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Gal M, Gaina L, Lovasz T, Gal E, Craciun AM, Focsan M, Turza A, Rugina D, Brânzanic AMV, Pesek S, Silaghi-Dumitrescu R, Cristea C. Sonochemical synthesis, optical properties and DFT studies on novel (N-arylamino)phenothiazinium dyes suitable for fluorescence cells imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 322:124768. [PMID: 39002468 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Novel (N-arylamino)phenothiazinium dyes containing meta-substituted-arylamine auxochrome units were successfully obtained by applying a sonochemical protocol designed for a more efficient energy usage in the preparation of methylene blue (MB) analogues. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the spatial arrangement in aggregated crystalline state of (N-(meta-bromoaryl)amino)phenothiazinium dye with minor variances induced by the nature of the halogenide counterion (iodide or chloride). The optical UV-vis properties of the novel (N-arylamino)phenothiazinium dyes were comparable to those of the parent MB, with the longest wavelength absorption maxima situated in the visible range (640-680 nm), large molar extinction coefficients (log ε = 4.5-5.1) and weak solvatochromism in polar solvents. Their fluorescence emission in solid state was evidenced by One Photon Excited Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (OPE-FLIM) and Two Photon Excited Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (TPE-FLIM) experiments. Theoretical calculations based on Time Dependent-Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) at B3PW91 and CAM-B3LYP/def2-SV(P) level of theory predicted absorption and fluorescence emission wavelength maxima in reasonable agreement with experimental data. Computational results suggest that the electronic excitations imply a departure from the planar molecular ground state towards geometrically rearranged excited states disfavoring the vibronic couplings due to a high degree of flexibility induced by the conformational motion of the N-arylamino auxochromes. Preliminary studies regarding the dyes' relevance in biological environment indicated lipophilicity (log P octanol/water 0.5-2.3), no aggregation tendency in diluted solutions in the concentration range 10-50 microM and ability for cytoplasmatic staining of D407 human retinal pigment epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Gal
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos str., 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Luiza Gaina
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos str., 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tamas Lovasz
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos str., 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emese Gal
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos str., 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Craciun
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Centre, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian str., 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Monica Focsan
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Centre, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian str., 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Biomolecular Physics Department, Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, 1 M. Kogalniceanu Street, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Turza
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography and Applied Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath str., 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dumitrita Rugina
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur str., 400327 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian M V Brânzanic
- Raluca Ripan" Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, 30 Fântânele str., 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Szilard Pesek
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos str., 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu Silaghi-Dumitrescu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos str., 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Castelia Cristea
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos str., 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Nie M, Huang P, Peng P, Shen D, Zhao L, Jiang D, Shen Y, Wei L, Bible PW, Yang J, Wang J, Wu Y. Efficacy of photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing on clinical parameters and microbial composition in subgingival plaque of periodontitis patients: A split-mouth randomized clinical trial. J Periodontol 2024; 95:535-549. [PMID: 38501762 DOI: 10.1002/jper.23-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) on clinical parameters and microbial composition in subgingival plaque of periodontitis patients. METHODS Seventeen patients were included in this split-mouth randomized clinical trial. Sites with probing pocket depth (PPD) ≥5 mm in combination with bleeding on probing in different quadrants were randomized into the control group, the group with a single PDT application right after SRP, and the group with three repeated PDT applications 1 week after SRP. The subgingival plaque was collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing at baseline, Week 2, and Week 8. RESULTS Seventeen patients with 60 sites completed this 8-week follow-up, and 157 subgingival plaques were successfully analyzed by sequencing. Significant improvements were observed in two primary outcomes: PPD at Week 8 and subgingival microbial composition. Compared to the control group, the repeated-PDT group showed a notable improvement in PPD, substantial alterations in the microbial profile, including a reduction in α-diversity and anaerobic bacteria, and an increase in aerobic bacteria at Week 2. Secondary outcomes, such as clinical attachment level and sulcus bleeding index, also showed improvement at Week 8. Furthermore, both the single- and repeated-PDT groups exhibited a decrease in periodontopathogens and an increase in beneficial bacteria compared with baseline. CONCLUSION PDT promotes changes in the microbial composition of periodontitis patients' subgingival plaque in a direction favorable to periodontal health, and repeated PDT is a promising adjunctive therapy for periodontal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Nie
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Periodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peien Huang
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiyao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daonan Shen
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Duan Jiang
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqin Shen
- Department of Periodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Paul W Bible
- College of Arts and Sciences of Marian University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jingmei Yang
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yafei Wu
