorescence-based assays for adenosine deaminase, guanine deaminase, and cytidine deaminase have been fabricated and used for inhibitor discovery. Emissive cofactors (e.g., SthAM), coenzymes (e.g., NtzAD+), and second messengers (e.g., c-di-tzGMP) have been enzymatically synthesized, using xyNTPs and native enzymes. Both their biosynthesis and their transformations can be fluorescently monitored in real time.Highly isomorphic and isofunctional emissive surrogates can therefore be fabricated and judiciously implemented. Beyond their utility, side-by-side comparison to established analogs, particularly to 2-aminopurine, the workhorse of nucleic acid biophysics over 5 decades, has proven prudent as they refined the scope and limitations of both the new analogs and their predecessors. Challenges, however, remain. Associated with such small heterocycles are relatively short emission wavelengths and limited brightness. Recent advances in multiphoton spectroscopy and further structural modifications have shown promise for overcoming such barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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3
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Chamberlain AR, Harris ME. Rapid Ribonuclease P Kinetics Measured by Stopped-Flow Fluorescence and Fluorescence Anisotropy. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2822:431-441. [PMID: 38907933 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3918-4_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy is a highly sensitive method for measuring rapid enzyme kinetics. A wide range of fluorophores can be employed, and fluorescence and fluorescence polarization can be measured. Thus, binding, conformational changes, and catalysis can, in principle, be measured, making it helpful in probing the entire kinetic landscape of a reaction. In this chapter, we use the bacterial RNA processing enzyme ribonuclease P (RNase P) as a model system to illustrate the determination of the kinetic constants for substrate binding and cleavage, thus allowing mechanistic questions regarding the effects of reaction conditions, mutations, or drug binding to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael E Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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4
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Maciejczyk M, Pyrka M. Tautomeric equilibrium and spectroscopic properties of 8-azaguanine revealed by quantum chemistry methods. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2023; 52:545-557. [PMID: 37507591 PMCID: PMC10618388 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-023-01672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
8-azaguanine is a triazolopyrimidine nucleobase analog possessing potent antibacterial and antitumor activities, and it has been implicated as a lead molecule in cancer and malaria therapy. Its intrinsic fluorescence properties can be utilized for monitoring its interactions with biological polymers like proteins or nucleic acids. In order to better understand these interactions, it is important to know the tautomeric equilibrium of this compound. In this work, the tautomeric equilibrium of all natural neutral and anionic compound forms (except highly improbable imino-enol tautomers) as well as their methyl derivatives and ribosides was revealed by quantum chemistry methods. It was shown that, as expected, tautomers protonated at positions 1 and 9 dominate neutral forms both in gas phase and in aqueous solution. 8-azaguanines methylated at any position of the triazole ring are protonated at position 1. The computed vertical absorption and emission energies are in very good agreement with the experimental data. They confirm the validity of the assumption that replacing the proton with the methyl group does not significantly change the positions of absorption and fluorescence peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Maciejczyk
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Maciej Pyrka
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
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5
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Mlotkowski AJ, Schlegel HB, Chow CS. Calculated p Ka Values for a Series of Aza- and Deaza-Modified Nucleobases. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:3526-3534. [PMID: 37037184 PMCID: PMC10123669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
A variety of synthetic modified nucleobases have been used to investigate the structure and function of RNA and DNA or act as enzyme inhibitors. A set of these modifications involves the addition or removal of a nitrogen atom in the ring. These aza and deaza modifications have garnered interest as useful biochemical tools, but information on some of their physical characteristics is lacking. In this study, the B3LYP density functional with the 6-31+G(d,p) basis set and an implicit-explicit solvent model was used to perform ab initio quantum mechanical studies to estimate pKa values of aza- and deaza-modified nucleobases. A comparison between theoretical and known experimental pKa values was carried out, and adjustment factors were applied to 57 pKa values in the purine and pyrimidine data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Mlotkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - H Bernhard Schlegel
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Christine S Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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6
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Hoffman GR, Schoffstall AM. Syntheses and Applications of 1,2,3-Triazole-Fused Pyrazines and Pyridazines. Molecules 2022; 27:4681. [PMID: 35897857 PMCID: PMC9329905 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazines and pyridazines fused to 1,2,3-triazoles comprise a set of heterocycles obtained through a variety of synthetic routes. Two typical modes of constructing these heterocyclic ring systems are cyclizing a heterocyclic diamine with a nitrite or reacting hydrazine hydrate with dicarbonyl 1,2,3-triazoles. Several unique methods are known, particularly for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrazines and their benzo-fused quinoxaline and quinoxalinone-containing analogs. Recent applications detail the use of these heterocycles in medicinal chemistry (c-Met inhibition or GABAA modulating activity) as fluorescent probes and as structural units of polymers.
