1
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Suzer S, Strelcov E, Kolmakov A. Comparative Operando XPS and SEM Spatiotemporal Potential Mapping of Ionic Liquid Polarization in a Coplanar Electrochemical Device. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13268-13273. [PMID: 34546720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The polarization response of a coplanar electrochemical capacitor covered with an ionic liquid as the electrolyte has been examined using a combination of two powerful analytic techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microcopy (SEM). Spatiotemporal distribution of the ionic liquid surface potential, upon DC or AC (square wave) biasing, has been monitored via chemical element binding energy shifts using XPS and secondary electron intensity variations using SEM. SEM's high spatial resolution and speedy imaging together with application of a data mining algorithm made mapping of the surface potential distribution across the capacitor possible. Interestingly, despite the differences in the detection principles, both techniques yield similar polarization relaxation time constants. The results demonstrate the power of a synergistic combination of the two techniques with complementary capabilities and pave the way to a deeper understanding of liquid/solid interfaces and for performance evaluation and diagnostics of electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefik Suzer
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Evgheni Strelcov
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States.,Maryland Nano Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Andrei Kolmakov
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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2
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Multi-electron Reaction Materials for High-Energy-Density Secondary Batteries: Current Status and Prospective. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-020-00073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Second Harmonic Generation for Moisture Monitoring in Dimethoxyethane at a Gold-Solvent Interface Using Plasmonic Structures. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121788. [PMID: 31888197 PMCID: PMC6955981 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Second harmonic generation (SHG) is forbidden from most bulk metals because metals are characterized by centrosymmetric symmetry. Adsorption or desorption of molecules at the metal interface can break the symmetry and lead to SHG responses. Yet, the response is relatively low, and minute changes occurring at the interface, especially at solid/liquid interfaces, like in battery electrodes are difficult to assess. Herein, we use a plasmonic structure milled in a gold electrode to increase the overall SHG signal from the interface and gain information about small changes occurring at the interface. Using a specific homebuilt cell, we monitor changes at the liquid/electrode interface. Specifically, traces of water in dimethoxyethane (DME) have been detected following changes in the SHG responses from the plasmonic structures. We propose that by plasmonic structures this technique can be used for assessing minute changes occurring at solid/liquid interfaces such as battery electrodes.
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4
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Advanced Characterizations of Solid Electrolyte Interphases in Lithium-Ion Batteries. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-019-00058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Tsuda T, Hosoya K, Sano T, Kuwabata S. In-situ scanning electron microscope observation of electrode reactions related to battery material. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.06.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangmin Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Guangwu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Liqiang Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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7
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Kalinin SV, Dyck O, Balke N, Neumayer S, Tsai WY, Vasudevan R, Lingerfelt D, Ahmadi M, Ziatdinov M, McDowell MT, Strelcov E. Toward Electrochemical Studies on the Nanometer and Atomic Scales: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9735-9780. [PMID: 31433942 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reactions and ionic transport underpin the operation of a broad range of devices and applications, from energy storage and conversion to information technologies, as well as biochemical processes, artificial muscles, and soft actuators. Understanding the mechanisms governing function of these applications requires probing local electrochemical phenomena on the relevant time and length scales. Here, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for extending electrochemical characterization probes to the nanometer and ultimately atomic scales, including challenges in down-scaling classical methods, the emergence of novel probes enabled by nanotechnology and based on emergent physics and chemistry of nanoscale systems, and the integration of local data into macroscopic models. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) methods based on strain detection, potential detection, and hysteretic current measurements are discussed. We further compare SPM to electron beam probes and discuss the applicability of electron beam methods to probe local electrochemical behavior on the mesoscopic and atomic levels. Similar to a SPM tip, the electron beam can be used both for observing behavior and as an active electrode to induce reactions. We briefly discuss new challenges and opportunities for conducting fundamental scientific studies, matter patterning, and atomic manipulation arising in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Ondrej Dyck
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Nina Balke
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Sabine Neumayer
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Wan-Yu Tsai
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Rama Vasudevan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - David Lingerfelt
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Mahshid Ahmadi
- Joint Institute for Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
| | - Maxim Ziatdinov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Matthew T McDowell
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Evgheni Strelcov
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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8
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Zhu J, Shen H, Shi X, Yang F, Hu X, Zhou W, Yang H, Gu M. Revealing the Chemical and Structural Evolution of V2O5 Nanoribbons in Lithium-Ion Batteries Using in Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11055-11062. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiakun Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, No. 1088 Xueyuan Blvd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Department of Mechanics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Huahai Shen
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Xiaobo Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, No. 1088 Xueyuan Blvd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, No. 1088 Xueyuan Blvd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiangsheng Hu