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Mussini A, Delcanale P, Berni M, Pongolini S, Jordà-Redondo M, Agut M, Steinbach PJ, Nonell S, Abbruzzetti S, Viappiani C. Concanavalin A Delivers a Photoactive Protein to the Bacterial Wall. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5751. [PMID: 38891937 PMCID: PMC11172101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Modular supramolecular complexes, where different proteins are assembled to gather targeting capability and photofunctional properties within the same structures, are of special interest for bacterial photodynamic inactivation, given their inherent biocompatibility and flexibility. We have recently proposed one such structure, exploiting the tetrameric bacterial protein streptavidin as the main building block, to target S. aureus protein A. To expand the palette of targets, we have linked biotinylated Concanavalin A, a sugar-binding protein, to a methylene blue-labelled streptavidin. By applying a combination of spectroscopy and microscopy, we demonstrate the binding of Concanavalin A to the walls of Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli. Photoinactivation is observed for both bacterial strains in the low micromolar range, although the moderate affinity for the molecular targets and the low singlet oxygen yields limit the overall efficiency. Finally, we apply a maximum entropy method to the analysis of autocorrelation traces, which proves particularly useful when interpreting signals measured for diffusing systems heterogeneous in size, such as fluorescent species bound to bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mussini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pietro Delcanale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Melissa Berni
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, Strada dei Mercati, 13/A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Pongolini
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, Strada dei Mercati, 13/A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Mireia Jordà-Redondo
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Agut
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter J. Steinbach
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefania Abbruzzetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Cristiano Viappiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Vadala M, Lupascu DC, Galstyan A. Fabrication and characterization of microporous soft templated photoactive 3D materials for water disinfection in batch and continuous flow. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:803-814. [PMID: 38462570 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Water cleaning can be provided in batch mode or in continuous flow. For the latter, some kind of framework must withhold the cleaning agents from washout. Porous structures provide an ideal ratio of surface to volume for optimal access of the water to active sites and are able to facilitate rapid and efficient fluid transport to maintain a constant flow. When functionalized with suitable photoactive agents, they could be used in solar photocatalytic disinfection. In this study, we have used the sugar cube method to fabricate PDMS-based materials that contain three different classes of photosensitizers that differ in absorption wavelength and intensity, charge as well as in ability to generate singlet oxygen. The obtained sponges are characterized by scanning electron microscopy and digital microscopy. Archimede's method was used to measure porosity and density. We show that the materials can absorb visible light and generate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that are required to kill bacteria. The disinfection ability was tested by examining how irradiation time and operation mode (batch vs. flow) contribute to the performance of the material. The current strategy is highly adaptable to other (medium) pressure-driven flow systems and holds promising potential for various applications, including continuous flow photoreactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriana Vadala
- Institute for Materials Science and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 15, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Doru C Lupascu
- Institute for Materials Science and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 15, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Anzhela Galstyan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) and Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
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Zada L, Anwar S, Imtiaz S, Saleem M, Shah AA. In vitro study: methylene blue-based antibacterial photodynamic inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:169. [PMID: 38261091 PMCID: PMC10806092 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most antibiotic-resistant and opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised and debilitated patients. It is considered the cause of most severe skin infections and is frequently found in hospital burn units. Due to its high antibiotic resistance, eliminating P. aeruginosa from skin infections is quite challenging. Therefore, this study aims to assess the novel in vitro antibacterial activity of methylene blue using a 635-nm diode laser to determine the effective power and energy densities for inhibition of P. aeruginosa. The strain was treated with various concentrations of methylene blue and 635-nm diode laser at powers of 300 mW/cm2 and 250 mW/cm2. The diode laser's potency in the photo-destruction of methylene blue and its degradation through P. aeruginosa were also evaluated. Colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml, fluorescence spectroscopy, optical density, and confocal microscopy were used to measure the bacterial killing effect. As a result, the significant decrease of P. aeruginosa was 2.15-log10, 2.71-log10, and 3.48-log10 at 60, 75, and 90 J/cm2 after excitation of MB for 240, 300, and 360 s at a power of 250 mW/cm2, respectively. However, a maximum decrease in CFU was observed by 2.54-log10 at 72 J/cm2 and 4.32-log10 at 90 and 108 J/cm2 after 300 mW/cm2 of irradiation. Fluorescence images confirmed the elimination of bacteria and showed a high degree of photo-destruction compared to treatment with methylene blue and light alone. In conclusion, MB-induced aPDT demonstrated high efficacy, which could be a potential approach against drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria. KEY POINTS: • Combination of methylene blue with 635-nm diode laser for antibacterial activity. • Methylene blue photosensitizer is employed as an alternative to antibiotics. • aPDT showed promising antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiq Zada
- Applied Environmental and Geo-Microbiology Lab, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
- Agri & Biophotonics Laboratory, National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Anwar
- Agri & Biophotonics Laboratory, National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan.
