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Kant K, Beeram R, Cao Y, Dos Santos PSS, González-Cabaleiro L, García-Lojo D, Guo H, Joung Y, Kothadiya S, Lafuente M, Leong YX, Liu Y, Liu Y, Moram SSB, Mahasivam S, Maniappan S, Quesada-González D, Raj D, Weerathunge P, Xia X, Yu Q, Abalde-Cela S, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Bardhan R, Bansal V, Choo J, Coelho LCC, de Almeida JMMM, Gómez-Graña S, Grzelczak M, Herves P, Kumar J, Lohmueller T, Merkoçi A, Montaño-Priede JL, Ling XY, Mallada R, Pérez-Juste J, Pina MP, Singamaneni S, Soma VR, Sun M, Tian L, Wang J, Polavarapu L, Santos IP. Plasmonic nanoparticle sensors: current progress, challenges, and future prospects. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 39240539 PMCID: PMC11378978 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00226a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) have played a significant role in the evolution of modern nanoscience and nanotechnology in terms of colloidal synthesis, general understanding of nanocrystal growth mechanisms, and their impact in a wide range of applications. They exhibit strong visible colors due to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) that depends on their size, shape, composition, and the surrounding dielectric environment. Under resonant excitation, the LSPR of plasmonic NPs leads to a strong field enhancement near their surfaces and thus enhances various light-matter interactions. These unique optical properties of plasmonic NPs have been used to design chemical and biological sensors. Over the last few decades, colloidal plasmonic NPs have been greatly exploited in sensing applications through LSPR shifts (colorimetry), surface-enhanced Raman scattering, surface-enhanced fluorescence, and chiroptical activity. Although colloidal plasmonic NPs have emerged at the forefront of nanobiosensors, there are still several important challenges to be addressed for the realization of plasmonic NP-based sensor kits for routine use in daily life. In this comprehensive review, researchers of different disciplines (colloidal and analytical chemistry, biology, physics, and medicine) have joined together to summarize the past, present, and future of plasmonic NP-based sensors in terms of different sensing platforms, understanding of the sensing mechanisms, different chemical and biological analytes, and the expected future technologies. This review is expected to guide the researchers currently working in this field and inspire future generations of scientists to join this compelling research field and its branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kant
- CINBIO, Department of Physical Chemistry, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, UP, India
| | - Reshma Beeram
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), DRDO Industry Academia - Centre of Excellence (DIA-COE), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Paulo S S Dos Santos
- INESC TEC-Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Rua Dr Alberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Daniel García-Lojo
- CINBIO, Department of Physical Chemistry, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Heng Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Younju Joung
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Siddhant Kothadiya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50012, USA
| | - Marta Lafuente
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Campus Rio Ebro, C/Maria de Luna s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Yong Xiang Leong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yiyi Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Yuxiong Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Sree Satya Bharati Moram
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), DRDO Industry Academia - Centre of Excellence (DIA-COE), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Sanje Mahasivam
- Sir Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Sonia Maniappan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517 507, India
| | - Daniel Quesada-González
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Divakar Raj
- Department of Allied Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Pabudi Weerathunge
- Sir Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Xinyue Xia
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Sara Abalde-Cela
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ramon A Alvarez-Puebla
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rizia Bardhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50012, USA
| | - Vipul Bansal
- Sir Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Luis C C Coelho
- INESC TEC-Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Rua Dr Alberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- FCUP, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José M M M de Almeida
- INESC TEC-Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Rua Dr Alberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Physics, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sergio Gómez-Graña
- CINBIO, Department of Physical Chemistry, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Marek Grzelczak
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia San-Sebastián, Spain
| | - Pablo Herves
- CINBIO, Department of Physical Chemistry, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Jatish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517 507, India
| | - Theobald Lohmueller
- Chair for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute Munich, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - José Luis Montaño-Priede
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia San-Sebastián, Spain
| | - Xing Yi Ling
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Reyes Mallada
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Campus Rio Ebro, C/Maria de Luna s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Juste
- CINBIO, Department of Physical Chemistry, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - María P Pina
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Campus Rio Ebro, C/Maria de Luna s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Srikanth Singamaneni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Venugopal Rao Soma
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), DRDO Industry Academia - Centre of Excellence (DIA-COE), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
- School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Mengtao Sun
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Limei Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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Single-Molecule Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22134889. [PMID: 35808385 PMCID: PMC9269420 DOI: 10.3390/s22134889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SM-SERS) has the potential to detect single molecules in a non-invasive, label-free manner with high-throughput. SM-SERS can detect chemical information of single molecules without statistical averaging and has wide application in chemical analysis, nanoelectronics, biochemical sensing, etc. Recently, a series of unprecedented advances have been realized in science and application by SM-SERS, which has attracted the interest of various fields. In this review, we first elucidate the key concepts of SM-SERS, including enhancement factor (EF), spectral fluctuation, and experimental evidence of single-molecule events. Next, we systematically discuss advanced implementations of SM-SERS, including substrates with ultra-high EF and reproducibility, strategies to improve the probability of molecules being localized in hotspots, and nonmetallic and hybrid substrates. Then, several examples for the application of SM-SERS are proposed, including catalysis, nanoelectronics, and sensing. Finally, we summarize the challenges and future of SM-SERS. We hope this literature review will inspire the interest of researchers in more fields.
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Hang Y, Boryczka J, Wu N. Visible-light and near-infrared fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering point-of-care sensing and bio-imaging: a review. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:329-375. [PMID: 34897302 PMCID: PMC9135580 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00621d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This review article deals with the concepts, principles and applications of visible-light and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in in vitro point-of-care testing (POCT) and in vivo bio-imaging. It has discussed how to utilize the biological transparency windows to improve the penetration depth and signal-to-noise ratio, and how to use surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to amplify fluorescence and SERS signals. This article has highlighted some plasmonic fluorescence and SERS probes. It has also reviewed the design strategies of fluorescent and SERS sensors in the detection of metal ions, small molecules, proteins and nucleic acids. Particularly, it has provided perspectives on the integration of fluorescent and SERS sensors into microfluidic chips as lab-on-chips to realize point-of-care testing. It has also discussed the design of active microfluidic devices and non-paper- or paper-based lateral flow assays for in vitro diagnostics. In addition, this article has discussed the strategies to design in vivo NIR fluorescence and SERS bio-imaging platforms for monitoring physiological processes and disease progression in live cells and tissues. Moreover, it has highlighted the applications of POCT and bio-imaging in testing toxins, heavy metals, illicit drugs, cancers, traumatic brain injuries, and infectious diseases such as COVID-19, influenza, HIV and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Hang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9303, USA.
| | - Jennifer Boryczka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9303, USA.
| | - Nianqiang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9303, USA.