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Key Words
- 1,2,3-triazole
- 1,2,3-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrazine
- 1,2,3-triazolo[1,5-b]pyridazine
- 1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyrazine
- 1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-c]pyridazine
- 1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyridazine
- fused 1,2,3-triazole
- practical applications
- synthesis
- triazolopyrazine
- triazolopyridazine
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allen M. Schoffstall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA;
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7
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Abstract
A new fluorescent ribonucleoside alphabet (mth N) consisting of pyrimidine and purine analogues, all derived from methylthieno[3,4-d]pyrimidine as the heterocyclic core, is described. Large bathochromic shifts and high microenvironmental susceptibility of their emission relative to previous alphabets derived from thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidine (th N) and isothiazole[4,3-d]pyrimidine (tz N) scaffolds are observed. Subjecting the purine analogues to adenosine deaminase, guanine deaminase and T7 RNA polymerase indicate that, while varying, all but one enzyme tolerate the corresponding mth N/mth NTP substrates. The robust emission quantum yields, high photophysical responsiveness and enzymatic accommodation suggest that the mth N alphabet is a biophysically viable tool and can be used to probe the tolerance of nucleoside/tide-processing enzymes to structural perturbations of their substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Ludford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Shenghua Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Marcela S Bucardo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
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8
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Bucardo MS, Wu Y, Ludford PT, Li Y, Fin A, Tor Y. Real-Time Monitoring of Human Guanine Deaminase Activity by an Emissive Guanine Analog. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1208-1214. [PMID: 34190533 PMCID: PMC9109600 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Guanine deaminase (GDA) deaminates guanine to xanthine. Despite its significance, the study of human GDA remains limited compared to other metabolic deaminases. As a result, its substrate and inhibitor repertoire are limited, and effective real-time activity, inhibitory, and discovery assays are missing. Herein, we explore two emissive heterocyclic cores, based on thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidine (thN) and isothiazole[4,3-d]pyrimidine (tzN), as surrogate GDA substrates. We demonstrate that, unlike the thieno analog, thGN, the isothiazolo guanine surrogate, tzGN, does undergo effective enzymatic deamination by GDA and yields the spectroscopically distinct xanthine analog, tzXN. Further, we showcase the potential of this fluorescent nucleobase surrogate to provide a visible spectral window for a real-time study of GDA and its inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela S Bucardo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - You Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Paul T Ludford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Andrea Fin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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9
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Xu T, Hu Z, Lv M, Zhou Z, Xu J, Sun Z, Sun H, Chen J. Hydrogen atom and water complex determine the excited state dynamics of 8-azaguanine. Chem Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Matyugina ES, Kochetkov SN, Khandazhinskaya AL. SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF AZA- AND DEAZA-ANALOGS OF PURINE NUCLEOSIDES. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Wierzchowski J, Smyk B. Excited-State Proton Transfer in 8-Azapurines I: A Kinetic Analysis of 8-Azaxanthine Fluorescence. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122740. [PMID: 32545696 PMCID: PMC7356501 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A super-continuum white laser with a half-pulse width of ~75 ps was used to observe the kinetics of a postulated excited-state proton transfer in 8-azaxanthine and its 8-methyl derivative. Both compounds exhibited dual emissions in weakly acidified alcoholic media, but only one band was present in aqueous solutions, exhibiting an abnormal Stokes shift (>12,000 cm−1). It was shown that long-wavelength emissions were delayed relative to the excitation pulse within alcoholic media. The rise time was calculated to be 0.4–0.5 ns in both methanol and deuterated methanol. This is equal to the main component of the fluorescence decay in the short-wavelength band (340 nm). Time-resolved emission spectra (TRES) indicated a two-state photo-transformation model in both compounds. Global analysis of the time dependence revealed three exponential components in each compound, one of which had an identical rise-time, with the second attributed to a long-wavelength band decay (6.4 ns for aza-xanthine and 8.3 ns for its 8-methyl derivative). The origin of the third, intermediate decay time (1.41 ns for aza-xanthine and 0.87 ns for 8-methyl-azaxanthine) is uncertain, but decay-associated spectra (DAS) containing both bands suggest the participation of a contact ion pair. These results confirm the model of phototautomerism proposed earlier, but the question of the anomalous isotope effect remains unsolved.