| | - Sana Imtiaz
- Agri & Biophotonics Laboratory, National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Agri & Biophotonics Laboratory, National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ali Shah
- Applied Environmental and Geo-Microbiology Lab, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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Magni A, Mattiello S, Beverina L, Mattioli G, Moschetta M, Zucchi A, Paternò GM, Lanzani G. A membrane intercalating metal-free conjugated organic photosensitizer for bacterial photodynamic inactivation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8196-8205. [PMID: 37538813 PMCID: PMC10395270 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01168b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic inhibition (PDI) of bacteria represents a powerful strategy for dealing with multidrug-resistant pathogens and infections, as it exhibits minimal development of antibiotic resistance. The PDI action stems from the generation of a triplet state in the photosensitizer (PS), which subsequently transfers energy or electrons to molecular oxygen, resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS are then able to damage cells, eventually causing bacterial eradication. Enhancing the efficacy of PDI includes the introduction of heavy atoms to augment triplet generation in the PS, as well as membrane intercalation to circumvent the problem of the short lifetime of ROS. However, the former approach can pose safety and environmental concerns, while achieving stable membrane partitioning remains challenging due to the complex outer envelope of bacteria. Here, we introduce a novel PS, consisting of a metal-free donor-acceptor thiophene-based conjugate molecule (BV-1). It presents several advantageous features for achieving effective PDI, namely: (i) it exhibits strong light absorption due to the conjugated donor-acceptor moieties; (ii) it exhibits spontaneous and stable membrane partitioning thanks to its amphiphilicity, accompanied by a strong fluorescence turn-on; (iii) it undergoes metal-free intersystem crossing, which occurs preferentially when the molecule resides in the membrane. All these properties, which we rationalized via optical spectroscopies and calculations, enable the effective eradication of Escherichia coli, with an inhibition concentration that is below that of current state-of-the-art treatments. Our approach holds significant potential for the development of new PS for controlling bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Magni
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano 20133 Milan Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Sara Mattiello
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca 20125 Milan Italy
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca 20125 Milan Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mattioli
- CNR - Istituto di Struttura della Materia I-00015 Monterotondo Scalo Italy
| | - Matteo Moschetta
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Anita Zucchi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca 20125 Milan Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maria Paternò
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano 20133 Milan Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano 20133 Milan Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia 20133 Milan Italy
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Yagi K, Ohira K, Yamana K, Imato K, Kawasaki R, Ikeda A, Ooyama Y. Development of water-soluble phenazine-2,3-diol-based photosensitizers for singlet oxygen generation. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37161772 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00491k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phenazine-2,3-diol-based dyes, KY-1Na and KY-2Na bearing one and two carboxylic acid sodium salts, respectively, have been newly developed as water-soluble photosensitizers (PSs) possessing the ability to generate singlet oxygen (1O2). In order to evaluate the solubility of KY-1Na and KY-2Na in water, the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of the two PSs was investigated by experimental measurement of the logarithms (log Po/w) of the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (Po/w) for the PS. The log Po/w values of both KY-1Na and KY-2Na were determined to be -0.9, indicating that both the PSs are more hydrophilic than Rose Bengal (-0.6) and have hydrophilicity equivalent to methylene blue (-0.9). Both the PSs in water show a broad photoabsorption band in the range of 500 to 600 nm. Thus, we estimated the 1O2 quantum yields (ΦΔ) of KY-1Na and KY-2Na in water by using 9,10-anthracenediyl-bis(methylene)dimalonic acid (ABDA) as a water-soluble 1O2 scavenger. It was found that in water the ΦΔ value (0.19) of KY-2Na is higher than that of KY-1Na (0.06). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggested that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) distributions for the molecular structure of KY-2Na are adequately separated, leading to a decrease in the energy gap (ΔEST) between the singlet state (S1) and the triplet state (T1) that causes efficient intersystem crossing (ISC), compared to that for the molecular structure of KY-1Na. Indeed, time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations demonstrated that the ΔEST(S1-T1) value (0.82 eV) of KY-2Na is smaller than that (0.98 eV) of KY-1Na, resulting in a relatively high ΦΔ value of KY-2Na. Consequently, we demonstrate that phenazine-2,3-diol-based PSs bearing carboxylic acid salts possess high solubility and moderate 1O2 generation ability in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Yagi
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Ohira
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
| | - Keita Yamana
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Imato
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
| | - Riku Kawasaki
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Ikeda
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
| | - Yousuke Ooyama
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
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Gonçalves JMLA, Monteiro CM, Machado GB, Pavani C. The combination of methylene blue and sodium dodecyl sulfate enhances the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy of Candida albicans at lower light parameters. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103583. [PMID: 37094609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growth of resistant microorganisms has been a challenge for health systems. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) has gained attention due to its effects on resistant strains. Recently, it was shown that the association of methylene blue (MB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is an effective strategy to increase the effect of aPDT; however, it is unknown which are the best light parameters (such as irradiance and radiant exposure, RE), to reach the most effective protocols. This work aimed to evaluate the light parameters, irradiance, and radiant exposure, in aPDT with MB when conveyed in water compared to MB associated with SDS. METHODS Tests were carried out to quantify the colony-forming units (CFU) of ATCC 10231 strain of Candida albicans when using MB in different media and with different light parameters: Control (water), SDS (0.25%), MB (20 mg/mL), and the MB/SDS at irradiances of 3.7; 11.2; 18.6, and 26.1 mW/cm2 and varied irradiation times to reach radiant exposures of 4.4; 17.8; 26.7, and 44 J/cm². RESULTS The results showed that aPDT with MB/SDS had a higher antimicrobial effect than MB when conveyed in water. Furthermore, for the highest irradiance studied (26.1 mW/cm2), CFU decreases exponentially with increasing RE from 4.4 up to 44J/cm2. Similarly, at a fixed RE, the higher the irradiance used, the higher the antimicrobial effect was observed, except for the lowest RE studied (4.4 J/cm2). CONCLUSIONS aPDT with MB/SDS had a greater antimicrobial action at the lower light parameters when compared to MB conveyed in water. The authors suggest the use of RE above 18 J/cm2 and irradiance above 26mW/cm2 since at the mentioned parameters the increase in its value caused a greater antimicrobial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Marcelo Lacerda Alves Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biofotônica Aplicada às Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Nove de Julho - UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235-249, 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Montovam Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biofotônica Aplicada às Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Nove de Julho - UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235-249, 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Benedito Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biofotônica Aplicada às Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Nove