Benzothiazole appended 2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)diacetonitrile for the colorimetric and fluorescence detection of cyanide ions

A benzothiazole appended 2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)diacetonitrile derivative (2Z,2'Z)-2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)bis(3-(3-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylonitrile) (PDBT) has been synthesized and investigated as a novel sensor, capable of showing high selectivity and sensitivity towards CN^- over a wide range of other interfering anions. After reaction with CN^-, PDBT shows a new absorption peak at 451 nm with a color transformation from colorless to reddish-brown. When yellow fluorescent PDBT is exposed to CN^-, it displays a significant increase in fluorescence at 445 nm, resulting in strong sky-blue fluorescence emission. The nucleophilic addition reaction of CN^- plays a role in the sensing mechanism of PDBT to CN^-. PDBT can distinguish between a broad variety of interfering anions and CN^- with remarkable selectivity and sensitivity. Furthermore, the detection limit of the PDBT probe for CN^- is 0.62 μM, which is significantly lower than the WHO standard of 1.9 μM for drinking water. Density functional theory simulations corroborated the observed fluorescence changes and the internal charge transfer process that occurs after cyanide ion addition. In addition, real-time applications of PDBT, such as cell imaging investigations and the detection of CN^- in water samples, were successfully carried out.

5'-Hydroxymethyl fluorescein: A colorimetric chemosensor for naked-eye sensing of cyanide ion in a biological fluid

A two-step synthetic method to prepare a highly sensitive and selective chemosensor 5'-hydroxymethyl fluorescein (5'-HMF) is described herein. This sensor was explored as a colorimetric sensor for naked-eye detection of cyanide ion in the biological fluid as well as in organic and aqueous media. The addition of cyanide ion to 5'-HMF resulted in a rapid change in color in aqueous medium from light green to dark fluorescent green, and in acetonitrile from light pink to purple. A significant bathochromic shift in the absorption spectra enables cyanide ion to be detected by naked eyes in water and acetonitrile without any interference of the competing anions such as, AcO^-, F^- and SCN^- in aqueous solution. Using the ¹HNMR titration experiments and Job's plot from absorbance spectroscopy, the interaction of CN^- ion with 5'-HMF has been investigated and binding stoichiometry was found to be 1:2 (5'-HMF to CN^-). The limit of detection (LOD) of the sensor for CN^- was 3.68 μM in water with a linearity (R² = 0.9923) in the range of 0.50 to 30.0 μM concentration assuming 1:2 (5'-HMF to CN^-) binding stoichiometry. In addition, the sensor 5'-HMF sensed the CN^- ion in human saliva with the LOD as 7.0 μM in aq. medium.

Mechanochemical synthesis of fluorescein-based receptor for CN- ion detection in aqueous solution and cigarette smoke residue

A facile green method for the mechanochemical synthesis of Schiff base phenylhydrazono-N-methylene fluorescein (PHMF) with 95% yields has been established. The synthesized receptor assists in the naked-eye detection of CN^- ions in organic and aqueous media, and F^- ions in acetonitrile over a series of anions with a color transfer from colorless to pink. A redshift of 160 nm of PHMF-CN^- complex in the absorbance spectrum and a turn-on response in the fluorescence spectrum were observed, respectively, at λmax 345 to 515 and 519 nm. A strong interaction of PHMF with CN^- and F^- ions forming a 1:3 binding stoichiometry has been noted in this study. In an aqueous medium for CN^- ion, the lower limit of detection (LOD) is defined as 9.204 nM, which is quite better in terms of sensitivity. In addition, PHMF's paper-strip sensor for rapid real-time CN^- ion sensing was found to be sufficiently sensitive to successfully detect CN^- ion in water and a solid state, resulting in a portable device for detecting cyanide ions. In acetonitrile, the receptor's ability to detect CN^- ion in cigarette smoke residue was also satisfactorily achieved. Graphical Abstract.