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12
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Stachelska-Wierzchowska A, Wierzchowski J, Górka M, Bzowska A, Stolarski R, Wielgus-Kutrowska B. Tricyclic Nucleobase Analogs and Their Ribosides as Substrates and Inhibitors of Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylases III. Aminopurine Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:E681. [PMID: 32033464 PMCID: PMC7037862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Etheno-derivatives of 2-aminopurine, 2-aminopurine riboside, and 7-deazaadenosine (tubercidine) were prepared and purified using standard methods. 2-Aminopurine reacted with aqueous chloroacetaldehyde to give two products, both exhibiting substrate activity towards bacterial (E. coli) purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) in the reverse (synthetic) pathway. The major product of the chemical synthesis, identified as 1,N2-etheno-2-aminopurine, reacted slowly, while the second, minor, but highly fluorescent product, reacted rapidly. NMR analysis allowed identification of the minor product as N2,3-etheno-2-aminopurine, and its ribosylation product as N2,3-etheno-2-aminopurine-N2--D-riboside. Ribosylation of 1,N2-etheno-2-aminopurine led to analogous N2--d-riboside of this base. Both enzymatically produced ribosides were readily phosphorolysed by bacterial PNP to the respective bases. The reaction of 2-aminopurine-N9- -D-riboside with chloroacetaldehyde gave one major product, clearly distinct from that obtained from the enzymatic synthesis, which was not a substrate for PNP. A tri-cyclic 7-deazaadenosine (tubercidine) derivative was prepared in an analogous way and shown to be an effective inhibitor of the E. coli, but not of the mammalian enzyme. Fluorescent complexes of amino-purine analogs with E. coli PNP were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Wierzchowski
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Michał Górka
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 5 Pasteura St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.); (R.S.)
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 101 Zwirki i Wigury St., 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bzowska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 5 Pasteura St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Ryszard Stolarski
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 5 Pasteura St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Beata Wielgus-Kutrowska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 5 Pasteura St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.); (R.S.)
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13
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Pyrka M, Maciejczyk M. Why Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Ribosylates 2,6-Diamino-8-azapurine in Noncanonical Positions? A Molecular Modeling Study. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:1595-1606. [PMID: 31944095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) is an enzyme that catalyzes a reversible conversion process (ribosylation and phosphorolysis) between nucleobases (purines) and their nucleosides. Experimental studies showed that calf PNP ribosylates purine analogues in specific positions: 2,6-diamino-8-azapurine in position 7 or 8 and 8-azaguanine in position 9 of the triazole ring. The reason for this phenomenon can be a result of different expositions of purine substrates to the channel leading to the binding site. This hypothesis was verified by the application of molecular modeling techniques to two complexes of purine analogues 2,6-diamino-azapurine, calf PNP (pdb-code: 1LVU), and 8-azaguanine, calf PNP (pdb-code: 2AI1). The results obtained with a combination of quantum chemistry, docking, and molecular dynamics methods showed qualitative validity of our hypothesis. Binding free energies of protein-ligand systems showed that most probable binding poses expose N8 nitrogen for 2,6-diamino-8-azapurine and N9 nitrogen for 8-azaguanine into the binding channel and ruled out the exposition of N9 for 2,6-diamino-8-azapurine and N7 for 8-azaguanine, partially in agreement with the experimental data. The other important result obtained in this study is a significantly higher population of the protonated form of crucial residue Glu-201 present in the binding pocket, compared to the standard protonation of free glutamic acid in solution. This result combined with populations of tautomeric forms of both investigated systems strongly suggests that 2,6-diamino-8-azapurine and 8-azaguanine are recognized by proteins with deprotonated and protonated Glu-201 residues, respectively. A comparison of computed binding poses of the investigated ligands to the inhibitors present in crystal structures suggests that the modification of the (S)-PMPDAP inhibitor, in which a 2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl chain is attached at position 8 instead of position 9, might increase its binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Pyrka
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maciej Maciejczyk
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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14
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Eltyshev AK, Minin AS, Smoliuk LT, Benassi E, Belskaya NP. 2-Aryl-2,4-dihydro-5H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-5-ones as a New Platform for the Design and Synthesis of Biosensors and Chemosensors. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Artem S. Minin
- Ural Federal University; 19 Mira Str. 620002 Yekaterinburg Russia