de Julho - UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235-249, 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Christiane Pavani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biofotônica Aplicada às Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Nove de Julho - UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235-249, 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Piksa M, Lian C, Samuel IC, Pawlik KJ, Samuel IDW, Matczyszyn K. The role of the light source in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1697-1722. [PMID: 36779328 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a promising approach to fight the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance that threatens health care, food security and agriculture. APDT uses light to excite a light-activated chemical (photosensitiser), leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many APDT studies confirm its efficacy in vitro and in vivo against bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. However, the development of the field is focused on exploring potential targets and developing new photosensitisers. The role of light, a crucial element for ROS production, has been neglected. What are the main parameters essential for effective photosensitiser activation? Does an optimal light radiant exposure exist? And finally, which light source is best? Many reports have described the promising antibacterial effects of APDT in vitro, however, its application in vivo, especially in clinical settings remains very limited. The restricted availability may partially be due to a lack of standard conditions or protocols, arising from the diversity of selected photosensitising agents (PS), variable testing conditions including light sources used for PS activation and methods of measuring anti-bacterial activity and their effectiveness in treating bacterial infections. We thus sought to systematically review and examine the evidence from existing studies on APDT associated with the light source used. We show how the reduction of pathogens depends on the light source applied, radiant exposure and irradiance of light used, and type of pathogen, and so critically appraise the current state of development of APDT and areas to be addressed in future studies. We anticipate that further standardisation of the experimental conditions will help the field advance, and suggest key optical and biological parameters that should be reported in all APDT studies. More in vivo and clinical studies are needed and are expected to be facilitated by advances in light sources, leading to APDT becoming a sustainable, alternative therapeutic option for bacterial and other microbial infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Piksa
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Cheng Lian
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Imogen C Samuel
- School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Krzysztof J Pawlik
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ifor D W Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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10
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Zhou K, Wang N, Qiu X, Xie H, Wei P, Dong X, Wang Y. H 2 O Activity Adjustment by Hydrogen Bonding Enables High-Performance Zn-Organic Battery. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201739. [PMID: 36221899 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The advantages of low cost and high safety of zinc (Zn) metal have attracted much attention on its application in batteries, but H2 O-induced issues of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), Zn corrosion, and Zn dendrites formation limit the application. Here, a strategy of adjusting H2 O activity was provided by adding glycerol (GL) and acetonitrile (AN) into aqueous electrolyte to form hydrogen bonds between organic solvents and H2 O, which alleviated the Zn corrosion. Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation indicated that GL could exclude H2 O from the Zn2+ solvation shell, thus preventing undesired HER and Zn dendrites formation. Therefore, the corresponding Zn//Zn symmetrical cell showed a ultralong lifespan (1300 h). Then, a Zn-organic battery with 3,7-dimorpholino-phenothiazin-5-ium iodide (FD28) cathode was fabricated by using such electrolyte. Interestingly, the reduced H2 O activity also ensured the stable operation of organic cathode, and thus the full cell showed superior cycle stability for over 9000 cycles (≈1100 h), which is superior to previous reports. Moreover, such electrolyte owns novel properties of nonflammability, great weatherability, and low freezing point, thus boosting the practicality of the battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Haijiao Xie
- Hangzhou Yanqu Information Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou City, 310003, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wei
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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11
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Delcanale P, Abbruzzetti S, Viappiani C. Photodynamic treatment of pathogens. LA RIVISTA DEL NUOVO CIMENTO 2022; 45:407-459. [PMCID: PMC8921710 DOI: 10.1007/s40766-022-00031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The current viral pandemic has highlighted the compelling need for effective and versatile treatments, that can be quickly tuned to tackle new threats, and are robust against mutations. Development of such treatments is made even more urgent in view of the decreasing effectiveness of current antibiotics, that makes microbial infections the next emerging global threat. Photodynamic effect is one such method. It relies on physical processes proceeding from excited states of particular organic molecules, called photosensitizers, generated upon absorption of visible or near infrared light. The excited states of these molecules, tailored to undergo efficient intersystem crossing, interact with molecular oxygen and generate short lived reactive oxygen species (ROS), mostly singlet oxygen. These species are highly cytotoxic through non-specific oxidation reactions and constitute the basis of the treatment. In spite of the apparent simplicity of the principle, the method still has to face important challenges. For instance, the short lifetime of ROS means that the photosensitizer must reach the target within a few tens nanometers, which requires proper molecular engineering at the nanoscale level. Photoactive nanostructures thus engineered should ideally comprise a functionality that turns the system into a theranostic means, for instance, through introduction of fluorophores suitable for nanoscopy. We discuss the principles of the method and the current molecular strategies that have been and still are being explored in antimicrobial and antiviral photodynamic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Delcanale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Abbruzzetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Cristiano Viappiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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12
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Youf R, Müller M, Balasini A, Thétiot F, Müller M, Hascoët A, Jonas U, Schönherr H, Lemercier G, Montier T, Le Gall T. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Latest Developments with a Focus on Combinatory Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1995. [PMID: 34959277 PMCID: PMC8705969 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has become a fundamental tool in modern therapeutics, notably due to the expanding versatility of photosensitizers (PSs) and the numerous possibilities to combine aPDT with other antimicrobial treatments to combat localized infections. After revisiting the basic principles of aPDT, this review first highlights the current state of the art of curative or preventive aPDT applications with relevant clinical trials. In addition, the most recent developments in photochemistry and photophysics as well as advanced carrier systems in the context of aPDT are provided, with a focus on the latest generations of efficient and versatile PSs and the progress towards hybrid-multicomponent systems. In particular, deeper insight into combinatory aPDT approaches is afforded, involving non-radiative or other light-based modalities. Selected aPDT perspectives are outlined, pointing out new strategies to target and treat microorganisms. Finally, the review works out the evolution of the conceptually simple PDT methodology towards a much more sophisticated, integrated, and innovative technology as an important element of potent antimicrobial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Youf
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Max Müller
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Ali Balasini
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (A.B.); (U.J.)