- Department of Mechanics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Weidong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Mechanics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Meng Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, No. 1088 Xueyuan Blvd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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9
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McGehee WR, Strelcov E, Oleshko VP, Soles C, Zhitenev NB, McClelland JJ. Direct-Write Lithiation of Silicon Using a Focused Ion Beam of Li . ACS NANO 2019; 13:8012-8022. [PMID: 31283179 PMCID: PMC6760045 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical processes that govern the performance of lithium ion batteries involve numerous parallel reactions and interfacial phenomena that complicate the microscopic understanding of these systems. To study the behavior of ion transport and reaction in these applications, we report the use of a focused ion beam of Li+ to locally insert controlled quantities of lithium with high spatial resolution into electrochemically relevant materials in vacuo. To benchmark the technique, we present results on direct-write lithiation of 35 nm thick crystalline silicon membranes using a 2 keV beam of Li+ at doses up to 1018 cm-2 (104 nm-2). We confirm quantitative sub-μm control of lithium insertion and characterize the concomitant morphological, structural, and functional changes of the system using a combination of electron and scanning probe microscopy. We observe saturation of interstitial lithium in the silicon membrane at ≈10% dopant number density and spillover of excess lithium onto the membrane's surface. The implanted Li+ is demonstrated to remain electrochemically active. This technique will enable controlled studies and improve understanding of Li+ ion interaction with local defect structures and interfaces in electrode and solid-electrolyte materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R McGehee
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Evgheni Strelcov
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
- Maryland NanoCenter , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Vladimir P Oleshko
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Christopher Soles
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Nikolai B Zhitenev
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Jabez J McClelland
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
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10
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Liu D, Shadike Z, Lin R, Qian K, Li H, Li K, Wang S, Yu Q, Liu M, Ganapathy S, Qin X, Yang QH, Wagemaker M, Kang F, Yang XQ, Li B. Review of Recent Development of In Situ/Operando Characterization Techniques for Lithium Battery Research. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806620. [PMID: 31099081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demands of energy storage require the significant improvement of current Li-ion battery electrode materials and the development of advanced electrode materials. Thus, it is necessary to gain an in-depth understanding of the reaction processes, degradation mechanism, and thermal decomposition mechanisms under realistic operation conditions. This understanding can be obtained by in situ/operando characterization techniques, which provide information on the structure evolution, redox mechanism, solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, side reactions, and Li-ion transport properties under operating conditions. Here, the recent developments in the in situ/operando techniques employed for the investigation of the structural stability, dynamic properties, chemical environment changes, and morphological evolution are described and summarized. The experimental approaches reviewed here include X-ray, electron, neutron, optical, and scanning probes. The experimental methods and operating principles, especially the in situ cell designs, are described in detail. Representative studies of the in situ/operando techniques are summarized, and finally the major current challenges and future opportunities are discussed. Several important battery challenges are likely to benefit from these in situ/operando techniques, including the inhomogeneous reactions of high-energy-density cathodes, the development of safe and reversible Li metal plating, and the development of stable SEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Liu
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zulipiya Shadike
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Ruoqian Lin
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Kun Qian
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Nano Energy Materials Laboratory (NEM), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hai Li
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kaikai Li
- Interdisciplinary Division of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Shuwei Wang
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qipeng Yu
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Swapna Ganapathy
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Xianying Qin
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Quan-Hong Yang
- Nanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Marnix Wagemaker
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Nano Energy Materials Laboratory (NEM), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Baohua Li
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Materials and Devices Testing Center, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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11
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In-operando deformation studies on the mechano-electrochemical mechanism in free-standing MWCNTs/V2O5 lithium ion battery electrode. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Tripathi AM, Su WN, Hwang BJ. In situ analytical techniques for battery interface analysis. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:736-851. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interface is a key to high performance and safe lithium-ion batteries or lithium batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok M. Tripathi
- Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Wei-Nien Su
- Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Bing Joe Hwang
- Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan
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13
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Zhu C, Usiskin RE, Yu Y, Maier J. The nanoscale circuitry of battery electrodes. Science 2017; 358:358/6369/eaao2808. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aao2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Developing high-performance, affordable, and durable batteries is one of the decisive technological tasks of our generation. Here, we review recent progress in understanding how to optimally arrange the various necessary phases to form the nanoscale structure of a battery electrode. The discussion begins with design principles for optimizing electrode kinetics based on the transport parameters and dimensionality of the phases involved. These principles are then used to review and classify various nanostructured architectures that have been synthesized. Connections are drawn to the necessary fabrication methods, and results from in operando experiments are highlighted that give insight into how electrodes evolve during battery cycling.
