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Prencipe F, Barzan C, Savian C, Spalluto G, Carosati E, De Amici M, Mosconi G, Gianferrara T, Federico S, Da Ros T. Gaucher Disease: A Glance from a Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300641. [PMID: 38329692 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Rare diseases are particular pathological conditions affecting a limited number of people and few drugs are known to be effective as therapeutic treatment. Gaucher disease, caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, belongs to this class of disorders, and it is considered the most common among the Lysosomal Storage Diseases. The two main therapeutic approaches are the Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT) and the Substrate Reduction Therapy (SRT). ERT, consisting in replacing the defective enzyme by administering a recombinant enzyme, is effective in alleviating the visceral symptoms, hallmarks of the most common subtype of the disease whereas it has no effects when symptoms involve CNS, since the recombinant protein is unable to significantly cross the Blood Brain Barrier. The SRT strategy involves inhibiting glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), the enzyme responsible for the production of the associated storage molecule. The rational design of new inhibitors of GCS has been hampered by the lack of either the crystal structure of the enzyme or an in-silico model of the active site which could provide important information regarding the interactions of potential inhibitors with the target, but, despite this, interesting results have been obtained and are herein reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Prencipe
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Barzan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Molecular Genetics Institute, CNR Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Savian
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Emanuele Carosati
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco De Amici
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milano Via Luigi Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mosconi
- Fidia Farmaceutici Via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35021, Abano Terme, Italy
| | - Teresa Gianferrara
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tatiana Da Ros
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
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Tseng PS, Ande C, Moremen KW, Crich D. Influence of Side Chain Conformation on the Activity of Glycosidase Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217809. [PMID: 36573850 PMCID: PMC9908843 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Substrate side chain conformation impacts reactivity during glycosylation and glycoside hydrolysis and is restricted by many glycosidases and glycosyltransferases during catalysis. We show that the side chains of gluco and manno iminosugars can be restricted to predominant conformations by strategic installation of a methyl group. Glycosidase inhibition studies reveal that iminosugars with the gauche,gauche side chain conformations are 6- to 10-fold more potent than isosteric compounds with the gauche,trans conformation; a manno-configured iminosugar with the gauche,gauche conformation is a 27-fold better inhibitor than 1-deoxymannojirimycin. The results are discussed in terms of the energetic benefits of preorganization, particularly when in synergy with favorable hydrophobic interactions. The demonstration that inhibitor side chain preorganization can favorably impact glycosidase inhibition paves the way for improved inhibitor design through conformational preorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Sen Tseng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA),Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA),Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Chennaiah Ande
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA),Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA),Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA),Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
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4
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Tvaroška I. Glycosyltransferases as targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer and inflammation: molecular modeling insights. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Debreczeni N, Bege M, Borbás A. Synthesis of Potential Glycosyl Transferase Inhibitors by Thio‐Click Reactions. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Debreczeni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Debrecen 4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1 Hungary
- Doctoral School of Chemistry University of Debrecen 4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1 Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry University of Debrecen 4032 Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98 Hungary
| | - Miklós Bege
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Debrecen 4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1 Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry University of Debrecen 4032 Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98 Hungary
- MTA-DE Molecular Recognition and Interaction Research Group University of Debrecen Egyetem tér 1 4032 Debrecen Hungary
| | - Anikó Borbás
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Debrecen 4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1 Hungary
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Glycoengineering of Therapeutic Antibodies with Small Molecule Inhibitors. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10040044. [PMID: 34842612 PMCID: PMC8628514 DOI: 10.3390/antib10040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the cornerstones of modern medicine, across an increasing range of therapeutic areas. All therapeutic mAbs are glycoproteins, i.e., their polypeptide chain is decorated with glycans, oligosaccharides of extraordinary structural diversity. The presence, absence, and composition of these glycans can have a profound effect on the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of individual mAbs. Approaches for the glycoengineering of therapeutic mAbs—the manipulation and optimisation of mAb glycan structures—are therefore of great interest from a technological, therapeutic, and regulatory perspective. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to the effects of glycosylation on the biological and pharmacological functions of the five classes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgE, IgA, IgM and IgD) that form the backbone of all current clinical and experimental mAbs, including an overview of common mAb expression systems. We review selected examples for the use of small molecule inhibitors of glycan biosynthesis for mAb glycoengineering, we discuss the potential advantages and challenges of this approach, and we outline potential future applications. The main aim of the review is to showcase the expanding chemical toolbox that is becoming available for mAb glycoengineering to the biology and biotechnology community.