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Bajaj A, Shrivastav AM, Eltzov E, Alkan N, Abdulhalim I. Detection of necrotrophic DNA marker of anthracnose causing Colletotrichum gloeosporioides fungi in harvested produce using surface plasmon resonance. Talanta 2021; 235:122776. [PMID: 34517633 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture and food crops monitoring is extremely important for securing the food supply chain to human society. Here, we developed a highly specific detection method for monitoring pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides using necrotrophic DNA biomarker as the recognition element and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) as transducing mechanism in the prism coupling configuration. The sensor shows its response for a wide range of concentrations from pM to μM of target DNA sequence using a complementary DNA probe immobilized on the sensor surface, which could detect concentrations as low as 7 pM. The detection limit is found to be comparable with conventional molecular-based detection platforms, achieved due to optimized spectral SPR bimetallic substrate with subpixel resolution obtained by post processing. The response time of the sensor for detection is less than 30 min at room temperature. The quick detection scheme of the sensor may facilitate the screening of a large number of samples acquired for the sorting of harvested produce. This sensor is fast, reliable, cost-effective, and can be miniaturized for portability for the screening of real samples (mRNA) in the field and packaging house.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aabha Bajaj
- Department of Electro-optics and Photonics Engineering and the Ilse-Katz Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, ECE-School, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel.
| | - Anand M Shrivastav
- Department of Electro-optics and Photonics Engineering and the Ilse-Katz Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, ECE-School, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel.
| | - Evgeny Eltzov
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel; Agro-Nanotechnology Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel.
| | - Noam Alkan
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel.
| | - Ibrahim Abdulhalim
- Department of Electro-optics and Photonics Engineering and the Ilse-Katz Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, ECE-School, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel.
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Sathish S, Shen AQ. Toward the Development of Rapid, Specific, and Sensitive Microfluidic Sensors: A Comprehensive Device Blueprint. JACS AU 2021; 1:1815-1833. [PMID: 34841402 PMCID: PMC8611667 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in nano/microfluidics have led to the miniaturization of surface-based chemical and biochemical sensors, with applications ranging from environmental monitoring to disease diagnostics. These systems rely on the detection of analytes flowing in a liquid sample, by exploiting their innate nature to react with specific receptors immobilized on the microchannel walls. The efficiency of these systems is defined by the cumulative effect of analyte detection speed, sensitivity, and specificity. In this perspective, we provide a fresh outlook on the use of important parameters obtained from well-characterized analytical models, by connecting the mass transport and reaction limits with the experimentally attainable limits of analyte detection efficiency. Specifically, we breakdown when and how the operational (e.g., flow rates, channel geometries, mode of detection, etc.) and molecular (e.g., receptor affinity and functionality) variables can be tailored to enhance the analyte detection time, analytical specificity, and sensitivity of the system (i.e., limit of detection). Finally, we present a simple yet cohesive blueprint for the development of high-efficiency surface-based microfluidic sensors for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of chemical and biochemical analytes, pertinent to a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sathish
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate
University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Amy Q. Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate
University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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Koya A, Zhu X, Ohannesian N, Yanik AA, Alabastri A, Proietti Zaccaria R, Krahne R, Shih WC, Garoli D. Nanoporous Metals: From Plasmonic Properties to Applications in Enhanced Spectroscopy and Photocatalysis. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6038-6060. [PMID: 33797880 PMCID: PMC8155319 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The field of plasmonics is capable of enabling interesting applications in different wavelength ranges, spanning from the ultraviolet up to the infrared. The choice of plasmonic material and how the material is nanostructured has significant implications for ultimate performance of any plasmonic device. Artificially designed nanoporous metals (NPMs) have interesting material properties including large specific surface area, distinctive optical properties, high electrical conductivity, and reduced stiffness, implying their potentials for many applications. This paper reviews the wide range of available nanoporous metals (such as Au, Ag, Cu, Al, Mg, and Pt), mainly focusing on their properties as plasmonic materials. While extensive reports on the use and characterization of NPMs exist, a detailed discussion on their connection with surface plasmons and enhanced spectroscopies as well as photocatalysis is missing. Here, we report on different metals investigated, from the most used nanoporous gold to mixed metal compounds, and discuss each of these plasmonic materials' suitability for a range of structural design and applications. Finally, we discuss the potentials and limitations of the traditional and alternative plasmonic materials for applications in enhanced spectroscopy and photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiangchao Zhu
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa
Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Nareg Ohannesian
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston Texas 77204, United States
| | - A. Ali Yanik
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa
Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Alessandro Alabastri
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Remo Proietti Zaccaria
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
- Cixi
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials
Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Roman Krahne
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Wei-Chuan Shih
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa
Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Denis Garoli
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
- Faculty of
Science and Technology, Free University
of Bozen, Piazza Università
5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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Ohannesian N, Gunawardhana L, Misbah I, Rakhshandehroo M, Lin SH, Shih WC. Commercial and emerging technologies for cancer diagnosis and prognosis based on circulating tumor exosomes. JPHYS PHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ab8699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles excreted by mammalian cells that circulate freely in the bloodstream of living organisms. Exosomes have a lipid bilayer that encloses genetic material used in intracellular communication (e.g. double-stranded DNA, micro-RNAs, and messenger RNA). Recent evidence suggests that dysregulation of this genetic content within exosomes has a major role in tumor progression in the surrounding microenvironment. Motivated by this discovery, we focused here on using exosomal biomarkers as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for cancer. In this review, we discuss recently discovered exosome-derived proteomic and genetic biomarkers used in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Although several genetic biomarkers have been validated for their diagnostic values, proteomic biomarkers are still being actively pursued. We discuss both commercial technologies and emerging technologies for exosome isolation and analysis. Emerging technologies can be classified into optical and non-optical methods. The working principle of each method is briefly discussed as well as advantages and limitations.