| | - Franck Thétiot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 6521, Université de Brest (UBO), CS 93837, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Mareike Müller
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Alizé Hascoët
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Ulrich Jonas
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (A.B.); (U.J.)
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Gilles Lemercier
- Coordination Chemistry Team, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 7312, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, CEDEX 2, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Tristan Montier
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
- CHRU de Brest, Service de Génétique Médicale et de Biologie de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Maladies Neuromusculaires, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Tony Le Gall
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
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13
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Yang W, Yoon Y, Lee Y, Oh H, Choi J, Shin S, Lee S, Lee H, Lee Y, Seo J. Photosensitizer-peptoid conjugates for photoinactivation of Gram-negative bacteria: structure-activity relationship and mechanistic studies. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6546-6557. [PMID: 34259297 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00926e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Multitarget engagement is considered an effective strategy to overcome the threat of bacterial infection, and antimicrobials with multiple mechanisms of action have been successful as natural chemical weaponry. Here, we synthesized a library of photosensitizer-peptoid conjugates (PsPCs) as novel antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) agents. The peptoids, linkers, and photosensitizers were varied, and their structure-antimicrobial activity relationships against Escherichia coli were evaluated; PsPC 9 was indicated to be the most promising photoresponsive antimicrobial agent among the synthesized PsPCs. Spectroscopic analyses indicated that 9 generated singlet oxygen upon absorption of visible light (420 nm) while maintaining the weakly helical conformation of the peptoid. Mechanistic studies suggested that damage to the bacterial membrane and cleavage of DNA upon light irradiation were the main causes of bactericidal activity, which was supported by flow cytometry and DNA gel electrophoresis experiments. We demonstrated that the optimal combination of membrane-active peptoids and photosensitizers can generate an efficient aPDT agent that targets multiple sites of bacterial components and kills bacteria by membrane disruption and reactive oxygen species generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Younggun Yoon
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Yunjee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Hyeongyeol Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Jieun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Sujin Shin
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Seongsoo Lee
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), 49 Dosicheomdansaneopro, Nam-gu, Gwangju 61751, South Korea
| | - Hohjai Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Jiwon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
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14
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Motallebi M, Khorsandi K, Sepahy AA, Chamani E, Hosseinzadeh R. Effect of rutin as flavonoid compound on photodynamic inactivation against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102074. [PMID: 33137496 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has drawn increasing attention for its potential to effectively kill multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria and also for its low tendency to induce drug resistance. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is the application of photoactive dye followed by light irradiation that leads to the death of microbial cells mainly by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the presence of oxygen molecules. Methylene Blue (MB) as a photosensitizer is a hydrophobic drug molecule and prone to aggregation and dimer formation which lead to its low phototoxicity. Rutin, a flavonoid compound which is derived from plants such as wheat, apple, and tea has many properties such as antibacterial activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of rutin as a flavonoid compound on photodynamic inactivation by MB on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. After performing the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay (to measure minimum inhibitory concentration) and the MTT assay (to evaluate methylene blue toxicity), the effect of aPDT at 660 nm and pretreatment or post treatment with rutin on bacteria in the forms of planktonic and biofilm were investigated. The results showed that by a combination of rutin (800 μg/mL) with methylene blue (MB 8 μg/mL) as a photosensitizer and aPDT (660 nm, 5 min), there is a more reduction in the number of bacteria in the planktonic condition and bacterial biofilm production in comparison to MB alone. MB-aPDT showed no toxic effect against human dermal fibroblast with the proposed strategy which could suggest its application with rutin as a novel approach in the treatment of bacteria in wound infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahroo Motallebi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khatereh Khorsandi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran; Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Akhavan Sepahy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Chamani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Reza Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Medical Laser, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Pang X, Li D, Zhu J, Cheng J, Liu G. Beyond Antibiotics: Photo/Sonodynamic Approaches for Bacterial Theranostics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 12:144. [PMID: 34138184 PMCID: PMC7770670 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00485-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rapid evolution and propagation of multidrug resistance among bacterial pathogens are outpacing the development of new antibiotics, but antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) provides an excellent alternative. This treatment depends on the interaction between light and photoactivated sensitizer to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are highly cytotoxic to induce apoptosis in virtually all microorganisms without resistance concern. When replacing light with low-frequency ultrasonic wave to activate sensitizer, a novel ultrasound-driven treatment emerges as antimicrobial sonodynamic therapy (aSDT). Recent advances in aPDT and aSDT reveal golden opportunities for the management of multidrug resistant bacterial infections, especially in the theranostic application where imaging diagnosis can be accomplished facilely with the inherent optical characteristics of sensitizers, and the generated ROS by aPDT/SDT cause broad-spectrum oxidative damage for sterilization. In this review, we systemically outline the mechanisms, targets, and current progress of aPDT/SDT for bacterial theranostic application. Furthermore, potential limitations and future perspectives are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Pang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging, Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dengfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