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Yakovlieva L, Fülleborn JA, Walvoort MTC. Opportunities and Challenges of Bacterial Glycosylation for the Development of Novel Antibacterial Strategies. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:745702. [PMID: 34630370 PMCID: PMC8498110 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.745702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a ubiquitous process that is universally conserved in nature. The various products of glycosylation, such as polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, perform a myriad of intra- and extracellular functions. The multitude of roles performed by these molecules is reflected in the significant diversity of glycan structures and linkages found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Importantly, glycosylation is highly relevant for the virulence of many bacterial pathogens. Various surface-associated glycoconjugates have been identified in bacteria that promote infectious behavior and survival in the host through motility, adhesion, molecular mimicry, and immune system manipulation. Interestingly, bacterial glycosylation systems that produce these virulence factors frequently feature rare monosaccharides and unusual glycosylation mechanisms. Owing to their marked difference from human glycosylation, bacterial glycosylation systems constitute promising antibacterial targets. With the rise of antibiotic resistance and depletion of the antibiotic pipeline, novel drug targets are urgently needed. Bacteria-specific glycosylation systems are especially promising for antivirulence therapies that do not eliminate a bacterial population, but rather alleviate its pathogenesis. In this review, we describe a selection of unique glycosylation systems in bacterial pathogens and their role in bacterial homeostasis and infection, with a focus on virulence factors. In addition, recent advances to inhibit the enzymes involved in these glycosylation systems and target the bacterial glycan structures directly will be highlighted. Together, this review provides an overview of the current status and promise for the future of using bacterial glycosylation to develop novel antibacterial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Yakovlieva
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Julius A Fülleborn
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marthe T C Walvoort
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Abstract
Iminosugars are naturally occurring carbohydrate analogues known since 1967. These natural compounds and hundreds of their synthetic derivatives prepared over five decades have been mainly exploited to inhibit the glycosidases, the enzymes catalysing the glycosidic bond cleavage, in order to find new drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and other diseases. However, iminosugars are also inhibitors of glycosyltransferases, the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. The selective inhibition of specific glycosyltransferases involved in cancer or bacterial infections could lead to innovative therapeutic agents. The synthesis and biological properties of all the iminosugars assayed to date as glycosyltransferase inhibitors are reviewed in the present article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Conforti
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Alberto Marra
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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9
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Quirke JCK, Crich D. Side Chain Conformation Restriction in the Catalysis of Glycosidic Bond Formation by Leloir Glycosyltransferases, Glycoside Phosphorylases, and Transglycosidases. ACS Catal 2021; 11:5069-5078. [PMID: 34367723 PMCID: PMC8336929 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate side chain conformation is an important factor in the control of reactivity at the anomeric center, ie, in the making and breaking of glycosidic bonds, whether chemically or, for hydrolysis, by glycoside hydrolases. In nature glycosidic bond formation is catalyzed out by glycosyltransferases (GTs), glycoside phosphoryases, and transglycosidases. By analysis of 118 crystal structures of sugar nucleotide dependent (Leloir) GTs, 136 crystal structures of glycoside phosphorylases, and 54 crystal structures of transglycosidases bound to hexopyranosides or their analogs at the donor site (-1 site), we determined that most enzymes that catalyze glycoside synthesis, be they GTs, glycoside phosphorylases or transglycosidases, restrict their substrate side chains to the most reactive gauche,gauche (gg) conformation to achieve maximum stabilization of the oxocarbenium ion-like transition state for glycosyl transfer. The galactose series deviates from this trend, with α-galactosyltransferases preferentially restricting their substrates to the second-most reactive gauche,trans (gt) conformation, and β-galactosyltransferases favoring the least reactive trans,gauche (tg) conformation. This insight will help progress the design and development of improved, conformationally-restricted GT inhibitors that take advantage of these inherent side chain preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. K. Quirke
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Linclau B, Ardá A, Reichardt NC, Sollogoub M, Unione L, Vincent SP, Jiménez-Barbero J. Fluorinated carbohydrates as chemical probes for molecular recognition studies. Current status and perspectives. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 49:3863-3888. [PMID: 32520059 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00099b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an extensive summary of the effects of carbohydrate fluorination with regard to changes in physical, chemical and biological properties with respect to regular saccharides. The specific structural, conformational, stability, reactivity and interaction features of fluorinated sugars are described, as well as their applications as probes and in chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Linclau
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO171BJ, UK
| | - Ana Ardá
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain.