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Pyrak E, Krajczewski J, Kowalik A, Kudelski A, Jaworska A. Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for DNA Biosensors-How Far Are We? Molecules 2019; 24:E4423. [PMID: 31817059 PMCID: PMC6943648 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive and accurate identification of specific DNA fragments (usually containing a mutation) can influence clinical decisions. Standard methods routinely used for this type of detection are PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction, and its modifications), and, less commonly, NGS (Next Generation Sequencing). However, these methods are quite complicated, requiring time-consuming, multi-stage sample preparation, and specially trained staff. Usually, it takes weeks for patients to obtain their results. Therefore, different DNA sensors are being intensively developed by many groups. One technique often used to obtain an analytical signal from DNA sensors is Raman spectroscopy. Its modification, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), is especially useful for practical analytical applications due to its extra low limit of detection. SERS takes advantage of the strong increase in the efficiency of Raman signal generation caused by a local electric field enhancement near plasmonic (typically gold and silver) nanostructures. In this condensed review, we describe the most important types of SERS-based nanosensors for genetic studies and comment on their potential for becoming diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Pyrak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.P.); (J.K.)
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Krajczewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Artur Kowalik
- Holy Cross Cancer Center, 3 Stefana Artwińskiego St., 25-734 Kielce, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kudelski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Jaworska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.P.); (J.K.)
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Locke A, Belsare S, Deutz N, Coté G. Aptamer-switching optical bioassay for citrulline detection at the point-of-care. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-6. [PMID: 31820595 PMCID: PMC7006037 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.12.127002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have found that decreased levels of circulating citrulline could be an indicator of intestinal failure. Typically, this amino acid, which is produced by the intestinal mucosa cells, circulates in the blood at a physiological level of ∼40 μM. The current methodology for measuring this level involves the use of bulky equipment, such as mass spectroscopy and analysis at a central laboratory, which can delay diagnosis. Therefore, the current detection method is unsuited for routine monitoring at a doctor's office. Our research group proposes the development of a point-of-care (POC) device to overcome this issue. The proposed device utilizes surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) coupled with a specifically designed aptamer, capable of binding to citrulline, conjugated to colloidal gold nanoparticles. The assay is then embedded within a vertical flow paper-fluidic platform as a deliverable at the POC, and a handheld Raman spectrometer (638-nm excitation) was used to interrogate the sample. Results showed good dynamic range and specificity with an average 73% decrease in SERS signal intensity with increasing concentrations of citrulline (0 to 50 μM) in phosphate-buffered saline compared to its controls: glycine, glutamine, histidine, and valine, which showed less than 10% average decrease in the presence of 200 μM of each analyte. Further, the limit of detection (LOD) within a chip was determined to be 0.56 μM, whereas the LOD across chips was below 10 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Locke
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
- Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Sayali Belsare
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Nicolaas Deutz
- Texas A&M University, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Health and Kinesiology, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Gerard Coté
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
- Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
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Höhn EM, Panneerselvam R, Das A, Belder D. Raman Spectroscopic Detection in Continuous Microflow Using a Chip-Integrated Silver Electrode as an Electrically Regenerable Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Substrate. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9844-9851. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Höhn
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | | | - Anish Das
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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Wang D, Schaaf P. Synthesis and characterization of size controlled bimetallic nanosponges. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMetallic and bimetallic nanosponges with well-defined size and form have attracted increasing attention due to their unique structural properties and their potential for many applications. In this chapter, the recently developed methods for the synthesis and preparation of metallic and bimetallic nanosponges are presented. These methods can be mainly cataloged in two groups: dealloying-based methods and reduction reaction-based methods. Different topographical reconstruction methods for the investigation of their structural properties are then reviewed briefly. The optical properties of the metallic nanosponges are clearly different from those of the solid counterparts due to the tailored disordered structure. The recent advances in the exploration of the distinct linear and non-linear optical properties of the nanosponges are summarized.Graphical Abstract:
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12
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Chen C, Liu W, Tian S, Hong T. Novel Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Techniques for DNA, Protein and Drug Detection. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19071712. [PMID: 30974797 PMCID: PMC6480126 DOI: 10.3390/s19071712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a vibrational spectroscopic technique in which the Raman scattering signal strength of molecules, absorbed by rough metals or the surface of nanoparticles, experiences an exponential growth (10³-10⁶ times and even 1014-1015 times) because of electromagnetic or chemical enhancements. Nowadays, SERS has attracted tremendous attention in the field of analytical chemistry due to its specific advantages, including high selectivity, rich informative spectral properties, nondestructive testing, and the prominent multiplexing capabilities of Raman spectroscopy. In this review, we present the applications of state-of-the-art SERS for the detection of DNA, proteins and drugs. Moreover, we focus on highlighting the merits and mechanisms of achieving enhanced SERS signals for food safety and clinical treatment. The machine learning techniques, combined with SERS detection, are also indicated herein. This review concludes with recommendations for future studies on the development of SERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanpin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Wenfang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Sanping Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Tingting Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
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13
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Wang Z, Ye S, Zhang N, Liu X, Wang M. Triggerable Mutually Amplified Signal Probe Based SERS-Microfluidics Platform for the Efficient Enrichment and Quantitative Detection of miRNA. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5043-5050. [PMID: 30900865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive detection of microRNAs (miRNAs) that serve as a disease marker could advance the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Many methods used for quantitative detection of miRNAs, such as PCR-based approaches or the hybridization chain reaction, have presented challenges due to the complicated and time-consuming-procedures that are required. In this manuscript, a simple triggerable mutually amplified signal (TMAS) probe was designed and enriched within the center of a microfluidic chip and then used for one-step quantitative detection of microRNAs via surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology. First, many mutually amplified double strands are produced via an enzyme-free target-strand displacement recycling reaction initiated by the target miRNA, that result in the generation of an enhanced SERS signal. Second, microfluidic chips that utilize alternating current (AC) electrokinetic flow technology produce efficient mixing and rapid concentration to improve the DNA hybridization rate and further enhance the SERS signal intensity. This method enables the sensitive and rapid detection of miR-21 in human breast cancer cells within 30 min with a detection limit of 2.33 fM. Compared with traditional methods, this novel method overcomes the shortcomings resulting from complex operations, and has the advantages of high sensitivity, short assay time, and reduced sample usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-chemical Engineering; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sujuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-chemical Engineering; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , People's Republic of China
| | - Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-chemical Engineering; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-chemical Engineering; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , People's Republic of China
| | - Menglei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-chemical Engineering; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , People's Republic of China
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14
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Abstract
Sensitive and specific DNA biomarker detection is critical for accurately diagnosing a broad range of clinical conditions. However, the incorporation of such biosensing structures in integrated microfluidic devices is often complicated by the need for an additional labelling step to be implemented on the device. In this review we focused on presenting recent advances in label-free DNA biosensor technology, with a particular focus on microfluidic integrated devices. The key biosensing approaches miniaturized in flow-cell structures were presented, followed by more sophisticated microfluidic devices and higher integration examples in the literature. The option of full DNA sequencing on microfluidic chips via nanopore technology was highlighted, along with current developments in the commercialization of microfluidic, label-free DNA detection devices.
