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Balparda M, Schmitz J, Duemmel M, Wuthenow IC, Schmidt M, Alseekh S, Fernie AR, Lercher MJ, Maurino VG. Viridiplantae-specific GLXI and GLXII isoforms co-evolved and detoxify glucosone in planta. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1214-1233. [PMID: 36423222 PMCID: PMC9922399 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) such as methylglyoxal (MGO) and glyoxal (GO) are highly reactive, unwanted side-products of cellular metabolism maintained at harmless intracellular levels by specific scavenging mechanisms.MGO and GO are metabolized through the glyoxalase (GLX) system, which consists of two enzymes acting in sequence, GLXI and GLXII. While plant genomes encode a number of different GLX isoforms, their specific functions and how they arose during evolution are unclear. Here, we used Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) as a model species to investigate the evolutionary history of GLXI and GLXII in plants and whether the GLX system can protect plant cells from the toxicity of RCS other than MGO and GO. We show that plants possess two GLX systems of different evolutionary origins and with distinct structural and functional properties. The first system is shared by all eukaryotes, scavenges MGO and GO, especially during seedling establishment, and features Zn2+-type GLXI proteins with a metal cofactor preference that were present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. GLXI and GLXII of the second system, featuring Ni2+-type GLXI, were acquired by the last common ancestor of Viridiplantae through horizontal gene transfer from proteobacteria and can together metabolize keto-D-glucose (KDG, glucosone), a glucose-derived RCS, to D-gluconate. When plants displaying loss-of-function of a Viridiplantae-specific GLXI were grown in KDG, D-gluconate levels were reduced to 10%-15% of those in the wild type, while KDG levels showed an increase of 48%-67%. In contrast to bacterial GLXI homologs, which are active as dimers, plant Ni2+-type GLXI proteins contain a domain duplication, are active as monomers, and have a modified second active site. The acquisition and neofunctionalization of a structurally, biochemically, and functionally distinct GLX system indicates that Viridiplantae are under strong selection to detoxify diverse RCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Balparda
- Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Botanik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jessica Schmitz
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Duemmel
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Isabell C Wuthenow
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Martin J Lercher
- Institute for Computer Science and Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Botanik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Jafari S, Ryde U, Irani M. Two-Substrate Glyoxalase I Mechanism: A Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Study. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:303-314. [PMID: 33315368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxalase I (GlxI) is an important enzyme that catalyzes the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG) with the help of glutathione (H-SG). It is currently unclear whether MG and H-SG are substrates of GlxI or whether the enzyme processes hemithioacetal (HTA), which is nonenzymatically formed from MG and H-SG. Most previous studies have concentrated on the latter mechanism. Here, we study the two-substrate reaction mechanism of GlxI from humans (HuGlxI) and corn (ZmGlxI), which are Zn(II)-active and -inactive, respectively. Hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations were used to obtain geometrical structures of the stationary points along reaction paths, and big quantum mechanical systems with more than 1000 atoms and free-energy perturbations were used to improve the quality of the calculated energies. We studied, on an equal footing, all reasonable reaction paths to the S- and R-enantiomers of HTA from MG and H-SG (the latter was considered in two different binding modes). The results indicate that the MG and H-SG reaction in both enzymes can follow the same path to reach S-HTA. However, the respective overall barriers and reaction energies are different for the two enzymes (6.1 and -9.8 kcal/mol for HuGlxI and 15.7 and -2.2 kcal/mol for ZmGlxI). The first reaction step to produce S-HTA is facilitated by a crystal water molecule that forms hydrogen bonds with a Glu and a Thr residue in the active site. The two enzymes also follow similar paths to R-HTA. However, the reactions reach a deprotonated and protonated R-HTA in the human and corn enzymes, respectively. The production of deprotonated R-HTA in HuGlxI is consistent with other theoretical and experimental works. However, our calculations show a different behavior for ZmGlxI (both S- and R-HTA can be formed in the enzyme with the alcoholic proton on HTA). This implies that Glu-144 of corn GlxI is not basic enough to keep the alcoholic proton. In HuGlxI, the two binding modes of H-SG that lead to S- and R-HTA are degenerate, but the barrier leading to R-HTA is lower than the barrier to S-HTA. On the other hand, ZmGlxI prefers the binding mode, which produces S-HTA; this observation is consistent with experiments. Based on the results, we present a modification for a previously proposed two-substrate reaction mechanism for ZmGlxI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 66175-416, Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ryde