| | | | - Matthieu Sollogoub
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Luca Unione
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stéphane P Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, University of Namur (UNamur), B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain. and Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain and Department of Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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11
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Strecker C, Baerenfaenger M, Miehe M, Spillner E, Meyer B. In Silico Evaluation of the Binding Site of Fucosyltransferase 8 and First Attempts to Synthesize an Inhibitor with Drug-Like Properties. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1923-1931. [PMID: 31194280 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Core fucosylation of N-glycans is catalyzed by fucosyltransferase 8 and is associated with various types of cancer. Most reported fucosyltransferase inhibitors contain non-drug-like features, such as charged groups. New starting points for the development of inhibitors of fucosyltransferase 8 using a fragment-based strategy are presented. Firstly, we discuss the potential of a new putative binding site of fucosyltransferase 8 that, according to a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, is made accessible by a significant motion of the SH3 domain. This might enable the design of completely new inhibitor types for fucosyltransferase 8. Secondly, we have performed a docking study targeting the donor binding site of fucosyltransferase 8, and this yielded two fragments that were linked and trimmed in silico. The resulting ligand was synthesized. Saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR confirmed binding of the ligand featuring a pyrazole core that mimics the guanine moiety. This ligand represents the first low-molecular-weight compound for the development of inhibitors of fucosyltransferase 8 with drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claas Strecker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melissa Baerenfaenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.,Present address: Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, 6525, GA, The Netherlands
| | - Michaela Miehe
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Edzard Spillner
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bernd Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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Tvaroška I, Selvaraj C, Koča J. Selectins-The Two Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Faces of Adhesion Molecules-A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122835. [PMID: 32575485 PMCID: PMC7355470 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Selectins belong to a group of adhesion molecules that fulfill an essential role in immune and inflammatory responses and tissue healing. Selectins are glycoproteins that decode the information carried by glycan structures, and non-covalent interactions of selectins with these glycan structures mediate biological processes. The sialylated and fucosylated tetrasaccharide sLex is an essential glycan recognized by selectins. Several glycosyltransferases are responsible for the biosynthesis of the sLex tetrasaccharide. Selectins are involved in a sequence of interactions of circulated leukocytes with endothelial cells in the blood called the adhesion cascade. Recently, it has become evident that cancer cells utilize a similar adhesion cascade to promote metastases. However, like Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’s two faces, selectins also contribute to tissue destruction during some infections and inflammatory diseases. The most prominent function of selectins is associated with the initial stage of the leukocyte adhesion cascade, in which selectin binding enables tethering and rolling. The first adhesive event occurs through specific non-covalent interactions between selectins and their ligands, with glycans functioning as an interface between leukocytes or cancer cells and the endothelium. Targeting these interactions remains a principal strategy aimed at developing new therapies for the treatment of immune and inflammatory disorders and cancer. In this review, we will survey the significant contributions to and the current status of the understanding of the structure of selectins and the role of selectins in various biological processes. The potential of selectins and their ligands as therapeutic targets in chronic and acute inflammatory diseases and cancer will also be discussed. We will emphasize the structural characteristic of selectins and the catalytic mechanisms of glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of glycan recognition determinants. Furthermore, recent achievements in the synthesis of selectin inhibitors will be reviewed with a focus on the various strategies used for the development of glycosyltransferase inhibitors, including substrate analog inhibitors and transition state analog inhibitors, which are based on knowledge of the catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Tvaroška
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84538 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (J.K.); Tel.: +421-948-535-601 (I.T.); +420-731-682-606 (J.K.)
| | - Chandrabose Selvaraj
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Koča
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (J.K.); Tel.: +421-948-535-601 (I.T.); +420-731-682-606 (J.K.)