- M. N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics; Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Science; 18 S. Kovalevskaya Str. 620108 Yekaterinburg Russia
| | - Leonid T. Smoliuk
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology; Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Science; 20 S. Kovalevskaya Str. 620049 Yekaterinburg Russia
| | - Enrico Benassi
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Science; 18 Tianshui Middle Rd 73000020 Lanzhou Shi Gansu Sheng P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry; Hexi University; 734000 Zhangye P. R. China
| | - Nataliya P. Belskaya
- Ural Federal University; 19 Mira Str. 620002 Yekaterinburg Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis; Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Science; 20 S. Kovalevskaya Str. 620219 Yekaterinburg Russia
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15
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Zhou Z, Hu Z, Zhang X, Jia M, Wang X, Su H, Sun H, Chen J, Xu J. pH Controlled Intersystem Crossing and Singlet Oxygen Generation of 8-Azaadenine in Aqueous Solution. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:757-765. [PMID: 30702794 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Azabases are intriguing DNA and RNA analogues and have been used as effective antiviral and anticancer medicines. However, photosensitivity of these drugs has also been reported. Here, pH-controlled intersystem crossing (ISC) process of 9H 8-azaadenine (8-AA) in aqueous solution is reported. Broadband transient absorption measurements reveal that the hydrogen atom at N9 position can greatly affect ISC of 8-AA and ISC is more favorable when 8-AA is in its neutral form in aqueous solution. The initial excited ππ* (S2 ) state evolves through ultrafast internal conversion (IC) (4.2 ps) to the lower-lying nπ* state (S1 ), which further stands as a door way state for ISC with a time constant of 160 ps. The triplet state has a lifetime of 6.1 μs. On the other hand, deprotonation at N9 position promotes the IC from the ππ* (S2 ) state to the ground state (S0 ) and the lifetime of the S2 state is determined to be 10 ps. The experimental results are further supported by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. Singlet oxygen generation yield is measured to be 13.8 % for the neutral 8-AA while the deprotonated one exhibit much lower yield (<2 %), implying that this compound could be a potential pH-sensitized photodynamic therapy agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongneng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Zhubin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xianwang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Menghui Jia
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Xueli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Hongmei Su
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
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16
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Ludford PT, Rovira AR, Fin A, Tor Y. Fluorescing Isofunctional Ribonucleosides: Assessing Adenosine Deaminase Activity and Inhibition. Chembiochem 2019; 20:718-726. [PMID: 30566279 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic conversion of isothiazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine-based adenosine (tz A) and 2-aminoadenosine (tz 2-AA) analogues to the corresponding isothiazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine-based inosine (tz I) and guanosine (tz G) derivatives is evaluated and compared to the conversion of native adenosine to inosine. Henri-Michaelis-Menten analyses provides the foundation for a high-throughput screening assay, and the efficacy of the assay is showcased by fluorescence-based analysis of tz A conversion to tz I in the presence of known and newly synthesized inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Ludford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Alexander R Rovira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Andrea Fin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
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17
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Eltyshev AK, Suntsova PO, Karmatskaia KD, Taniya OS, Slepukhin PA, Benassi E, Belskaya NP. An effective and facile synthesis of new blue fluorophores on the basis of an 8-azapurine core. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:9420-9429. [PMID: 30500034 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02644k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A convenient synthesis of 2-aryl-2,4-dihydro-5H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-5-ones (DTPs) from 3,3-diamino-2-(arylazo)acrylonitriles through a versatile and readily accessible two-step procedure is described. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to explain the selectivity of the heterocyclization step, which predominantly afforded 6-amino-5-(arylazo)pyrimidin-2(1H)-thiones in chloroform or ethanol, and 2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-triazines in toluene or DMF. Novel 2-aryl-2,4-dihydro-5H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-5-ones were obtained in good yields and showed absorption in the ultraviolet region and good emission in the blue region. The photophysical properties of DTPs were better than those cited in select literature examples of 8-azapurines. Owing to the facile synthesis and good photophysical characteristics in an aqueous medium, the new DTPs should have potential applications as organic fluorophores in fluorescence imaging and materials science.