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15
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Zhang K, Liu X, Man B, Yang C, Zhang C, Liu M, Zhang Y, Liu L, Chen C. Label-free and stable serum analysis based on Ag-NPs/PSi surface-enhanced Raman scattering for noninvasive lung cancer detection. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:4345-4358. [PMID: 30615731 PMCID: PMC6157787 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.004345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has a broad application prospect in the field of tumor detection owing to its ultrahigh detective sensitivity. However, SERS analysis of serum remain a challenge in terms of repeatability and stability due to the maldistribution of the silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs)-serum. With the aim to make up for this shortcoming, we report a new method for obtaining stable serum Raman signals utilizing the ordered arrays of pyramidal silicon (PSi) and Ag-NPs. We prove the practicability of this method by detecting the samples of serum from 50 lung cancer patients and 50 normal healthy people. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the serum SERS spectra shows that the spectral data of the two sample groups can form obvious and completely separated clusters. The receiver operating characteristic curve provides the sensitivity (100%) and specificity (90%) from the PCA-LDA method. This research indicates that a stable and label-free analysis technique of serum SERS based on Ag-NPs/PSi and PCA-LDA is promising for noninvasive lung cancer diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xijun Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Baoyuan Man
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yongheng Zhang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Lisheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chuansong Chen
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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16
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17
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Wu Y, Jiang Y, Zheng X, Jia S, Zhu Z, Ren B, Ma H. Facile fabrication of microfluidic surface-enhanced Raman scattering devices via lift-up lithography. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172034. [PMID: 29765657 PMCID: PMC5936922 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We describe a facile and low-cost approach for a flexibly integrated surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate in microfluidic chips. Briefly, a SERS substrate was fabricated by the electrostatic assembling of gold nanoparticles, and shaped into designed patterns by subsequent lift-up soft lithography. The SERS micro-pattern could be further integrated within microfluidic channels conveniently. The resulting microfluidic SERS chip allowed ultrasensitive in situ SERS monitoring from the transparent glass window. With its advantages in simplicity, functionality and cost-effectiveness, this method could be readily expanded into optical microfluidic fabrication for biochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzi Wu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Jiang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry of Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shasha Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry of Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry of Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry of Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Bin Ren e-mail:
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215125, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Hongwei Ma e-mail:
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18
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Ngo HT, Freedman E, Odion RA, Strobbia P, De Silva Indrasekara AS, Vohra P, Taylor SM, Vo-Dinh T. Direct Detection of Unamplified Pathogen RNA in Blood Lysate using an Integrated Lab-in-a-Stick Device and Ultrabright SERS Nanorattles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4075. [PMID: 29511216 PMCID: PMC5840326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct detection of genetic biomarkers in body fluid lysate without target amplification will revolutionize nucleic acid-based diagnostics. However, the low concentration of target sequences makes this goal challenging. We report a method for direct detection of pathogen RNA in blood lysate using a bioassay using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based detection integrated in a "lab-in-a-stick" portable device. Two levels of signal enhancement were employed to achieve the sensitivity required for direct detection. Each target sequence was tagged with an ultrabright SERS-encoded nanorattle with ultrahigh SERS signals, and these tagged target sequences were concentrated into a focused spot for detection using hybridization sandwiches with magnetic microbeads. Furthermore, the washing process was automated by integration into a "lab-in-a-stick" portable device. We could directly detect synthetic target with a limit of detection of 200 fM. More importantly, we detected plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite RNA directly in infected red blood cells lysate. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SERS-based direct detection of pathogen nucleic acid in blood lysate without nucleic acid extraction or target amplification. The results show the potential of our integrated bioassay for field use and point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoan T Ngo
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, International University, Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCMC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Elizabeth Freedman
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Medicine & Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ren Abelard Odion
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Pietro Strobbia
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Agampodi Swarnapali De Silva Indrasekara
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Priya Vohra
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Steve M Taylor
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Medicine & Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Tuan Vo-Dinh
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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19
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Artur CG, Womack T, Zhao F, Eriksen JL, Mayerich D, Shih WC. Plasmonic nanoparticle-based expansion microscopy with surface-enhanced Raman and dark-field spectroscopic imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:603-615. [PMID: 29552397 PMCID: PMC5854062 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence-based expansion microscopy (ExM) is a new technique which can yield nanoscale resolution of biological specimen on a conventional fluorescence microscope through physical sample expansion up to 20 times its original dimensions while preserving structural information. It however inherits known issues of fluorescence microscopy such as photostability and multiplexing capabilities, as well as an ExM-specific issue in signal intensity reduction due to a dilution effect after expansion. To address these issues, we propose using antigen-targeting plasmonic nanoparticle labels which can be imaged using surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (SERS) and dark-field spectroscopy. We demonstrate that the nanoparticles enable multimodal imaging: bright-field, dark-field and SERS, with excellent photostability, contrast enhancement and brightness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille G. Artur
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77004,
USA
| | - Tasha Womack
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX 77004,
USA
| | - Fusheng Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77004,
USA
| | - Jason L. Eriksen
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX 77004,
USA
| | - David Mayerich
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77004,
USA
| | - Wei-Chuan Shih
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77004,
USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX 77004,
USA
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77004,
USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77004,
USA
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20
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Parvez Arnob MM, Shih WC. 3D plasmonic nanoarchitecture as an emerging biosensing platform. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:2577-2580. [PMID: 28994340 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Md Masud Parvez Arnob
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Wei-Chuan Shih
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.,Program of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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21