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de Haas P, Hendriks WJAJ, Lefeber DJ, Cambi A. Biological and Technical Challenges in Unraveling the Role of N-Glycans in Immune Receptor Regulation. Front Chem 2020; 8:55. [PMID: 32117881 PMCID: PMC7013033 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation of membrane receptors is important for a wide variety of cellular processes. In the immune system, loss or alteration of receptor glycosylation can affect pathogen recognition, cell-cell interaction, and activation as well as migration. This is not only due to aberrant folding of the receptor, but also to altered lateral mobility or aggregation capacity. Despite increasing evidence of their biological relevance, glycosylation-dependent mechanisms of receptor regulation are hard to dissect at the molecular level. This is due to the intrinsic complexity of the glycosylation process and high diversity of glycan structures combined with the technical limitations of the current experimental tools. It is still challenging to precisely determine the localization and site-occupancy of glycosylation sites, glycan micro- and macro-heterogeneity at the individual receptor level as well as the biological function and specific interactome of receptor glycoforms. In addition, the tools available to manipulate N-glycans of a specific receptor are limited. Significant progress has however been made thanks to innovative approaches such as glycoproteomics, metabolic engineering, or chemoenzymatic labeling. By discussing examples of immune receptors involved in pathogen recognition, migration, antigen presentation, and cell signaling, this Mini Review will focus on the biological importance of N-glycosylation for receptor functions and highlight the technical challenges for examination and manipulation of receptor N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola de Haas
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wiljan J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Cambi
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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14
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Chao L, Jongkees S. High-Throughput Approaches in Carbohydrate-Active Enzymology: Glycosidase and Glycosyl Transferase Inhibitors, Evolution, and Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12750-12760. [PMID: 30913359 PMCID: PMC6771893 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are attached and removed in living systems through the action of carbohydrate-active enzymes such as glycosyl transferases and glycoside hydrolases. The molecules resulting from these enzymes have many important roles in organisms, such as cellular communication, structural support, and energy metabolism. In general, each carbohydrate transformation requires a separate catalyst, and so these enzyme families are extremely diverse. To make this diversity manageable, high-throughput approaches look at many enzymes at once. Similarly, high-throughput approaches can be a powerful way of finding inhibitors that can be used to tune the reactivity of these enzymes, either in an industrial, a laboratory, or a medicinal setting. In this review, we provide an overview of how these enzymes and inhibitors can be sought using techniques such as high-throughput natural product and combinatorial library screening, phage and mRNA display of (glyco)peptides, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and metagenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemeng Chao
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993581AGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Seino Jongkees
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993581AGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Chao L, Jongkees S. High‐Throughput Approaches in Carbohydrate‐Active Enzymology: Glycosidase and Glycosyl Transferase Inhibitors, Evolution, and Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lemeng Chao
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3581AG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Seino Jongkees
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3581AG Utrecht The Netherlands
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Strecker C, Peters H, Hackl T, Peters T, Meyer B. Fragment Growing to Design Optimized Inhibitors for Human Blood Group B Galactosyltransferase (GTB). ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1336-1342. [PMID: 31207161 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human blood group B galactosyltransferase (GTB) catalyzes the galactosylation of the H antigen and is responsible for the formation of the blood group antigen of phenotype B. The ABO blood group system is well studied and routinely serotyped before transfusion and transplantation. Blood type subgroups have been repeatedly linked to an increased occurrence of diseases (e.g., a highly increased incidence rate for pancreatic cancer for individuals with blood group phenotype B). 3-Phenyl-5-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,2,4-thiadiazole 1 has previously been described to inhibit GTB with a Ki value of 800 μm. In this work, we describe a computer-guided fragment-growing approach for the optimization of this fragment that was subsequently realized by synthesizing the most promising ligands. Enlarging the phenyl moiety of fragment 1 to a naphthyl moiety resulted in ligand 3-(naphthalene-1-yl)-5-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,2,4-thiadiazole 2 a, which shows a threefold improvement in binding affinity (Ki =271 μm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claas Strecker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannelore Peters
- Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Hackl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Peters
- Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Bernd Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Madec AGE, Schocker NS, Sanchini S, Myratgeldiyev G, Das D, Imperiali B. Facile Solid-Phase Synthesis and Assessment of Nucleoside Analogs as Inhibitors of Bacterial UDP-Sugar Processing Enzymes. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2542-2550. [PMID: 30080379 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The privileged uptake of nucleosides into cells has generated interest in the development of nucleoside-analog libraries for mining new inhibitors. Of particular interest are applications in the discovery of substrate mimetic inhibitors for the growing number of identified glycan-processing enzymes in bacterial pathogens. However, the high polarity and the need for appropriate protecting group strategies for nucleosides challenges the development of synthetic approaches. Here, we report an accessible, user-friendly synthesis that branches from a common solid phase-immobilized uridinyl-amine intermediate, which can be used as a starting point for diversity-oriented synthesis. We demonstrate the generation of five series of uridinyl nucleoside analogs for investigating inhibitor structure-activity relationships. This library was screened for inhibition of representative enzymes from three functional families including a phosphoglycosyl transferase, a UDP-aminosugar acetyltransferase, and a glycosyltransferase. These candidates were taken from the Gram-negative bacteria Campylobacter concisus and Campylobacter jejuni and the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium difficile, respectively. Inhibition studies show that specific compound series preferentially inhibit selected enzymes, with IC50 values ranging from 35 ± 7 μM to 174 ± 21 μM. Insights from the screen provide a strong foundation for further structural elaboration, to improve potency, which will be enabled by the same synthetic strategy. The solid-phase strategy was also used to synthesize pseudouridine analogs of lead compounds. Finally, the compounds were found to be nontoxic to mammalian cells, further supporting the opportunities for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaël G. E. Madec
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nathaniel S. Schocker
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Silvano Sanchini
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gadam Myratgeldiyev
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Debasis Das
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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18
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Ghirardello M, Perrone D, Chinaglia N, Sádaba D, Delso I, Tejero T, Marchesi E, Fogagnolo M, Rafie K, van Aalten DMF, Merino P. UDP-GlcNAc Analogues as Inhibitors of O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT): Spectroscopic, Computational, and Biological Studies. Chemistry 2018. [PMID: 29513364 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of glycomimetics of UDP-GlcNAc, in which the β-phosphate has been replaced by either an alkyl chain or a triazolyl ring and the sugar moiety has been replaced by a pyrrolidine ring, has been synthesized by the application of different click-chemistry procedures. Their affinities for human O-GlcNAc transferase (hOGT) have been evaluated and studied both spectroscopically and computationally. The binding epitopes of the best ligands have been determined in solution by means of saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy. Experimental, spectroscopic, and computational results are in agreement, pointing out the essential role of the binding of β-phosphate. We have found that the loss of interactions from the β-phosphate can be counterbalanced by the presence of hydrophobic groups at a pyrroline ring acting as a surrogate of the carbohydrate unit. Two of the prepared glycomimetics show inhibition at a micromolar level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Ghirardello
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza, CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daniela Perrone
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicola Chinaglia
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - David Sádaba
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza, CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio Delso
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza, CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tomas Tejero
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza, CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Marchesi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Fogagnolo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Karim Rafie
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Daan M F van Aalten
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Pedro Merino
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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19
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Ema M, Xu Y, Gehrke S, Wagner GK. Identification of non-substrate-like glycosyltransferase inhibitors from library screening: pitfalls & hits. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 9:131-137. [PMID: 30108907 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00550d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial glycosyltransferases are potential targets for the development of novel antibiotics and anti-virulence agents. Most existing glycosyltransferase inhibitors are substrate analogues with limited potential for drug development. The identification of alternative inhibitor chemotypes is therefore of great interest for medicinal chemistry, drug discovery and chemical glycobiology. We describe the application of a biochemical glycosyltransferase assay to screen a small compound library containing three distinct chemical scaffolds (nucleosides, steroids and 5-methyl pyrazol-3-ones) against the retaining α-1,4-galactosyltransferase LgtC from Neisseria meningitidis. While no genuine LgtC inhibitory activity was observed in the nucleoside and steroid series, the best hit compounds in the 5-methyl pyrazol-3-one series showed low micromolar activity. We adapted our assay protocol to develop initial structure-activity relationships in this series, and to establish the target selectivity of the most potent inhibitor over two other glycosyltransferases. Our results provide insights into the activity of this class of non-substrate-like glycosyltransferase inhibitors, and highlight important general pitfalls for inhibitor screening against this enzyme family. Key elements of our experimental design, including a validated single-concentration protocol for inhibitor screening, and our process for elimination of false positives, are, in principle, directly transferable to many other sugar-nucleotide-dependent glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ema