- Amoy Hopeful Biotechnology Co., Ltd, 361027, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging, Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging, Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Non-cytotoxic photostable monomethine cyanine platforms: Combined paradigm of nucleic acid staining and in vivo imaging. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Hasenleitner M, Plaetzer K. In the Right Light: Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms Using a LED-Based Illumination Device Tailored for the Antimicrobial Application. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 9:antibiotics9010013. [PMID: 31906034 PMCID: PMC7168192 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant bacteria threaten the health of people world-wide and cause high costs to their health systems. According to Scientific American, the number of regrettable fatalities due to the bacteria that are resistant to conventional antibiotics will sum up to 300 million until 2050 if the problem is not tackled immediately. Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) has proven effective against microorganisms irrespective of their resistance to conventional treatment, but for the translation into clinical practice, economic, homogenous and powerful light sources holding approval as medical devices are needed. In this study we present two novel light emitting diode (LED)-based lamps (Repuls7PDI-red and Repuls7PDI-blue) tailored for application in PDI and demonstrate their photodynamic efficiency upon using either methylene blue (MB), a photoactive compound widely used in PDI, or Sodium Magnesium Chlorophyllin (CHL), a water-soluble derivative of chlorophyll, which holds approval as food additive E140, against bacteria and fungi. Gram+ Staphylococcus aureus, Gram- Escherichia coli and the yeast Candida albicans serve as model systems. Repuls7PDI-red emits a wavelength of 635 nm and an intensity of 27.6 ± 2.4 mW·cm-2 at a distance of 13.5 cm between the light source and the target, while the Repuls7PDI-blue allows an exposure at 433 nm (within the range of violet light) (6.4 ± 0.5 mW·cm-2 at 13.5 cm). Methylene blue was photoactivated with the Repuls7PDI-red at 635 nm (25.6 J·cm-2) and allows for photokilling of E. coli by more than 6 log10 steps at a concentration of 10 µM MB. Using equal parameters, more than 99.99999% of S. aureus (20 µM MB) and 99.99% of C. albicans (50 µM MB) were killed. If blue light (Repuls7PDI-blue, 433 nm, 6.6 J·cm2) is used to trigger the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a photoinactivation of S. aureus (5 µM CHL, CFU reduction > 7 log10) and C. albicans (>7 log10) below the detection limit is achieved. PDI based on CHL (10 µM) using red light activation reduces the number of viable S. aureus by more than 6 log10. Our data prove that both LED-based light sources are applicable for Photodynamic Inactivation. Their easy-to-use concept, high light output and well-defined wavelength might facilitate the translation of PDI into clinical practice.
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18
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Tiravia M, Sabuzi F, Cirulli M, Pezzola S, Di Carmine G, Cicero DO, Floris B, Conte V, Galloni P. 3,7-Bis(N
-methyl-N
-phenylamino)phenothiazinium Salt: Improved Synthesis and Aggregation Behavior in Solution. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tiravia
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Federica Sabuzi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Martina Cirulli
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc 00133 Rome Italy
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences; Queen Mary University of London; Mile End Road E1 4NS London United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Pezzola
- BT-InnoVaChem srl; Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Via L. Borsari 4 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Daniel Oscar Cicero
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Barbara Floris
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Valeria Conte
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Pierluca Galloni
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc 00133 Rome Italy
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19
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Martins WK, Santos NF, Rocha CDS, Bacellar IOL, Tsubone TM, Viotto AC, Matsukuma AY, Abrantes ABDP, Siani P, Dias LG, Baptista MS. Parallel damage in mitochondria and lysosomes is an efficient way to photoinduce cell death. Autophagy 2019; 15:259-279. [PMID: 30176156 PMCID: PMC6333451 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1515609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells challenged by photosensitized oxidations face strong redox stresses and rely on autophagy to either survive or die. However, the use of macroautophagy/autophagy to improve the efficiency of photosensitizers, in terms of inducing cell death, remains unexplored. Here, we addressed the concept that a parallel damage in the membranes of mitochondria and lysosomes leads to a scenario of autophagy malfunction that can greatly improve the efficiency of the photosensitizer to cause cell death. Specific damage to these organelles was induced by irradiation of cells pretreated with 2 phenothiazinium salts, methylene blue (MB) and 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB). At a low concentration level (10 nM), only DMMB could induce mitochondrial damage, leading to mitophagy activation, which did not progress to completion because of the parallel damage in lysosome, triggering cell death. MB-induced photodamage was perceived almost instantaneously after irradiation, in response to a massive and nonspecific oxidative stress at a higher concentration range (2 µM). We showed that the parallel damage in mitochondria and lysosomes activates and inhibits mitophagy, leading to a late and more efficient cell death, offering significant advantage (2 orders of magnitude) over photosensitizers that cause unspecific oxidative stress. We are confident that this concept can be used to develop better light-activated drugs. Abbreviations: ΔΨm: mitochondrial