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mehdi Irani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 66175-416, Sanandaj, Iran
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3
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Alfano M, Cavazza C. Structure, function, and biosynthesis of nickel-dependent enzymes. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1071-1089. [PMID: 32022353 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nickel enzymes, present in archaea, bacteria, plants, and primitive eukaryotes are divided into redox and nonredox enzymes and play key functions in diverse metabolic processes, such as energy metabolism and virulence. They catalyze various reactions by using active sites of diverse complexities, such as mononuclear nickel in Ni-superoxide dismutase, glyoxylase I and acireductone dioxygenase, dinuclear nickel in urease, heteronuclear metalloclusters in [NiFe]-carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, acetyl-CoA decarbonylase/synthase and [NiFe]-hydrogenase, and even more complex cofactors in methyl-CoM reductase and lactate racemase. The presence of metalloenzymes in a cell necessitates a tight regulation of metal homeostasis, in order to maintain the appropriate intracellular concentration of nickel while avoiding its toxicity. As well, the biosynthesis and insertion of nickel active sites often require specific and elaborated maturation pathways, allowing the correct metal to be delivered and incorporated into the target enzyme. In this review, the phylogenetic distribution of nickel enzymes will be briefly described. Their tridimensional structures as well as the complexity of their active sites will be discussed. In view of the latest findings on these enzymes, a special focus will be put on the biosynthesis of their active sites and nickel activation of apo-enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marila Alfano
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, CBM, Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Cavazza
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, CBM, Grenoble, France
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Rai S, Rai R, Singh PK, Rai LC. Alr2321, a multiple stress inducible glyoxalase I of Anabaena sp. PCC7120 detoxifies methylglyoxal and reactive species oxygen. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 214:105238. [PMID: 31301544 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses enhance the cellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which consequently leads to toxic methylglyoxal (MG) production. Glyoxalases (GlyI & GlyII) catalyze the conversion of toxic MG into non-toxic lactic acid but their properties and functions have been overlooked in cyanobacteria. This is the first attempt to conduct a genome-wide analysis of GlyI protein (PF00903) from Anabaena sp. PCC7120. Out of total nine GlyI domain possessing proteins, only three (Alr2321, Alr4469, All1022) harbour conserve His/Glu/His/Glu metal binding site at their homologous position and are deficient in conserved region specific for Zn2+ dependent members. Their biochemical, structural and functional characterization revealed that only Alr2321 is a homodimeric Ni2+ dependent active GlyI with catalytic efficiency 11.7 × 106 M-1 s-1. It has also been found that Alr2321 is activated by various divalent metal ions and has maximum GlyI activity with Ni2+ followed by Co2+ > Mn2+ > Cu2+ and no activity with Zn2+. Moreover, the expression of alr2321 was found to be maximally up-regulated under heat (19 fold) followed by cadmium, desiccation, arsenic, salinity and UV-B stresses. BL21/pGEX-5X2-alr2321 showed improved growth under various abiotic stresses as compared to BL21/pGEX-5X2 by increased scavenging of intracellular MG and ROS levels. Taken together, these results suggest noteworthy links between intracellular MG and ROS, its detoxification by Alr2321, a member of GlyI family of Anabaena sp. PCC7120, in relation to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Rai
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ruchi Rai
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Singh
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - L C Rai