- King's College London , Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences , Britannia House , 7 Trinity Street , London , SE1 1DB , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)20 7848 1926
| | - Yong Xu
- King's College London , Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences , Britannia House , 7 Trinity Street , London , SE1 1DB , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)20 7848 1926
| | - Sebastian Gehrke
- King's College London , Institute of Pharmaceutical Science , Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine , UK
| | - Gerd K Wagner
- King's College London , Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences , Britannia House , 7 Trinity Street , London , SE1 1DB , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)20 7848 1926
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20
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Xavier NM, Gonçalves-Pereira R, Jorda R, Řezníčková E, Kryštof V, Oliveira MC. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of novel azido nucleosides and their phosphoramidate derivatives. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:New xylofuranosyl and glucopyranosyl nucleoside phosphoramidates were synthesized as potential mimetics of nucleoside 5′-monophosphates. Their access involved N-glycosylation of uracil and 2-acetamido-6-chloropurine with 5′/6′-azido-1,2-di-O-acetyl glycosyl donors and subsequent Staudinger-phosphite reaction of the resulting azido nucleosides. The coupling of the purine derivative with the pyranosyl donor furnished N9- and N7-linked nucleosides in 1:1 ratio, whereas with the furanosyl donor, the N9-nucleoside was the major regioisomer formed. When using uracil, only 5′/6′-azido N1-linked nucleosides were obtained. The purine 5′/6′-azido nucleosides were converted into corresponding phosphoramidates in good yields. The antiproliferative effects of the nucleoside phosphoramidates and those of the azido counterparts on cancer cells were evaluated. While the nucleoside phosphoramidates did not show significant activities, the purine 5′/6′-azido nucleosides displayed potent effects against K562, MCF-7 and BT474 cell lines. The 5′-azidofuranosyl N9 and N7-linked purine nucleosides exhibited highest activity towards the chronic myeloid leukemia cell line (K562) with GI50 values of 13.6 and 9.7 μM, respectively. Among pyranosyl nucleosides, the N7-linked nucleoside was the most active compound with efficacy towards all cell lines assayed and a highest effect on K562 cells (GI50=6.8 μM). Cell cycle analysis of K562 and MCF-7 cells showed that the most active compounds cause G2/M arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M. Xavier
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, 2/5º Piso, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Gonçalves-Pereira
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, 2/5º Piso, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Radek Jorda
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Řezníčková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Kryštof
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M. Conceição Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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21
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Xu Y, Smith R, Vivoli M, Ema M, Goos N, Gehrke S, Harmer NJ, Wagner GK. Covalent inhibitors of LgtC: A blueprint for the discovery of non-substrate-like inhibitors for bacterial glycosyltransferases. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3182-3194. [PMID: 28462843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Non-substrate-like inhibitors of glycosyltransferases are sought after as chemical tools and potential lead compounds for medicinal chemistry, chemical biology and drug discovery. Here, we describe the discovery of a novel small molecular inhibitor chemotype for LgtC, a retaining α-1,4-galactosyltransferase involved in bacterial lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis. The new inhibitors, which are structurally unrelated to both the donor and acceptor of LgtC, have low micromolar inhibitory activity, comparable to the best substrate-based inhibitors. We provide experimental evidence that these inhibitors react covalently with LgtC. Results from detailed enzymological experiments with wild-type and mutant LgtC suggest the non-catalytic active site residue Cys246 as a likely target residue for these inhibitors. Analysis of available sequence and structural data reveals that non-catalytic cysteines are a common motif in the active site of many bacterial glycosyltransferases. Our results can therefore serve as a blueprint for the rational design of non-substrate-like, covalent inhibitors against a broad range of other bacterial glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- King's College London, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Ruth Smith
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Mirella Vivoli
- University of Exeter, Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Masaki Ema
- King's College London, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Niina Goos
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Sebastian Gehrke
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK; University of East Anglia, School of Pharmacy, Earlham Road, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Nicholas J Harmer
- University of Exeter, Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Gerd K Wagner
- King's College London, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK.