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18
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Krinochkin AP, Kopchuk DS, Giri K, Shtaitz YK, Starnovskaya ES, Khalymbadzha IA, Drokin RA, Ulomsky EN, Santra S, Zyryanov GV, Rusinov VL, Chupakhin ON. A PASE Approach towards (Adamantyl-1)-, Alkyl- and (Het)Aryl-Substituted [1, 2,4]triazolo[1, 5-d][1, 2,4]triazines: A Sequence of Two Solvent-Free Reactions Bearing Lower E-Factors. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey P. Krinochkin
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry; Chemical Engineering Institute; Ural Federal University; 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg, K-2 620002 Russian Federation
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis; Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 22 S. Kovalevskoy Str., Yekaterinburg 620219, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry S. Kopchuk
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry; Chemical Engineering Institute; Ural Federal University; 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg, K-2 620002 Russian Federation
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis; Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 22 S. Kovalevskoy Str., Yekaterinburg 620219, Russian Federation
| | - Kousik Giri
- Department of Computational Sciences; Central University of Punjab, City Campus; Mansa Road Bathinda−151001 India
| | - Yaroslav K. Shtaitz
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry; Chemical Engineering Institute; Ural Federal University; 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg, K-2 620002 Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina S. Starnovskaya
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry; Chemical Engineering Institute; Ural Federal University; 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg, K-2 620002 Russian Federation
| | - Igor A. Khalymbadzha
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry; Chemical Engineering Institute; Ural Federal University; 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg, K-2 620002 Russian Federation
| | - Roman A. Drokin
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry; Chemical Engineering Institute; Ural Federal University; 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg, K-2 620002 Russian Federation
| | - Eugeny N. Ulomsky
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry; Chemical Engineering Institute; Ural Federal University; 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg, K-2 620002 Russian Federation
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis; Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 22 S. Kovalevskoy Str., Yekaterinburg 620219, Russian Federation
| | - Sougata Santra
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry; Chemical Engineering Institute; Ural Federal University; 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg, K-2 620002 Russian Federation
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry; Chemical Engineering Institute; Ural Federal University; 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg, K-2 620002 Russian Federation
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis; Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 22 S. Kovalevskoy Str., Yekaterinburg 620219, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir L. Rusinov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry; Chemical Engineering Institute; Ural Federal University; 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg, K-2 620002 Russian Federation
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis; Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 22 S. Kovalevskoy Str., Yekaterinburg 620219, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg N. Chupakhin
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry; Chemical Engineering Institute; Ural Federal University; 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg, K-2 620002 Russian Federation
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis; Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 22 S. Kovalevskoy Str., Yekaterinburg 620219, Russian Federation
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19
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Liu J, Ingale SA, Seela F. Guanine and 8-Azaguanine in Anomeric DNA Hybrid Base Pairs: Stability, Fluorescence Sensing, and Efficient Mismatch Discrimination with α-d-Nucleosides. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2265-2277. [PMID: 29771499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The α-anomers of 8-aza-2'-deoxyguanosine (αGd*) and 2'-deoxyguanosine (αGd) were site-specifically incorporated in 12-mer duplexes opposite to the four canonical DNA constituents dA, dG, dT, and dC. Oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing αGd* display significant fluorescence at slightly elevated pH (8.0). Oligodeoxyribonucleotides incorporating β-anomeric 8-aza-2'-deoxyguanosine (Gd*) and canonical dG were studied for comparison. For αGd* synthesis, an efficient purification of anomeric 8-azaguanine nucleosides was developed on the basis of protected intermediates, and a new αGd* phosphoramidite was prepared. Differences were observed for sugar conformations ( N vs S) and p Ka values of anomeric nucleosides. Duplex stability and mismatch discrimination were studied employing UV-dependent melting and fluorescence quenching. A gradual fluorescence change takes place in duplex DNA when the α-nucleoside αGd* was positioned opposite to the four canonical β-nucleosides. The strongest fluorescence decrease appeared in duplexes incorporating αGd*-Cd base pair matches. Decreasing fluorescence corresponds to increasing Tm values. For mismatch discrimination, the α-anomers αGd* and αGd are more efficient than the corresponding β-nucleosides. Duplexes with single "purine-purine" αGd*-αGd* or αGd-αGd base pairs are significantly more stable than those displaying β-d configuration. CD spectra indicate that single mutations by α-anomeric nucleosides do not affect the global structure of B-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liu