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Preliminary Characterization of a Ni2+-Activated and Mycothiol-Dependent Glyoxalase I Enzyme from Streptomyces coelicolor. INORGANICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics7080099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The glyoxalase system consists of two enzymes, glyoxalase I (Glo1) and glyoxalase II (Glo2), and converts a hemithioacetal substrate formed between a cytotoxic alpha-ketoaldehyde, such as methylglyoxal (MG), and an intracellular thiol, such as glutathione, to a non-toxic alpha-hydroxy acid, such as d-lactate, and the regenerated thiol. Two classes of Glo1 have been identified. The first is a Zn2+-activated class and is exemplified by the Homo sapiens Glo1. The second class is a Ni2+-activated enzyme and is exemplified by the Escherichia coli Glo1. Glutathione is the intracellular thiol employed by Glo1 from both these sources. However, many organisms employ other intracellular thiols. These include trypanothione, bacillithiol, and mycothiol. The trypanothione-dependent Glo1 from Leishmania major has been shown to be Ni2+-activated. Genetic studies on Bacillus subtilis and Corynebacterium glutamicum focused on MG resistance have indicated the likely existence of Glo1 enzymes employing bacillithiol or mycothiol respectively, although no protein characterizations have been reported. The current investigation provides a preliminary characterization of an isolated mycothiol-dependent Glo1 from Streptomyces coelicolor. The enzyme has been determined to display a Ni2+-activation profile and indicates that Ni2+-activated Glo1 are indeed widespread in nature regardless of the intracellular thiol employed by an organism.
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Schmitz J, Rossoni AW, Maurino VG. Dissecting the Physiological Function of Plant Glyoxalase I and Glyoxalase I-Like Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1618. [PMID: 30483284 PMCID: PMC6240745 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis genome annotation include 11 glyoxalase I (GLXI) genes, all encoding for protein members of the vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) superfamily. The biochemical properties and physiological importance of three Arabidopsis GLXI proteins in the detoxification of reactive carbonyl species has been recently described. Analyses of phylogenetic relationships and conserved GLXI binding sites indicate that the other eight GLXI genes (GLXI-like) do not encode for proteins with GLXI activity. In this perspective article we analyse the structural features of GLXI and GLXI-like proteins, and explore splice forms and transcript abundance under abiotic stress conditions. Finally, we discuss future directions of research on this topic with respect to the substrate identification of GLXI and GLXI-like proteins and the need of reliable quantitative measurements of reactive carbonyl species in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schmitz
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Heinrich Heine University, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jessica Schmitz,
| | - Alessandro W. Rossoni
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Veronica G. Maurino
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Heinrich Heine University, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
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7
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Structural and functional studies of SAV0551 from Staphylococcus aureus as a chaperone and glyoxalase III. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171106. [PMID: 29046369 PMCID: PMC5691139 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The DJ-1/ThiJ/PfpI superfamily of proteins is highly conserved across all biological kingdoms showing divergent multifunctions, such as chaperone, catalase, protease, and kinase. The common theme of these functions is responding to and managing various cellular stresses. DJ-1/ThiJ/PfpI superfamily members are classified into three subfamilies according to their quaternary structure (DJ-1-, YhbO-, and Hsp-types). The Hsp-type subfamily includes Hsp31, a chaperone and glyoxalase III. SAV0551, an Hsp-type subfamily member from Staphylococcus aureus, is a hypothetical protein that is predicted as Hsp31. Thus, to reveal the function and reaction mechanism of SAV0551, the crystal structure of SAV0551 was determined. The overall folds in SAV0551 are similar to other members of the Hsp-type subfamily. We have shown that SAV0551 functions as a chaperone and that the surface structure is crucial for holding unfolded substrates. As many DJ-1/ThiJ/PfpI superfamily proteins have been characterized as glyoxalase III, our study also demonstrates SAV0551 as a glyoxalase III that is independent of any cofactors. The reaction mechanism was evaluated via a glyoxylate-bound structure that mimics the hemithioacetal reaction intermediate. We have confirmed that the components required for reaction are present in the structure, including a catalytic triad for a catalytic action, His78 as a base, and a water molecule for hydrolysis. Our functional studies based on the crystal structures of native and glyoxylate-bound SAV0551 will provide a better understanding of the reaction mechanism of a chaperone and glyoxalase III.