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Zhao F, Arnob MMP, Zenasni O, Li J, Shih WC. Far-field plasmonic coupling in 2-dimensional polycrystalline plasmonic arrays enables wide tunability with low-cost nanofabrication. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2017; 2:267-276. [PMID: 32260682 DOI: 10.1039/c7nh00067g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the experimental observation and numerical modeling study of far-field plasmonic coupling (FFPC) in 2-dimensional polycrystalline plasmonic arrays consisting of "single crystalline" domains of a random size and orientation. Even though polycrystalline plasmonic arrays are routine products of low-cost nanosphere lithography (NSL), their FFPC behavior has not been well understood. Herein, FFPC observed from gold nanodisk (AuND) arrays fabricated using NSL appears, qualitatively, to be in keeping with that of highly regular nanoparticle arrays, where they induced cyclic modulations on the peak position and linewidth of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Remarkable blue shifts as large as 1000 nm with nearly doubled linewidth were observed experimentally. Numerical modeling was systematically carried out and showed quantitative agreement with the experimental results. Using the modeling approach, the influences of array randomness and particle size on FFPC have been studied independently for the first time. Finally, two potential applications have been developed for FFPC-based LSPR tuning. Firstly, when AuND arrays are fabricated on flexible substrates, a novel transduction mechanism can be established between the LSPR peak position and the substrate strain. Owing to the far-field propagating nature, FFPC-based transduction can effectively extend the strain-tuning displacement range by an order of magnitude compared with those based on near-field coupling. Secondly, we show that FFPC leads to an LSPR peak within 1 μm for nanoporous gold disk arrays, which otherwise have a single particle LSPR peak beyond 1.5 μm. Such a significant FFPC-induced blue shift is critically important for compatibility with the use of silicon-based detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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22
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Qiu S, Zhao F, Zenasni O, Li J, Shih WC. Catalytic assembly of DNA nanostructures on a nanoporous gold array as 3D architectures for label-free telomerase activity sensing. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2017; 2:217-224. [PMID: 32260643 DOI: 10.1039/c7nh00042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase, an enzyme known to catalyze telomere elongation by adding TTAGGG [thymine (T), adenine (A), and guanine (G)] repeats to the end of telomeres, is vital for cell proliferation. Overexpression of telomerase has been found in most tumor cells, resulting in telomere dysfunction and uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Thus, telomerase has been considered as a potential cancer biomarker, as well as a potential target in cancer therapy. In this study, telomerase-catalyzed growth of tandem G-quadruplex (G4) assembled on a nanoporous gold array (NPGA) resulted in the formation of three-dimensional hybrid nanoarchitectures. The generated nanostructure then captured malachite green (MG) (reporter molecule) without the need of a complicated labeling process. Upon laser irradiation, the captured MG molecules produced a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal that was generated by an abundant amount of plasmonic hot spots in the NPGA substrates. A limit of detection (LOD) of 10-10 IU along with a linear range, which was 3 orders of magnitude, was achieved, which was equivalent to the telomerase amount extracted from 20 HeLa cells. The LOD is 2 orders of magnitude better than that of the commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and it approaches that of the most sensitive technique, telomeric repeat amplification protocols (TRAP), which require a laborious and equipment-intensive polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to chemically identify and quantify the telomerase activity on the sensitized NPGA surface. Furthermore, the sensor was applied to screen the effectiveness of anti-telomerase drugs such as zidovudine, thus demonstrating the potential use of the sensor in telomerase-based diagnosis and drug development. Moreover, the framework represents a novel paradigm of collaborative plasmonic intensification and catalytic multiplication (c-PI/CM) for label-free biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyan Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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23
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Nanoporous Gold Nanocomposites as a Versatile Platform for Plasmonic Engineering and Sensing. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17071519. [PMID: 28657586 PMCID: PMC5539714 DOI: 10.3390/s17071519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic metal nanostructures have shown great potential in sensing applications. Among various materials and structures, monolithic nanoporous gold disks (NPGD) have several unique features such as three-dimensional (3D) porous network, large surface area, tunable plasmonic resonance, high-density hot-spots, and excellent architectural integrity and environmental stability. They exhibit a great potential in surface-enhanced spectroscopy, photothermal conversion, and plasmonic sensing. In this work, interactions between smaller colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and individual NPGDs are studied. Specifically, colloidal gold nanoparticles with different sizes are loaded onto NPGD substrates to form NPG hybrid nanocomposites with tunable plasmonic resonance peaks in the near-infrared spectral range. Newly formed plasmonic hot-spots due to the coupling between individual nanoparticles and NPG disk have been identified in the nanocomposites, which have been experimentally studied using extinction and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Numerical modeling and simulations have been employed to further unravel various coupling scenarios between AuNP and NPGDs.
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24
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Arnob MMP, Shih WC. 3-Dimensional Plasmonic Substrates Based on Chicken Eggshell Bio-Templates for SERS-Based Bio-Sensing. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6190012 DOI: 10.3390/mi8060196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Masud Parvez Arnob
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA;
| | - Wei-Chuan Shih
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-743-4454
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25
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Tycova A, Prikryl J, Foret F. Recent strategies toward microfluidic-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1977-1987. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tycova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS; v. v. i.; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jan Prikryl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS; v. v. i.; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS; v. v. i.; Brno Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
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26
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Yuan Y, Panwar N, Yap SHK, Wu Q, Zeng S, Xu J, Tjin SC, Song J, Qu J, Yong KT. SERS-based ultrasensitive sensing platform: An insight into design and practical applications. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Jahn IJ, Žukovskaja O, Zheng XS, Weber K, Bocklitz TW, Cialla-May D, Popp J. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and microfluidic platforms: challenges, solutions and potential applications. Analyst 2017; 142:1022-1047. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00118e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The review provides an overview of the development in the field of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with microfluidic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. J. Jahn
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena
| | - O. Žukovskaja
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - X.-S. Zheng
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - K. Weber
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena
| | - T. W. Bocklitz
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena
| | - D. Cialla-May
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena
| | - J. Popp
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena
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28
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Dorofeeva TS, Seker E. In situ electrical modulation and monitoring of nanoporous gold morphology. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19551-19556. [PMID: 27790649 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07237b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to fine-tune feature size in nanostructured thin films is critical, as many desirable properties of these materials are dictated by their nanostructure. Accordingly, there is a need for techniques that allow for modifying nanostructure while monitoring the morphological changes in situ. Here, we demonstrate a closed-loop electro-annealing system which enables in situ monitoring of morphology evolution in sub-micron nanoporous gold (np-Au) thin films. Np-Au is produced by a microfabrication-compatible self-assembly process that produces a network of interconnected ligaments with tunable diameter (10 s to 100 s of nanometers), making it a desirable material for numerous applications and fundamental studies alike. We specifically investigate the relationship between np-Au morphology (i.e., ligament diameter) and electrical resistance of the thin film. A strong correlation emerges between ligament size and electrical resistance, which puts forward resistance as an effective parameter for monitoring morphology evolution. Surprisingly, np-Au films with thicker ligaments lead to an increase in electrical resistance, which is unexpected since the extent of charge carrier scattering at the ligament surface should decrease with increasing ligament size. Further examination of np-Au morphology with high-resolution electron microscopy revealed grain growth on the ligaments in highly-annealed np-Au thin films. This suggests that grains act as scattering centers for charge carriers and this becomes the dominant mechanism in dictating electrical resistance in a percolated network of thin conductive ligaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Dorofeeva