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Center for Nanotechnology , Heisenbergstrasse 11 , 48149 Münster , Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Oral Medicine of West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , 610041 Sichuan , P. R. China.,Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien , Universität Osnabrück , Barbarastrasse 7 , 49069 Osnabrück , Germany
| | - Sachin A Ingale
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Center for Nanotechnology , Heisenbergstrasse 11 , 48149 Münster , Germany.,Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien , Universität Osnabrück , Barbarastrasse 7 , 49069 Osnabrück , Germany
| | - Frank Seela
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Center for Nanotechnology , Heisenbergstrasse 11 , 48149 Münster , Germany.,Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien , Universität Osnabrück , Barbarastrasse 7 , 49069 Osnabrück , Germany
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20
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Design of a fused triazolyl 2-quinolinone unnatural nucleoside via tandem CuAAC-Ullmann coupling reaction and study of photophysical property. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Stachelska-Wierzchowska A, Wierzchowski J, Bzowska A, Wielgus-Kutrowska B. Tricyclic nitrogen base 1,N 6-ethenoadenine and its ribosides as substrates for purine-nucleoside phosphorylases: Spectroscopic and kinetic studies. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 37:89-101. [PMID: 29376769 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2017.1419255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The title compound is an excellent substrate for E. coli PNP, as well as for its D204N mutant. The main product of the synthetic reaction is N9-riboside, but some amount of N7-riboside is also present. Surprisingly, 1,N6-ethenoadenine is also ribosylated by both wild-type and mutated (N243D) forms of calf PNP, which catalyze the synthesis of a different riboside, tentatively identified as N6-β-D-ribosyl-1,N6-ethenoadenine. All ribosides are susceptible to phosphorolysis by the E. coli PNP (wild type). All the ribosides are fluorescent and can be utilized as analytical probes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Wierzchowski
- a Department of Biophysics , University of Varmia & Masuria in Olsztyn , 4 Oczapowskiego St, Olsztyn , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bzowska
- b Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics , University of Warsaw , 5 Pasteura St., Warsaw , Poland
| | - Beata Wielgus-Kutrowska
- b Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics , University of Warsaw , 5 Pasteura St., Warsaw , Poland
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22
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Hallé F, Fin A, Rovira AR, Tor Y. Emissive Synthetic Cofactors: Enzymatic Interconversions of tz A Analogues of ATP, NAD + , NADH, NADP + , and NADPH. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1087-1090. [PMID: 29228460 PMCID: PMC5771816 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of enzymatic transformations, which generate visibly emissive isofunctional cofactors based on an isothiazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine analogue of adenosine (tz A), was developed. Nicotinamide adenylyl transferase condenses nicotinamide mononucleotide and tz ATP to yield Ntz AD+ , which can be enzymatically phosphorylated by NAD+ kinase and ATP or tz ATP to the corresponding Ntz ADP+ . The latter can be engaged in NADP-specific coupled enzymatic transformations involving conversion to Ntz ADPH by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and reoxidation to Ntz ADP+ by glutathione reductase. The Ntz ADP+ /Ntz ADPH cycle can be monitored in real time by fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Hallé
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Andrea Fin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Alexander R Rovira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
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23
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Mondal M, Begum T, Bharali P. Regioselective C–H and N–H functionalization of purine derivatives and analogues: a synthetic and mechanistic perspective. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy01860j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This perspective provides a systematic and concise overview of the recent development in C–H/N–H bond functionalization in purine derivatives and analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Tezpur University
- Tezpur-784028
- India
| | - Tahshina Begum
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division
- CSIR-NEIST
- AcSIR
- Jorhat-785006
- India
| | - Pankaj Bharali
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Tezpur University
- Tezpur-784028
- India
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24
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Emissive Synthetic Cofactors: Enzymatic Interconversions of tz
A Analogues of ATP, NAD+
, NADH, NADP+
, and NADPH. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Debnath D, Purkayastha A, Kirillov A, Ganguly R, Misra TK. Study of an efficient conversion of 1,3-dimethyl-5-(Arylazo)-6-Amino-Uracils to 1,3-dimethyl-8-(Aryl)-Azapurin-2,6-Diones. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Rovira AR, Fin A, Tor Y. Emissive Synthetic Cofactors: An Isomorphic, Isofunctional, and Responsive NAD + Analogue. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15556-15559. [PMID: 29043790 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysics, and biochemical utility of a fluorescent NAD+ analogue based on an isothiazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine core (NtzAD+) are described. Enzymatic reactions, photophysically monitored in real time, show NtzAD+ and NtzADH to be substrates for yeast alcohol dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase, respectively, with reaction rates comparable to that of the native cofactors. A drop in fluorescence is seen as NtzAD+ is converted to NtzADH, reflecting a complementary photophysical behavior to that of the native NAD+/NADH. NtzAD+ and NtzADH serve as substrates for NADase, which selectively cleaves the nicotinamide's glycosidic bond yielding tzADP-ribose. NtzAD+ also serves as a substrate for ribosyl transferases, including human adenosine ribosyl transferase 5 (ART5) and Cholera toxin subunit A (CTA), which hydrolyze the nicotinamide and transfer tzADP-ribose to an arginine analogue, respectively. These reactions can be monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy, in stark contrast to the corresponding processes with the nonemissive NAD+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Rovira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Andrea Fin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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27