A highly selective and sensitive dual-mode sensor for colorimetric and turn-on fluorescent detection of cyanide in water, agro-products and living cells

A new highly selective and sensitive dual-mode sensor 3TD based on the conjugate of oligothiophene and barbituric acid moiety was developed for colorimetric and turn-on fluorescent detection of CN^─. The sensor 3TD exhibited high specificity towards CN^─ by interrupting its own ICT producing thereupon a large blue-shift in UV-Vis spectrum and remarkable "turn-on" fluorescence emission. The detection limit was 2.26 × 10^─7 M, which is quite lower than the permissible level of CN^─ in drinking water according to the WHO. The fluorescent detection of CN^─ was well demonstrated by filter paper strips and silica coated TLC plates. Moreover, the sensor was also used to detect CN^─ in environmental water and agro-products with satisfactory results. Most importantly, in terms of these advantages of colorimetric and turn-on fluorescent dual-mode, immediate response, excellent selectivity, high sensitivity, low cytotoxicity, and good biocompatibility, the sensor 3TD was successfully applied into CN^- imaging in living cells, demonstrating its excellent value in practical application.

Selective detection of fluoride via amplified donor-acceptor interaction of 6H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoline

In this report, 6H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoline (hereafter 2a) was synthesized and employed as an optical chemosensor for fluoride. The sensitivity of 2a towards fluoride was established from the change in both the absorption and emission signals. The various in-situ¹H NMR, UV-Vis, and density functional studies indicate that the 1:2 binding interaction between 2a and fluoride followed by deprotonation to its corresponding di-anion (2a^2-), which in turn boosted the donor-acceptor interaction between indole and quinoline moiety in 2a^2-via expansion of torsion angle by 10.2° as compared to 2a. Consequently the significant changes in both the absorption and emission signal of 2a allow us to detect and estimate the concentration of fluoride up to 0.2 μM from the mixture of different anions.

A colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent probe for cyanide sensing in aqueous media and live cells

A mitochondria-targeting ratiometric fluorescent probe for cyanide was reported.

Fluorogenic naked-eye sensing and live-cell imaging of cyanide by a hydrazine-functionalized CAU-10 metal–organic framework

A hydrazine-functionalized Al(iii) based metal–organic framework was utilized for the detection of lethal cyanide in water and in living cells.

A reusable cyanide sensor via activation of C–H group: trifluoromethylcarbinol-directed meta-C–H cyanomethylation of naphthalimide

A fluorescent and colorimetric anion sensor based on the activated C–H group has been developed, and its reusability and ability to selectively detect cyanides have been demonstrated.

Synthesis, spectral and extended spectrum beta-lactamase studies of transition metal tetraaza macrocyclic complexes

Urinary tract infections commonly occur in humans due to microbial pathogens invading the urinary tract, which can bring about a range of clinical symptoms and potentially fatal sequelae. The present study is aimed at addressing the development of a new antimicrobial agent against extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli bacteria. We have synthesised some biologically potent (NNNN) donor macrocycles (L ₁  = dibenzo[f,n]dipyrido[3,4-b:4',3'-j][1,4,9,12]tetraazacyclohexadecine-6,11,18,23(5H,12H, 7H, 24H)-tetraone, and L ₂  = 6,12,19,25-tetraoxo-4,6,11,12,16,18,23,24-octahydrotetrabenzo [b,g,k,p][1,5,10,14]tetra azacyclooctadecine-2,13-dicarboxylic acid) and their Ti and Zr metal complexes in alcoholic media using microwave protocol. Macrocyclic ligands were synthesised by incorporating of 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid, phthalic acid and 3,4-diaminopyridine in 1:1:1 molar ratio. The macrocyclic ligands and their metal complexes have been characterised by elemental analysis, conductance measurement, magnetic measurement and their structure configurations have been determined by various spectroscopic (FTIR, ¹H/¹³C NMR, UV-Vis, LC-MS mass, XRD and TGA) techniques. [ZrL₂Cl₂]Cl₂ metal complex shows excellent antibacterial activity against ESBLs. A zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by McFarland and the dilution method, respectively. The spectral studies confirm the binding sites of the nitrogen atom of the macrocycles. An octahedral geometry has been assigned to the metal complexes based on the findings.