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Erkin Seker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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29
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Qiu S, Zhao F, Zenasni O, Li J, Shih WC. Nanoporous Gold Disks Functionalized with Stabilized G-Quadruplex Moieties for Sensing Small Molecules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:29968-29976. [PMID: 27622472 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report label-free small molecule sensing on nanoporous gold disks functionalized with stabilized Guanine-quadruplex (G4) moieties using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). By utilizing the unique G4 topological structure, target molecules can be selectively captured onto nanoporous gold (NPG) disk surfaces via π-π stacking and electrostatic attractions. Together with high-density plasmonic "hot spots" of NPG disks, the captured molecules produce a remarkable SERS signal. Our strategy represents the first example of the detection of foreign molecules conjugated to nondouble helical DNA nanostructures using SERS while providing a new technique for studying the formation and evolution of G4 moieties. The molecular specificity of G4 is known to be controlled by its unit sequence. Without losing generality, we have selected d(GGT)7GG sequence for the sensing of malachite green (MG), a known carcinogen frequently abused illegally in aquaculture. The newly developed technique achieved a lowest detectable concentration at an impressive 50 pM, two orders of magnitude lower than the European Union (EU) regulatory requirement, with high specificity against potential interferents. To demonstrate the translational potential of this technology, we achieved a lowest detectable concentration of 5.0 nM, meeting the EU regulatory requirement, using a portable probe based detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyan Qiu
- Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330200, P. R. China
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30
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Jeong JW, Arnob MMP, Baek KM, Lee SY, Shih WC, Jung YS. 3D Cross-Point Plasmonic Nanoarchitectures Containing Dense and Regular Hot Spots for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Analysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:8695-8704. [PMID: 27511881 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
3D stacking of plasmonic nanostructures is achieved using a solvent-assisted nanotransfer printing (S-nTP) technique to provide extremely dense and regular hot spot arrays for highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) analysis. Moreover, hybrid plasmonic nanostructures obtained by printing the nanowires on a continuous metal film or graphene surface show significantly intensified SERS signals due to vertical plasmonic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea
- Powder Technology Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 641831, South Korea
| | - Md Masud Parvez Arnob
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Kwang-Min Baek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea
| | - Seung Yong Lee
- Center for Materials Architecturing, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seong-buk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, South Korea
| | - Wei-Chuan Shih
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Yeon Sik Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea.
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31
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Ngo HT, Gandra N, Fales AM, Taylor SM, Vo-Dinh T. Sensitive DNA detection and SNP discrimination using ultrabright SERS nanorattles and magnetic beads for malaria diagnostics. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 81:8-14. [PMID: 26913502 PMCID: PMC4835027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the major obstacles to implement nucleic acid-based molecular diagnostics at the point-of-care (POC) and in resource-limited settings is the lack of sensitive and practical DNA detection methods that can be seamlessly integrated into portable platforms. Herein we present a sensitive yet simple DNA detection method using a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoplatform: the ultrabright SERS nanorattle. The method, referred to as the nanorattle-based method, involves sandwich hybridization of magnetic beads that are loaded with capture probes, target sequences, and ultrabright SERS nanorattles that are loaded with reporter probes. Upon hybridization, a magnet was applied to concentrate the hybridization sandwiches at a detection spot for SERS measurements. The ultrabright SERS nanorattles, composed of a core and a shell with resonance Raman reporters loaded in the gap space between the core and the shell, serve as SERS tags for signal detection. Using this method, a specific DNA sequence of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum could be detected with a detection limit of approximately 100 attomoles. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discrimination of wild type malaria DNA and mutant malaria DNA, which confers resistance to artemisinin drugs, was also demonstrated. These test models demonstrate the molecular diagnostic potential of the nanorattle-based method to both detect and genotype infectious pathogens. Furthermore, the method's simplicity makes it a suitable candidate for integration into portable platforms for POC and in resource-limited settings applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoan T Ngo
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Naveen Gandra
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Andrew M Fales
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Steve M Taylor
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Medicine & Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Tuan Vo-Dinh
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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32
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Shih WC, Santos GM, Zhao F, Zenasni O, Arnob MMP. Simultaneous Chemical and Refractive Index Sensing in the 1-2.5 μm Near-Infrared Wavelength Range on Nanoporous Gold Disks. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:4641-7. [PMID: 27294888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) absorption spectroscopy provides molecular and chemical information based on overtones and combination bands of the fundamental vibrational modes in the infrared wavelengths. However, the sensitivity of NIR absorption measurement is limited by the generally weak absorption and the relatively poor detector performance compared to other wavelength ranges. To overcome these barriers, we have developed a novel technique to simultaneously obtain chemical and refractive index sensing in 1-2.5 μm NIR wavelength range on nanoporous gold (NPG) disks, which feature high-density plasmonic hot-spots of localized electric field enhancement. For the first time, surface-enhanced near-infrared absorption (SENIRA) spectroscopy has been demonstrated for high sensitivity chemical detection. With a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of octadecanethiol (ODT), an enhancement factor (EF) of up to ∼10(4) has been demonstrated for the first C-H combination band at 2400 nm using NPG disk with 600 nm diameter. Together with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) extinction spectroscopy, simultaneous sensing of sample refractive index has been achieved for the first time. The performance of this technique has been evaluated using various hydrocarbon compounds and crude oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chuan Shih
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Greggy M Santos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Fusheng Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Oussama Zenasni
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Md Masud Parvez Arnob
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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33