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Burgos ES, Walters RO, Huffman DM, Shechter D. A simplified characterization of S-adenosyl-l-methionine-consuming enzymes with 1-Step EZ-MTase: a universal and straightforward coupled-assay for in vitro and in vivo setting. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6601-6612. [PMID: 29449933 PMCID: PMC5676521 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02830j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyltransferases use S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to deposit methyl marks. Many of these epigenetic 'writers' are associated with gene regulation. As cancer etiology is highly correlated with misregulated methylation patterns, methyltransferases are emerging therapeutic targets. Successful assignment of methyltransferases' roles within intricate biological networks relies on (1) the access to enzyme mechanistic insights and (2) the efficient screening of chemical probes against these targets. To characterize methyltransferases in vitro and in vivo, we report a highly-sensitive one-step deaminase-linked continuous assay where the S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) enzyme-product is rapidly and quantitatively catabolized to S-inosyl-l-homocysteine (SIH). To highlight the broad capabilities of this assay, we established enzymatic characteristics of two protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMT5 and PRMT7), a histone-lysine N-methyltransferase (DIM-5) and a sarcosine/dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase (SDMT). Since the coupling deaminase TM0936 displays robust activity over a broad pH-range we determined the pH dependence of SDMT reaction rates. TM0936 reactions are monitored at 263 nm, so a drawback may arise when methyl acceptor substrates absorb within this UV-range. To overcome this limitation, we used an isosteric fluorescent SAM-analog: S-8-aza-adenosyl-l-methionine. Most enzymes tolerated this probe and sustained methyltransfers were efficiently monitored through loss of fluorescence at 360 nm. Unlike discontinuous radioactive- and antibody-based assays, our assay provides a simple, versatile and affordable approach towards the characterization of methyltransferases. Supported by three logs of linear dynamic range, the 1-Step EZ-MTase can detect methylation rates as low as 2 μM h-1, thus making it possible to quantify low nanomolar concentrations of glycine N-methyltransferase within crude biological samples. With Z'-factors above 0.75, this assay is well suited to high-throughput screening and may promote the identification of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel S Burgos
- Department of Biochemistry , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue , Bronx , New York 10461 , USA . ; ; ; Tel: +1-718-430-4120 ; Tel: +1-718-430-4128
| | - Ryan O Walters
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue , Bronx , New York 10461 , USA.,Department of Medicine , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue , Bronx , New York 10461 , USA.,Department of Institute for Aging Research , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue , Bronx , New York 10461 , USA
| | - Derek M Huffman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue , Bronx , New York 10461 , USA.,Department of Medicine , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue , Bronx , New York 10461 , USA.,Department of Institute for Aging Research , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue , Bronx , New York 10461 , USA
| | - David Shechter
- Department of Biochemistry , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue , Bronx , New York 10461 , USA . ; ; ; Tel: +1-718-430-4120 ; Tel: +1-718-430-4128
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28
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Bag SS, Das SK. Design, Synthesis and Photophysical Property of a Doubly Widened Fused-Triazolyl-Phenanthrene Unnatural Nucleoside. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhendu Sekhar Bag
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwhati-; 781039 Assam India
| | - Suman Kalyan Das
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwhati-; 781039 Assam India
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29
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Rovira AR, Fin A, Tor Y. Expanding a fluorescent RNA alphabet: synthesis, photophysics and utility of isothiazole-derived purine nucleoside surrogates. Chem Sci 2017; 8:2983-2993. [PMID: 28451365 PMCID: PMC5380116 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc05354h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of emissive ribonucleoside purine mimics, all comprised of an isothiazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine core, was prepared using a divergent pathway involving a key Thorpe-Ziegler cyclization. In addition to an adenosine and a guanosine mimic, analogues of the noncanonical xanthosine, isoguanosine, and 2-aminoadenosine were also synthesized and found to be emissive. Isothiazolo 2-aminoadenosine, an adenosine surrogate, was found to be particularly emissive and effectively deaminated by adenosine deaminase. Competitive studies with adenosine deaminase with each analogue in combination with native adenosine showed preference for the native substrate while still deaminating the isothiazolo analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Rovira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , USA .
| | - Andrea Fin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , USA .
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , USA .