transmembrane inner potential; AAU: autophagy arbitrary units; ATG5, autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; BAF: bafilomycin A1; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CASP3: caspase 3; CF: carboxyfluorescein; CTSB: cathepsin B; CVS: crystal violet staining; DCF: dichlorofluorescein; DCFH2: 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein; DMMB: 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; HaCaT: non-malignant immortal keratinocyte cell line from adult human skin; HP: hydrogen peroxide; LC3B-II: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta-II; LMP: lysosomal membrane permeabilization; LTG: LysoTracker™ Green DND-26; LTR: LysoTracker™ Red DND-99; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; MB: methylene blue; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; MitoSOX™: red mitochondrial superoxide probe; MTDR: MitoTracker™ Deep Red FM; MTO: MitoTracker™ Orange CMTMRos; MT-ND1: mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 1; MTT: methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide; 1O2: singlet oxygen; OH. hydroxil radical; PRKN/parkin: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PI: propidium iodide; PDT: photodynamic therapy; PS: photosensitizer; QPCR: gene-specific quantitative PCR-based; Rh123: rhodamine 123; ROS: reactive oxygen species RTN: rotenone; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SUVs: small unilamellar vesicles; TBS: Tris-buffered saline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleska K. Martins
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensue Pesquisa, Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nayra Fernandes Santos
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleidiane de Sousa Rocha
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensue Pesquisa, Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel O. L. Bacellar
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tayana Mazin Tsubone
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Viotto
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Aline B. de P. Abrantes
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Siani
- FFCLRP, Departamento de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís Gustavo Dias
- FFCLRP, Departamento de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauricio S. Baptista
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Parasuraman P, Anju VT, Sruthil Lal SB, Sharan A, Busi S, Kaviyarasu K, Arshad M, Dawoud TMS, Syed A. Synthesis and antimicrobial photodynamic effect of methylene blue conjugated carbon nanotubes on E. coli and S. aureus. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:563-576. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00369f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The methylene blue and CNT nanoconjugate effectively produced singlet oxygen via photoactivation using a diode laser. It was employed for aPDT against pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V. T Anju
- Department of Microbiology
- School of Life Sciences
- Pondicherry University
- Puducherry
- India
| | - SB Sruthil Lal
- Department of Physics
- School of Physical
- Chemical & Applied Sciences
- Pondicherry University
- Puducherry
| | - Alok Sharan
- Department of Physics
- School of Physical
- Chemical & Applied Sciences
- Pondicherry University
- Puducherry
| | - Siddhardha Busi
- Department of Microbiology
- School of Life Sciences
- Pondicherry University
- Puducherry
- India
| | - K. Kaviyarasu
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences/Nanotechnology Laboratories
- College of Graduate Studies
- University of South Africa (UNISA)
- Pretoria
- South Africa
| | - Mohammed Arshad
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department
- College of Applied Medical Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki M. S. Dawoud
- Department of Botany and Microbiology
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
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21
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Ghorbani J, Rahban D, Aghamiri S, Teymouri A, Bahador A. Photosensitizers in antibacterial photodynamic therapy: an overview. Laser Ther 2018; 27:293-302. [PMID: 31182904 DOI: 10.5978/islsm.27_18-ra-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial Photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a process utilizing light and light sensitive agents (named photosensitizer (PS)) and is usually applied in an oxygen-rich environment. The energy of the photons is absorbed by the photosensitizer and subsequently transferred to surrounding molecules. Consequently, reactive oxygen species and free radicals are formed. These oxidative molecules can damage bacterial macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids and may result in bacterial killing. Unlike antibiotics, APDT as a novel technique does not lead to the selection of mutant resistant strains, hence it has appealed to researchers in this field. The type of PS used in APDT is a major determinant regarding outcome. In this review, various types of PS that are used in antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy will be discussed. PSs are classified based on their chemical structure and origin. Synthetic dyes such as methylene blue and toluidine blue are the most commonly used photosensitizers in Antibacterial Photodynamic therapy (APDT). Other photosensitizers including natural PSs (e.g. curcumin and hypericin) and tetra-pyrrole structures like phthalocyanines and porphyrins have also been studied. Furthermore, nanostructures and their probable contribution to APDT will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Ghorbani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dariush Rahban
- Department of Nanomedicine, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Aghamiri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Teymouri