A multi writable thiophene-based selective and reversible chromogenic fluoride probe with dual -NH functionality

A chromogenic fluoride probe bearing bis imine groups having dual -NH functionality (BSB) has been designed, synthesised and structurally characterized by its single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The BSB could visually and spectroscopically recognise F(-) with high selectivity over other anions by exhibiting intense chromogenic response (from colourless to red) for F(-) in acetonitrile solution. The UV-visible titration and (1)H NMR titration experiments indicated that the observed changes occur via a combined process including hydrogen bonding and deprotonation between the BSB and F(-). Moreover theoretical calculations at the Density Functional Theory (DFT) level shed further light upon probe design strategy and the nature of interactions between BSB and F(-). The limit of detection and binding constant of BSB towards F(-) were found to be 6.9×10(-7)M and 1.42±0.069×10(8)M(-2) respectively. Finally, by using F(-)and H(+) as chemical inputs and the absorbance as output, a INHIBIT logic gate was constructed, which exhibits "Multi-write" ability without obvious degradation in its optical output.

Turn-on fluorescent sensor for the detection of cyanide based on a novel dicyanovinyl phenylacetylene

A novel phenylacetylene derivative (3) was successfully synthesized via Sonogashira coupling and a Knoevenagel reaction for cyanide ion detection.

A highly selective colorimetric and "turn-on" fluorimetric chemosensor for detecting CN(-) based on unsymmetrical azine derivatives in aqueous media

A novel highly selective chemosensor S1 for cyanide based on unsymmetrical azine derivative was successfully designed and synthesized, which showed both colorimetric and fluorescence turn-on responses for cyanide ions in aqueous. This structurally simple chemosensor could detect CN(-) anion over other anions in aqueous solution DMSO/H2O (v/v=3:2) undergo deprotonation reaction. Results showed that the chemosensor S1 exhibited 50 fold enhancement in fluorescence at 530nm and showed an obvious change in color from colorless to yellow that could be detected by naked eye under the UV-lamp after the addition of CN(-) in aqueous solution. Moreover, the detection limit on fluorescence response of the sensor to CN(-) is down to 6.17×10(-8)M by titration method. Test strips based on S1 were obtain, which could be used as a convenient and efficient CN(-) test kit to detect CN(-) in aqueous solution.

Coumarin-Spiropyran Dyad with a Hydrogenated Pyran Moiety for Rapid, Selective, and Sensitive Fluorometric Detection of Cyanide Anion

We synthesized a coumarin-spiropyran dyad with a hydrogenated pyran moiety (2), behaving as an off-on type fluorescent receptor for rapid, selective, and sensitive detection of cyanide anion (CN(-)) in aqueous media. The receptor itself shows almost no fluorescence with a quantum yield < 0.01, due to the delocalization of π-electrons over the molecule. Selective nucleophilic addition of CN(-) to the spirocarbon of the molecule rapidly promotes spirocycle opening within only 3 min. This leads to localization of π-electrons on the coumarin moiety and exhibits strong light-blue fluorescence at 459 nm with very high quantum yield (0.52). As a result of this, the receptor facilitates rapid, selective, and sensitive fluorometric detection of CN(-) as low as 1.0 μM.

A colorimetric and “turn-on” fluorimetric chemosensor for the selective detection of cyanide and its application in food samples

A simple cyanide highly selective and sensitive fluorescent enhanced chemosensor HY had been designed and synthesized.

Benzoquinone–imidazole hybrids as selective colorimetric sensors for cyanide in aqueous, solid and gas phases

One of the five new receptors developed, which works via the formation of H-bonds, exhibited a striking visible colour change selectively with cyanide ion in solid, aqueous and gas phases.

A new coumarin based chromo-fluorogenic probe for selective recognition of cyanide ions in an aqueous medium

The optical behavior of a simple intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) fluorescent probe, a coumarin-nitrobenzene conjugate (CNB), has been described to detect cyanide (CN⁻) selectively in buffered aqueous media.