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Kaur C, Sharma S, Hasan MR, Pareek A, Singla-Pareek SL, Sopory SK. Characteristic Variations and Similarities in Biochemical, Molecular, and Functional Properties of Glyoxalases across Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040250. [PMID: 28358304 PMCID: PMC5412262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The glyoxalase system is the ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG) in the biological systems. It comprises two enzymes, glyoxalase I (GLYI) and glyoxalase II (GLYII), which act sequentially to convert MG into d-lactate, thereby helping living systems get rid of this otherwise cytotoxic byproduct of metabolism. In addition, a glutathione-independent GLYIII enzyme activity also exists in the biological systems that can directly convert MG to d-lactate. Humans and Escherichia coli possess a single copy of GLYI (encoding either the Ni- or Zn-dependent form) and GLYII genes, which through MG detoxification provide protection against various pathological and disease conditions. By contrast, the plant genome possesses multiple GLYI and GLYII genes with a role in abiotic stress tolerance. Plants possess both Ni2+- and Zn2+-dependent forms of GLYI, and studies on plant glyoxalases reveal the various unique features of these enzymes distinguishing them from prokaryotic and other eukaryotic glyoxalases. Through this review, we provide an overview of the plant glyoxalase family along with a comparative analysis of glyoxalases across various species, highlighting similarities as well as differences in the biochemical, molecular, and physiological properties of these enzymes. We believe that the evolution of multiple glyoxalases isoforms in plants is an important component of their robust defense strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charanpreet Kaur
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Mohammad Rokebul Hasan
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Sneh L Singla-Pareek
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
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10
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Abstract
Carbon–sulfur biological chemistry encompasses a fascinating area of biochemistry and medicinal chemistry and includes the roles that methionine and S-adenosyl-l-methionine play in cells as well as the chemistry of intracellular thiols such as glutathione. This article, based on the 2014 Bernard Belleau Award lecture, provides an overview of some of the key investigations that were undertaken in this area from a bioorganic perspective. The research has ameliorated our fundamental knowledge of several of the enzymes utilizing these sulfur-containing molecules, has led to the development of several novel 19F biophysical probes, and has explored some of the medicinal chemistry associated with these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Honek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Turra GL, Agostini RB, Fauguel CM, Presello DA, Andreo CS, González JM, Campos-Bermudez VA. Structure of the novel monomeric glyoxalase I from Zea mays. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2015; 71:2009-20. [PMID: 26457425 PMCID: PMC4601366 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715015205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The glyoxalase system is ubiquitous among all forms of life owing to its central role in relieving the cell from the accumulation of methylglyoxal, a toxic metabolic byproduct. In higher plants, this system is upregulated under diverse metabolic stress conditions, such as in the defence response to infection by pathogenic microorganisms. Despite their proven fundamental role in metabolic stresses, plant glyoxalases have been poorly studied. In this work, glyoxalase I from Zea mays has been characterized both biochemically and structurally, thus reporting the first atomic model of a glyoxalase I available from plants. The results indicate that this enzyme comprises a single polypeptide with two structurally similar domains, giving rise to two lateral concavities, one of which harbours a functional nickel(II)-binding active site. The putative function of the remaining cryptic active site remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino L. Turra
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI–CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Romina B. Agostini
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI–CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Carolina M. Fauguel
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), CC 31, B2700KXC Pergamino, Argentina
| | - Daniel A. Presello
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), CC 31, B2700KXC Pergamino, Argentina
| | - Carlos S. Andreo
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI–CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Javier M. González
- Protein Crystallography Station, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Valeria A. Campos-Bermudez
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI–CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
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