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Kang Y, Roife D, Lee Y, Lv H, Suzuki R, Ling J, Rios Perez MV, Li X, Dai B, Pratt M, Truty MJ, Chatterjee D, Wang H, Thomas RM, Wang Y, Koay EJ, Chiao PJ, Katz MH, Fleming JB. Transforming Growth Factor-β Limits Secretion of Lumican by Activated Stellate Cells within Primary Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4934-4946. [PMID: 27126993 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is lethal cancer whose primary tumor is characterized by dense composition of cancer cells, stromal cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM) composed largely of collagen. Within the PDAC tumor microenvironment, activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) are the dominant stromal cell type and responsible for collagen deposition. Lumican is a secreted proteoglycan that regulates collagen fibril assembly. We have previously identified that the presence of lumican in the ECM surrounding PDAC cells is associated with improved patient outcome after multimodal therapy and surgical removal of localized PDAC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Lumican expression in PDAC from 27 patients was determined by IHC and quantitatively analyzed for colocalization with PSCs. In vitro studies examined the molecular mechanisms of lumican transcription and secretion from PSCs (HPSCs and HPaSteC), and cell adhesion and migration assays examined the effect of lumican on PSCs in a collagen-rich environment. RESULTS Here we identify PSCs as a significant source of extracellular lumican production through quantitative IHC analysis. We demonstrate that the cytokine, TGF-β, negatively regulates lumican gene transcription within HPSCs through its canonical signaling pathway and binding of SMAD4 to novel SBEs identified within the promoter region. In addition, we found that the ability of HPSCs to produce and secrete extracellular lumican significantly enhances HPSCs adhesion and mobility on collagen. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that activated pancreatic stellate cells within PDAC secrete lumican under the negative control of TGF-β; once secreted, the extracellular lumican enhances stellate cell adhesion and mobility in a collagen-rich environment. Clin Cancer Res; 22(19); 4934-46. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya'an Kang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David Roife
- Department of General Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Yeonju Lee
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hailong Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Rei Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, The Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Jianhua Ling
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mayrim V Rios Perez
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xinqun Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - BingBing Dai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael Pratt
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mark J Truty
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Deyali Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ryan M Thomas
- Department of General Surgery, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Yu Wang
- Neurodiagnostics Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Eugene J Koay
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Paul J Chiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew H Katz
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason B Fleming
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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34
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Sui C, Wang K, Wang S, Ren J, Bai X, Bai J. SERS activity with tenfold detection limit optimization on a type of nanoporous AAO-based complex multilayer substrate. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:5920-5927. [PMID: 26911325 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06771e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Most of SERS applications are constricted by heterogeneous hotspots and aggregates of nanostructure, which result in low sensitivity and poor reproducibility of characteristic signals. This work intends to introduce SERS properties of a type of SERS-active substrate, Au-CuCl2-AAO, which is innovatively developed on a porous anodic alumina oxide (AAO) template. Spectral measuring results of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) on this substrate optimized by controlling morphology and gold thickness showed that enhancement factor (2.30 × 10(7)) and detection limit (10(-10) M) were both improved and represented better performance than its template AAO. Homogenous hot spots across the region of interest were achieved by scanning SERS intensity distribution for the band at 1505 cm(-1) in 5 × 5 μm(2) area. Furthermore, the promising SERS activity of the flower-patterned substrate was theoretically explained through simulation of the electromagnetic field distribution. In addition, this SERS substrate is proposed for applications within the field of chemical and biochemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Sui
- National Key Laboratory Base of Photoelectric Technology & Functional Materials Co-Sponsored by Province and Ministry, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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35
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Li J, Du Y, Qi J, Sneha R, Chang A, Mohan C, Shih WC. Raman spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for monitoring acute nephritis. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:260-269. [PMID: 25996441 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Both acute nephritis and chronic nephritis account for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, partly due to the lack of reliable tools for detecting disease early and monitoring its progression non-invasively. In this work, Raman spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis are employed for the first time to study the accelerated progression of nephritis in anti-GBM mouse model. Preliminary results show up to 98% discriminant accuracy for the severe and midly diseased and the healthy among two strains of mice with different susceptibility to acute glomerulonephritis. This technique has the potential for non-invasive or minimally-invasive early diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of renal disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, USA
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, USA
| | - Ji Qi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, USA
| | | | - Anthony Chang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, USA
| | | | - Wei-Chuan Shih
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800, Calhoun, Rd. Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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36
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Muehlethaler C, Leona M, Lombardi JR. Review of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Applications in Forensic Science. Anal Chem 2015; 88:152-69. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Muehlethaler
- The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Department of
Scientific Research, New York, New York 10028, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, City College of New York and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Marco Leona
- The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Department of
Scientific Research, New York, New York 10028, United States
| | - John R. Lombardi
- Department
of Chemistry, City College of New York and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
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37
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Patabadige DEW, Jia S, Sibbitts J, Sadeghi J, Sellens K, Culbertson CT. Micro Total Analysis Systems: Fundamental Advances and Applications. Anal Chem 2015; 88:320-38. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damith E. W. Patabadige
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Shu Jia
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jay Sibbitts
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jalal Sadeghi
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
- Laser & Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran
| | - Kathleen Sellens
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Christopher T. Culbertson
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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38
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Ngo HT, Wang HN, Fales AM, Vo-Dinh T. Plasmonic SERS biosensing nanochips for DNA detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1773-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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39
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Santos GM, Zhao F, Zeng J, Li M, Shih WC. Label-free, zeptomole cancer biomarker detection by surface-enhanced fluorescence on nanoporous gold disk plasmonic nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:855-63. [PMID: 25727212 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201400134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate a label-free biosensor for the ERBB2 cancer gene DNA target based on the distance-dependent detection of surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF) on nanoporous gold disk (NPGD) plasmonic nanoparticles. We achieve detection of 2.4 zeptomole of DNA target on the NPGD substrate with an upper concentration detection limit of 1 nM. Without the use of molecular spacers, the NPGD substrate as an SEF platform was shown to provide higher net fluorescence for visible and NIR fluorophores compared to glass and non-porous gold substrates. The enhanced fluorescence signals in patterned nanoporous gold nanoparticles make NPGD a viable material for further reducing detection limits for biomolecular targets used in clinical assays. With patterned nanoporous gold disk (NPGD) plasmonic nanoparticles, a label-free biosensor that makes use of distance-dependent detection of surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF) is constructed and tested for zeptomole detection of ERBB2 cancer gene DNA targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greggy M Santos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Fusheng Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Jianbo Zeng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Wei-Chuan Shih
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA.