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14
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Shen CC, Weng MY, Sheu JK, Yao YT, Sun CK. In Situ Monitoring of Chemical Reactions at a Solid-Water Interface by Femtosecond Acoustics. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5430-5437. [PMID: 29058902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions at a solid-liquid interface are of fundamental importance. Interfacial chemical reactions occur not only at the very interface but also in the subsurface area, while existing monitoring techniques either provide limited spatial resolution or are applicable only for the outmost atomic layer. Here, with the aid of the time-domain analysis with femtosecond acoustics, we demonstrate a subatomic-level-resolution technique to longitudinally monitor chemical reactions at solid-water interfaces, capable of in situ monitoring even the subsurface area under atmospheric conditions. Our work was proven by monitoring the already-known anode oxidation process occurring during photoelectrochemical water splitting. Furthermore, whenever the oxide layer thickness equals an integer number of the effective atomic layer thickness, the measured acoustic echo will show higher signal-to-noise ratios with reduced speckle noise, indicating the quantum-like behavior of this coherent-phonon-based technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chiang Shen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yu Weng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Kong Sheu
- Institute of Electro-Optical Science and Engineering and Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Yao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Physics and Research Center for Applied Science, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics and Center for Optoelectronics Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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15
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Baghaie A, Pahlavan Tafti A, Owen HA, D’Souza RM, Yu Z. Three-dimensional reconstruction of highly complex microscopic samples using scanning electron microscopy and optical flow estimation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175078. [PMID: 28384216 PMCID: PMC5383242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) as one of the major research and industrial equipment for imaging of micro-scale samples and surfaces has gained extensive attention from its emerge. However, the acquired micrographs still remain two-dimensional (2D). In the current work a novel and highly accurate approach is proposed to recover the hidden third-dimension by use of multi-view image acquisition of the microscopic samples combined with pre/post-processing steps including sparse feature-based stereo rectification, nonlocal-based optical flow estimation for dense matching and finally depth estimation. Employing the proposed approach, three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of highly complex microscopic samples were achieved to facilitate the interpretation of topology and geometry of surface/shape attributes of the samples. As a byproduct of the proposed approach, high-definition 3D printed models of the samples can be generated as a tangible means of physical understanding. Extensive comparisons with the state-of-the-art reveal the strength and superiority of the proposed method in uncovering the details of the highly complex microscopic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadreza Baghaie
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ahmad Pahlavan Tafti
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, United States of America
| | - Heather A. Owen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Roshan M. D’Souza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Zeyun Yu
- Departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
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16
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An H, Li X, Chalker C, Stracke M, Verduzco R, Lutkenhaus JL. Conducting Block Copolymer Binders for Carbon-Free Hybrid Vanadium Pentoxide Cathodes with Enhanced Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:28585-28591. [PMID: 27676130 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric binders are essential to battery electrodes, mechanically stabilizing the active materials. Most often, these binders are insulating, and conductive carbons must be added to the electrode structure. Conductive polymer binders, those that transport both ions and electrons, are of primary interest because they potentially eliminate the need for carbon additives. However, it is challenging to incorporate both ion- and electron-conductive polymeric binders into electrode systems because of differences in physical affinities among the two polymer types and the electroactive material. Here, we investigate amphiphilic polymeric binders comprised of electron- and ion-conducting poly(3-hexylthiophene)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (P3HT-b-PEO) as compared to P3HT, PEO, and a blend of P3HT/PEO homopolymers in carbon-free V2O5 cathodes. The electrode with P3HT-b-PEO binder has the highest capacity of 190 mAh/g, whereas V2O5 is only 77 mAh/g at a C rate of 0.1 after over 200 cycles: a 2.5-fold improvement. Similarly P3HT, PEO, and the blend have capacities of 139, 130, and 70 mAh/g, which are not nearly as impressive as the block copolymer binder. The unique architecture of P3HT-b-PEO, wherein P3HT and PEO blocks are covalently bonded, promotes the uniform distribution of conductive binders within the V2O5 structure, whereas the analogous P3HT/PEO blend suffers from phase separation. This work demonstrates that conductive block copolymer binders enable carbon-free electrodes for lithium-ion battery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyosung An
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Cody Chalker
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Maria Stracke
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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17