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30
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Warratz S, Burns DJ, Zhu C, Korvorapun K, Rogge T, Scholz J, Jooss C, Gelman D, Ackermann L. meta
‐C−H Bromination on Purine Bases by Heterogeneous Ruthenium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1557-1560. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Warratz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - David J. Burns
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Cuiju Zhu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Korkit Korvorapun
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Torben Rogge
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Julius Scholz
- Institut für MaterialphysikGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Christian Jooss
- Institut für MaterialphysikGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1 37077 Göttingen Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC)Georg-August University of Göttingen Germany
| | - Dmitri Gelman
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University Edmond Safra Campus 91904 Jerusalem Israel
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC)Georg-August University of Göttingen Germany
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31
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Warratz S, Burns DJ, Zhu C, Korvorapun K, Rogge T, Scholz J, Jooss C, Gelman D, Ackermann L. meta
-C−H Bromination on Purine Bases by Heterogeneous Ruthenium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Warratz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - David J. Burns
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Cuiju Zhu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Korkit Korvorapun
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Torben Rogge
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Julius Scholz
- Institut für Materialphysik; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Christian Jooss
- Institut für Materialphysik; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1 37077 Göttingen Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC); Georg-August University of Göttingen; Germany
| | - Dmitri Gelman
- Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University; Edmond Safra Campus 91904 Jerusalem Israel
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC); Georg-August University of Göttingen; Germany
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32
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Zhang X, Su L, Qiu L, Fan Z, Zhang X, Lin S, Huang Q. Palladium-catalyzed C–H olefination of uracils and caffeines using molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:3499-3506. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00616k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed oxidative C–H olefination of uracils or caffeines with alkenes using an atmospheric pressure of molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant has been disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
| | - Lv Su
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
| | - Lin Qiu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
| | - Zhenwei Fan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
| | - Shen Lin
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
| | - Qiufeng Huang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
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33
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Ruan Z, Ghorai D, Zanoni G, Ackermann L. Nickel-catalyzed C–H activation of purine bases with alkyl halides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:9113-9116. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
C–H alkylations of purine nucleosides were achieved by means of user-friendly nickel catalysis with ample substrate scope and high levels of chemo, site and regio control, which among others enabled the direct fluorescent labeling of purines in terms of late stage diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Ruan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie
- Georg-August-Universität
- 37077 Goettingen
- Germany
| | - Debasish Ghorai
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie
- Georg-August-Universität
- 37077 Goettingen
- Germany
| | | | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie
- Georg-August-Universität
- 37077 Goettingen
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry
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34
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Stachelska-Wierzchowska A, Wierzchowski J, Bzowska A, Wielgus-Kutrowska B. Site-Selective Ribosylation of Fluorescent Nucleobase Analogs Using Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase as a Catalyst: Effects of Point Mutations. Molecules 2015; 21:E44. [PMID: 26729076 PMCID: PMC6274182 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic ribosylation of fluorescent 8-azapurine derivatives, like 8-azaguanine and 2,6-diamino-8-azapurine, with purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) as a catalyst, leads to N9, N8, and N7-ribosides. The final proportion of the products may be modulated by point mutations in the enzyme active site. As an example, ribosylation of the latter substrate by wild-type calf PNP gives N7- and N8-ribosides, while the N243D mutant directs the ribosyl substitution at N9- and N7-positions. The same mutant allows synthesis of the fluorescent N7-β-d-ribosyl-8-azaguanine. The mutated form of the E. coli PNP, D204N, can be utilized to obtain non-typical ribosides of 8-azaadenine and 2,6-diamino-8-azapurine as well. The N7- and N8-ribosides of the 8-azapurines can be analytically useful, as illustrated by N7-β-d-ribosyl-2,6-diamino-8-azapurine, which is a good fluorogenic substrate for mammalian forms of PNP, including human blood PNP, while the N8-riboside is selective to the E. coli enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Stachelska-Wierzchowska
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Varmia & Masuria in Olsztyn, 4 Oczapowskiego St., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Jacek Wierzchowski
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Varmia & Masuria in Olsztyn, 4 Oczapowskiego St., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Bzowska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Beata Wielgus-Kutrowska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
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35
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Zdzienicka A, Schols D, Andrei G, Snoeck R, Głowacka IE. Phosphonylated 8-Azahypoxantines as Acyclic Nucleotide Analogs. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2015.1054931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zdzienicka
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Łódź, 90-151 Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, Poland
| | - Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iwona E. Głowacka
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Łódź, 90-151 Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, Poland
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36
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Abstract
An evolved fluorescent ribonucleoside alphabet comprising isomorphic purine ((tz)A, (tz)G) and pyrimidine ((tz)U, (tz)C) analogues, all derived from isothiazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine as a common heterocyclic core, is described. Structural and biochemical analyses illustrate that the nucleosides, particularly the C-nucleosidic purine analogues, are faithful isomorphic and isofunctional surrogates of their natural counterparts and show improved features when compared to an RNA alphabet derived from thieno[3,4-d]-pyrimidine. The restoration of the nitrogen in a position equivalent to the purines' N7 leads to "isofunctional" behavior, as illustrated by the ability of adenosine deaminase to deaminate (tz)A as effectively as adenosine, the native substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Rovira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Andrea Fin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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