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40
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Shih WC, Bechtel KL, Rebec MV. Noninvasive glucose sensing by transcutaneous Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:051036. [PMID: 25688542 PMCID: PMC4330710 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.5.051036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present the development of a transcutaneous Raman spectroscopy system and analysis algorithm for noninvasive glucose sensing. The instrument and algorithm were tested in a preclinical study in which a dog model was used. To achieve a robust glucose test system, the blood levels were clamped for periods of up to 45 min. Glucose clamping and rise/fall patterns have been achieved by injecting glucose and insulin into the ear veins of the dog. Venous blood samples were drawn every 5 min and a plasma glucose concentration was obtained and used to maintain the clamps, to build the calibration model, and to evaluate the performance of the system. We evaluated the utility of the simultaneously acquired Raman spectra to be used to determine the plasma glucose values during the 8-h experiment. We obtained prediction errors in the range of ~1.5-2 mM. These were in-line with a best-case theoretical estimate considering the limitations of the signal-to-noise ratio estimates. As expected, the transition regions of the clamp study produced larger predictive errors than the stable regions. This is related to the divergence of the interstitial fluid (ISF) and plasma glucose values during those periods. Two key contributors to error beside the ISF/plasma difference were photobleaching and detector drift. The study demonstrated the potential of Raman spectroscopy in noninvasive applications and provides areas where the technology can be improved in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chuan Shih
- University of Houston, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
- University of Houston, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
- Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Wei-Chuan Shih, E-mail:
| | - Kate L. Bechtel
- Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mihailo V. Rebec
- iSense CGM, 27700SW 95th Avenue, Wilsonville, Oregon 97070, United States
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41
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Wang C, Yu C. Analytical characterization using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and microfluidic sampling. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:092001. [PMID: 25676092 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/9/092001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of analytical techniques, it has become much easier to detect chemical and biological analytes, even at very low detection limits. In recent years, techniques based on vibrational spectroscopy, such as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), have been developed for non-destructive detection of pathogenic microorganisms. SERS is a highly sensitive analytical tool that can be used to characterize chemical and biological analytes interacting with SERS-active substrates. However, it has always been a challenge to obtain consistent and reproducible SERS spectroscopic results at complicated experimental conditions. Microfluidics, a tool for highly precise manipulation of small volume liquid samples, can be used to overcome the major drawbacks of SERS-based techniques. High reproducibility of SERS measurement could be obtained in continuous flow generated inside microfluidic devices. This article provides a thorough review of the principles, concepts and methods of SERS-microfluidic platforms, and the applications of such platforms in trace analysis of chemical and biological analytes.
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42
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Li M, Du Y, Zhao F, Zeng J, Mohan C, Shih WC. Reagent- and separation-free measurements of urine creatinine concentration using stamping surface enhanced Raman scattering (S-SERS). BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:849-58. [PMID: 25798309 PMCID: PMC4361439 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel reagent- and separation-free method for urine creatinine concentration measurement using stamping surface enhanced Raman scattering (S-SERS) technique with nanoporous gold disk (NPGD) plasmonic substrates, a label-free, multiplexed molecular sensing and imaging technique recently developed by us. The performance of this new technology is evaluated by the detection and quantification of creatinine spiked in three different liquids: creatinine in water, mixture of creatinine and urea in water, and creatinine in artificial urine within physiologically relevant concentration ranges. Moreover, the potential application of our method is demonstrated by creatinine concentration measurements in urine samples collected from a mouse model of nephritis. The limit of detection of creatinine was 13.2 nM (0.15 µg/dl) and 0.68 mg/dl in water and urine, respectively. Our method would provide an alternative tool for rapid, cost-effective, and reliable urine analysis for non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, Texas 77024,
USA
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, Texas 77024,
USA
| | - Fusheng Zhao
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, Texas 77024,
USA
| | - Jianbo Zeng
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, Texas 77024,
USA
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, Texas 77024,
USA
| | - Wei-Chuan Shih
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, Texas 77024,
USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, Texas 77024,
USA
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Lamberti A, Virga A, Giorgis F. Microfluidic electrochemical growth of vertically aligned TiO2 nanotubes for SERS optofluidic devices. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23434d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth of a TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) array into a microfluidic electrochemical reactor is here demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lamberti
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Turin
- Italy
| | - Alessandro Virga
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Turin
- Italy
| | - Fabrizio Giorgis
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Turin
- Italy
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44
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Arnob MMP, Zhao F, Zeng J, Santos GM, Li M, Shih WC. Laser rapid thermal annealing enables tunable plasmonics in nanoporous gold nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:12470-5. [PMID: 25204420 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03672g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel laser rapid thermal annealing (LRTA) technique is reported to tune the plasmonic resonance of disk-shaped nanoporous gold (NPG) nanoparticles for the first time. LRTA alters both the external and internal geometrical parameters of NPG nanoparticles at temperatures significantly lower than the melting temperature of bulk gold or non-porous gold nanoparticles. With increasing annealing laser intensity, the average pore size increases, while the mean disk diameter decreases. These morphological changes lead to blueshifting of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), which subsequently fine-tunes the SERS performance by better aligning the excitation laser and Raman scattering wavelengths with the LSPR peak. This technique can provide an effective means to optimize NPG nanoparticles for various plasmonic applications such as photothermal conversion, light-gated molecular release, and molecular sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Masud Parvez Arnob
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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Ngo HT, Wang HN, Fales AM, Nicholson BP, Woods CW, Vo-Dinh T. DNA bioassay-on-chip using SERS detection for dengue diagnosis. Analyst 2014; 139:5655-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A signal-on DNA bioassay-on-chip using SERS detection and a single incubation step without any washing was developed for dengue diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoan T. Ngo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Duke University
- Durham, USA
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics
- Duke University
| | - Hsin-Neng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Duke University
- Durham, USA
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics
- Duke University
| | - Andrew M. Fales
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Duke University
- Durham, USA
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics
- Duke University
| | | | - Christopher W. Woods
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics
- Duke University
- Durham, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center
- Durham, USA
| | - Tuan Vo-Dinh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Duke University
- Durham, USA
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics
- Duke University
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Li M, Zhao F, Zeng J, Qi J, Lu J, Shih WC. Microfluidic surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor with monolithically integrated nanoporous gold disk arrays for rapid and label-free biomolecular detection. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:111611. [PMID: 25054918 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.11.111611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a microfluidic surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor for rapid and label-free biomolecular detection. Our sensor design mitigates a common limiting factor in microfluidic SERS sensors that utilize integrated nanostructures: low-efficiency transport of biomolecules to nanostructured surface which adversely impacts sensitivity. Our strategy is to increase the total usable nanostructured surface area, which provides more adsorption sites for biomolecules. Specifically, a nanoporous gold disk (NPGD) array, a highly effective SERS substrate, has been monolithically integrated inside a microfluidic chip. Individual NPGD is known to feature an order of magnitude larger surface area than its projected disk area. The increased surface area arises from nanoscale pores and ligaments three-dimensionally distributed in the NPGD, which manifest themselves as high-density SERS hot-spots. High-density NPGD arrays further guarantee large coverage of these hot-spots on the microchannel floor. The sensor performance has been demonstrated using Rhodamine 6G to quantify spatial uniformity and determine the shortest detection time. Next, the sensor is applied to detect two biomolecules, dopamine and urea, with unprecedented detection limit and speed compared to other existing microfluidic SERS sensors. The sensor holds great promise in point-of-care applications for various biomolecular detections.
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