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Chen R, Luo R, Huang Y, Wu F, Li L. Advanced High Energy Density Secondary Batteries with Multi-Electron Reaction Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2016; 3:1600051. [PMID: 27840796 PMCID: PMC5096057 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Secondary batteries have become important for smart grid and electric vehicle applications, and massive effort has been dedicated to optimizing the current generation and improving their energy density. Multi-electron chemistry has paved a new path for the breaking of the barriers that exist in traditional battery research and applications, and provided new ideas for developing new battery systems that meet energy density requirements. An in-depth understanding of multi-electron chemistries in terms of the charge transfer mechanisms occuring during their electrochemical processes is necessary and urgent for the modification of secondary battery materials and development of secondary battery systems. In this Review, multi-electron chemistry for high energy density electrode materials and the corresponding secondary battery systems are discussed. Specifically, four battery systems based on multi-electron reactions are classified in this review: lithium- and sodium-ion batteries based on monovalent cations; rechargeable batteries based on the insertion of polyvalent cations beyond those of alkali metals; metal-air batteries, and Li-S batteries. It is noted that challenges still exist in the development of multi-electron chemistries that must be overcome to meet the energy density requirements of different battery systems, and much effort has more effort to be devoted to this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and EngineeringSchool of Material Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in BeijingBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Rui Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and EngineeringSchool of Material Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in BeijingBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Yongxin Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and EngineeringSchool of Material Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and EngineeringSchool of Material Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in BeijingBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and EngineeringSchool of Material Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in BeijingBeijing100081P. R. China
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18
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Strelcov E, Yang SM, Jesse S, Balke N, Vasudevan RK, Kalinin SV. Solid-state electrochemistry on the nanometer and atomic scales: the scanning probe microscopy approach. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:13838-58. [PMID: 27146961 PMCID: PMC5125544 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01524g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Energy technologies of the 21(st) century require an understanding and precise control over ion transport and electrochemistry at all length scales - from single atoms to macroscopic devices. This short review provides a summary of recent studies dedicated to methods of advanced scanning probe microscopy for probing electrochemical transformations in solids at the meso-, nano- and atomic scales. The discussion presents the advantages and limitations of several techniques and a wealth of examples highlighting peculiarities of nanoscale electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgheni Strelcov
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Sang Mo Yang
- The Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - Stephen Jesse
- The Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - Nina Balke
- The Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - Rama K. Vasudevan
- The Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - Sergei V. Kalinin
- The Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
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19
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Pal A, Khajornrungruang P, Netzband C, Alety S, Babu SV. Observation of the formation of anisotropic silver microstructures by evanescent wave and electron microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:075708. [PMID: 26789822 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/7/075708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using a well-known galvanic displacement reaction, ∼25-40 μm long silver ribbons grown after mixing ∼50 nm copper particles with AgNO3 solution were observed as a function of Ag(+) concentration and their growth was characterized in real-time and in situ by evanescent wave (EW) microscopy. At low Ag(+) concentration, chain-like structures consisting of both Ag and Cu were observed. When the sequence of mixing these two reactants was reversed, different Ag microstructures (platelets and dendrites) were formed and were also characterized by EW microscopy. Dependence of the morphology of all these microstructures on silver ion concentration was determined by EW microscopy in conjunction with scanning and transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angshuman Pal
- Center of Advance Materials Processing, Clarkson University Potsdam, NY 13676, USA
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20
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Zhang Q, Li H, Gan L, Ma Y, Golberg D, Zhai T. In situ fabrication and investigation of nanostructures and nanodevices with a microscope. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:2694-713. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00161k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The widespread availability of nanostructures and nanodevices has placed strict requirements on their comprehensive characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Wuhan 430074
- P. R. China
| | - Huiqiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Wuhan 430074
- P. R. China
| | - Lin Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Wuhan 430074
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Wuhan 430074
- P. R. China
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Ibaraki 305-0044
- Japan
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Wuhan 430074
- P. R. China
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