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22
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Merino P, Delso I, Tejero T, Ghirardello M, Juste-Navarro V. Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugar Analogues that Target Glycosyltransferases. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Merino
- Department of Synthesis and Structure of Biomolecules; Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH); University of Zaragoza, CSIC; Zaragoza, Aragón 50009 Spain
| | - Ignacio Delso
- NMR Service, Center of Chemistry and Materials of Aragon (CEQMA); University of Zaragoza, CSIC; Zaragoza, Aragón 50009 Spain
| | - Tomás Tejero
- Department of Synthesis and Structure of Biomolecules; Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH); University of Zaragoza, CSIC; Zaragoza, Aragón 50009 Spain
| | - Mattia Ghirardello
- Department of Synthesis and Structure of Biomolecules; Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH); University of Zaragoza, CSIC; Zaragoza, Aragón 50009 Spain
| | - Verónica Juste-Navarro
- Department of Synthesis and Structure of Biomolecules; Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH); University of Zaragoza, CSIC; Zaragoza, Aragón 50009 Spain
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23
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Frédéric CJM, Tikad A, Fu J, Pan W, Zheng RB, Koizumi A, Xue X, Lowary TL, Vincent SP. Synthesis of Unprecedented Sulfonylated Phosphono-exo-Glycals Designed as Inhibitors of the Three Mycobacterial Galactofuranose Processing Enzymes. Chemistry 2016; 22:15913-15920. [PMID: 27628709 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a new methodology to synthesize exo-glycals bearing both a sulfone and a phosphonate. This synthetic strategy provides a way to generate exo-glycals displaying two electron-withdrawing groups and was applied to eight different carbohydrates from the furanose and pyranose series. The Z/E configurations of these tetrasubstituted enol ethers could be ascertained using NMR spectroscopic techniques. Deprotection of an exo-glycal followed by an UMP (uridine monophosphate) coupling generated two new UDP (uridine diphosphate)-galactofuranose analogues. These two Z/E isomers were evaluated as inhibitors of UGM, GlfT1, and GlfT2, the three mycobacterial galactofuranose processing enzymes. Molecule 46-(E) is the first characterized inhibitor of GlfT1 reported to date and was also found to efficiently inhibit UGM in a reversible manner. Interestingly, GlfT2 showed a better affinity for the (Z) isomer. The three enzymes studied in the present work are not only interesting because, mechanistically, they are still the topic of intense investigations, but also because they constitute very important targets for the development of novel antimycobacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe J-M Frédéric
- University of Namur (UNamur), Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Abdellatif Tikad
- University of Namur (UNamur), Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jian Fu
- University of Namur (UNamur), Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Weidong Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 202, Sha-chong South Road, Guiyang, 550002, P. R. China
| | - Ruixiang B Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Akihiko Koizumi
- Department of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Xiaochao Xue
- Department of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Stéphane P Vincent
- University of Namur (UNamur), Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium.
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24
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Tikad A, Fu H, Sevrain CM, Laurent S, Nierengarten JF, Vincent SP. Mechanistic Insight into Heptosyltransferase Inhibition by using Kdo Multivalent Glycoclusters. Chemistry 2016; 22:13147-55. [PMID: 27516128 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of unprecedented multimeric Kdo glycoclusters based on fullerene and calix[4]arene central scaffolds is reported. The compounds were used to study the mechanism and scope of multivalent glycosyltransferase inhibition. Multimeric mannosides based on porphyrin and pillar[5]arenes were also generated in a controlled manner. Twelve glycoclusters and their monomeric ligands were thus assayed against heptosyltransferase WaaC, which is an important bacterial glycosyltransferase that is involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. It was first found that all the multimers interact solely with the acceptor binding site of the enzyme even when the multimeric ligands mimic the heptose donor. Second, the novel Kdo glycofullerenes displayed very potent inhibition (Ki =0.14 μm for the best inhibitor); an inhibition level rarely observed with glycosyltransferases. Although the observed "multivalent effects" (i.e., the enhancement of affinity of a ligand when presented in a multimeric fashion) were in general modest, a dramatic effect of the central scaffold on the inhibition level was evidenced: the fullerene and the porphyrin scaffolds being by far superior to the calix- and pillar-arenes. We could also show, by dynamic light scattering analysis, that the best inhibitor had the propensity to form aggregates with the heptosyltransferase. This aggregative property may contribute to the global multivalent enzyme inhibition, but probably do not constitute the main origin of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Tikad
- University of Namur (UNamur), Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Huixiao Fu
- University of Namur (UNamur), Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Charlotte M Sevrain
- University of Namur (UNamur), Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Sophie Laurent
- University of Mons (UMONS), Service de Chimie Générale, Organique et Biomédicale, Laboratoire de RMN et d'Imagerie Moléculaire, Avenue Maistriau 19, 7000, Mons, Blegium.,Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Avenue Adrienne Bolland 8, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Nierengarten
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires, Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7509), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Stéphane P Vincent
- University of Namur (UNamur), Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium.
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25
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Willwacher J, Raj R, Mohammed S, Davis BG. Selective Metal-Site-Guided Arylation of Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8678-81. [PMID: 27336299 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe palladium-mediated S-arylation that exploits natural metal-binding motifs to ensure high site selectivity for a proximal reactive residue. This allows the chemical identification not only of proteins that bind metals but also the environment of the metal-binding site itself through proteomic analysis of arylation sites. The transformation is easy to perform under standard conditions, does not require the isolation of a reactive Ar-Pd complex, is broad in scope, and is applicable in cell lysates as well as to covalent inhibition/modulation of metal-dependent enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Willwacher
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Ritu Raj
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Benjamin G Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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26
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Ghirardello M, de Las Rivas M, Lacetera A, Delso I, Lira-Navarrete E, Tejero T, Martín-Santamaría S, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Merino P. Glycomimetics Targeting Glycosyltransferases: Synthetic, Computational and Structural Studies of Less-Polar Conjugates. Chemistry 2016; 22:7215-24. [PMID: 27071848 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Leloir donors are nucleotide sugars essential for a variety of glycosyltransferases (GTs) involved in the transfer of a carbohydrate to an acceptor substrate, typically a protein or an oligosaccharide. A series of less-polar nucleotide sugar analogues derived from uridine have been prepared by replacing one phosphate unit with an alkyl chain. The methodology is based on the radical hydrophosphonylation of alkenes, which allows coupling of allyl glycosyl compounds with a phosphate unit suitable for conjugation to uridine. Two of these compounds, the GalNAc and galactose derivatives, were further tested on a model GT, such as GalNAc-T2 (an important GT widely distributed in human tissues), to probe that both compounds bound in the medium-high micromolar range. The crystal structure of GalNAc-T2 with the galactose derivative traps the enzyme in an inactive form; this suggests that compounds only containing the β-phosphate could be efficient ligands for the enzyme. Computational studies with GalNAc-T2 corroborate these findings and provide further insights into the mechanism of the catalytic cycle of this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Ghirardello
- Departamento de Síntesis y Estructura de Biomoléculas, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza, CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Matilde de Las Rivas
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Fisica de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) Joint Unit, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alessandra Lacetera
- Departamento de Biología Físico-Química, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Delso
- Departamento de Síntesis y Estructura de Biomoléculas, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza, CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
- Servicio de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Química y Materiales de Aragón (CEQMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, CSIC, Campus San Francisco, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Erandi Lira-Navarrete
- Departamento de Síntesis y Estructura de Biomoléculas, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza, CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Tomás Tejero
- Departamento de Síntesis y Estructura de Biomoléculas, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza, CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría
- Departamento de Biología Físico-Química, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ramón Hurtado-Guerrero
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Fisica de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) Joint Unit, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Fundación ARAID, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Aragón (IIS-A), Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.
| | - Pedro Merino
- Departamento de Síntesis y Estructura de Biomoléculas, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza, CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain.
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Muheim C, Bakali A, Engström O, Wieslander Å, Daley DO, Widmalm G. Identification of a Fragment-Based Scaffold that Inhibits the Glycosyltransferase WaaG from Escherichia coli. Antibiotics (Basel) 2016; 5:E10. [PMID: 27025525 PMCID: PMC4810412 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics5010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
WaaG is a glycosyltransferase that is involved in the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide in Gram-negative bacteria. Inhibitors of WaaG are highly sought after as they could be used to inhibit the biosynthesis of the core region of lipopolysaccharide, which would improve the uptake of antibiotics. Herein, we establish an activity assay for WaaG using (14)C-labeled UDP-glucose and LPS purified from a ∆waaG strain of Escherichia coli. We noted that addition of the lipids phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin (CL), as well as the detergent 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) increased activity. We then use the assay to determine if three molecular scaffolds, which bind to WaaG, could inhibit its activity in vitro. We show that 4-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)phenol inhibits WaaG (IC50 1.0 mM), but that the other scaffolds do not. This study represents an important step towards an inhibitor of WaaG by fragment-based lead discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Muheim
- Arrhenius Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm S-106 91, Sweden; (C.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Amin Bakali
- Arrhenius Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm S-106 91, Sweden; (C.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Olof Engström
- Arrhenius Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm S-106 91, Sweden;
| | - Åke Wieslander
- Arrhenius Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm S-106 91, Sweden; (C.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Daniel O. Daley
- Arrhenius Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm S-106 91, Sweden; (C.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Arrhenius Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm S-106 91, Sweden;
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Wang S, Cuesta-Seijo JA, Striebeck A, Lafont D, Palcic MM, Vidal S. Design of Glycosyltransferase Inhibitors: Serine Analogues as Pyrophosphate Surrogates? Chempluschem 2015; 80:1525-1532. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201500282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires; Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2-Glycochimie, UMR 5246; CNRS and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | | | | | - Dominique Lafont
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires; Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2-Glycochimie, UMR 5246; CNRS and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Monica M. Palcic
- Carlsberg Laboratory; Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10 1799 Copenhagen V Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology; University of Victoria; Victoria BC V8W 3P6 Canada
| | - Sébastien Vidal
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires; Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2-Glycochimie, UMR 5246; CNRS and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
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