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Laser Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Faraj Tabrizi P, Wennige S, Berneburg M, Maisch T. Susceptibility of sodA- and sodB-deficient Escherichia coli mutant towards antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation via the type I-mechanism of action. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:352-362. [PMID: 29489001 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00370f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is a multi-target method to inactivate pathogenic microorganisms by exciting a photosensitizer (PS) with visible light of appropriate wavelength in the presence of molecular oxygen (3O2). There are two major pathways by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced. In type I (TI)-reactions, radicals such as superoxide (O2˙-) and hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) are generated by electron transfer. In type II (TII)-reactions, highly reactive singlet oxygen (1O2) is produced by direct energy transfer. This study investigated the efficiency of PACT in Gram-negative Escherichia coli wild type (EC WT) and the mutant Escherichia coli PN134 (EC PN134) which is not able to produce SOD A and SOD B, by means of two different photosensitizers (PS) from different chemical classes with different 1O2 quantum yields: methylene blue (MB) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridinio)porphyrin tetra(p-toluenesulfonate) (TMPyP). Mutants, which lack antioxidant enzymes, were particularly susceptible towards TI-PACT. In the case of PACT with MB, quenching agents such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were sufficient for protecting both the wild type and the mutant, whereas they were not in PACT with TMPyP. The genetic levels of sodA and sodB were examined after photodynamic treatment regarding their potential resistance. This study showed that - under the photodynamic conditions presented in this study - expression of sodA and sodB was not directly influenced by PACT-generated oxidative stress, although SOD enzymes are part of the major defense machinery against oxidative stress and were thus expected to be upregulated. Overall the susceptibility of EC PN134 and EC WT differed towards photodynamic inactivation via TI-mechanism of action. Thus, already existing defense mechanisms against ROS in bacteria might influence the susceptibility against TI-PACT, while this was not the case using TII-photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouriya Faraj Tabrizi
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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23
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Cieplik F, Deng D, Crielaard W, Buchalla W, Hellwig E, Al-Ahmad A, Maisch T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy - what we know and what we don't. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:571-589. [PMID: 29749263 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1467876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Considering increasing number of pathogens resistant towards commonly used antibiotics as well as antiseptics, there is a pressing need for antimicrobial approaches that are capable of inactivating pathogens efficiently without the risk of inducing resistances. In this regard, an alternative approach is the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). The antimicrobial effect of aPDT is based on the principle that visible light activates a per se non-toxic molecule, the so-called photosensitizer (PS), resulting in generation of reactive oxygen species that kill bacteria unselectively via an oxidative burst. During the last 10-20 years, there has been extensive in vitro research on novel PS as well as light sources, which is now to be translated into clinics. In this review, we aim to provide an overview about the history of aPDT, its fundamental photochemical and photophysical mechanisms as well as photosensitizers and light sources that are currently applied for aPDT in vitro. Furthermore, the potential of resistances towards aPDT is extensively discussed and implications for proper comparison of in vitro studies regarding aPDT as well as for potential application fields in clinical practice are given. Overall, this review shall provide an outlook on future research directions needed for successful translation of promising in vitro results in aPDT towards clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Cieplik
- a Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany.,b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Deng
- b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- a Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- c Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine , Center for Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- c Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine , Center for Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- d Department of Dermatology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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24
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Tamoto A, Aratani N, Yamada H. Photophysical properties and structural analysis of modified methylene blues as near infrared dyes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Gollmer A, Felgentraeger A, Maisch T, Flors C. Real-time imaging of photodynamic action in bacteria. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:264-270. [PMID: 26790971 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging studies of the processes leading to photodynamic inactivation of bacteria have been limited due to the small size of microorganisms as well as by the faint fluorescence of most photosensitizers. A versatile method based on highly-sensitive fluorescence microscopy is presented which allows to study, in real time, the incorporation of photosensitizers inside S. aureus upon photodynamic action. The method takes advantage of the fluorescence enhancement of phenothiazine and porphyrin photosensitizers upon entering the bacterial cytosol after the cell wall has been compromised. In combination with typical assays, such as the addition of specific enhancers of reactive oxygen species, it is possible to extract mechanistic information about the pathway of photodynamic damage at the single-cell level. Imaging experiments in deuterated buffer strongly support a Type-I mechanism for methylene blue and a very minor role of singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Gollmer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ariane Felgentraeger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Flors
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanociencia) and Nanobiotechnology Unit Associated to the National Center for Biotechnology (CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Jiang L, Gan CRR, Gao J, Loh XJ. A Perspective on the Trends and Challenges Facing Porphyrin-Based Anti-Microbial Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:3609-3644. [PMID: 27276371 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug resistant bacterium threatens to unravel global healthcare systems, built up over centuries of medical research and development. Current antibiotics have little resistance against this onslaught as bacterium strains can quickly evolve effective defense mechanisms. Fortunately, alternative therapies exist and, at the forefront of research lays the photodynamic inhibition approach mediated by porphyrin based photosensitizers. This review will focus on the development of various porphyrins compounds and their incorporation as small molecules, into polymers, fibers and thin films as practical therapeutic agents, utilizing photodynamic therapy to inhibit a wide spectrum of bacterium. The use of photodynamic therapy of these porphyrin molecules are discussed and evaluated according to their electronic and bulk material effect on different bacterium strains. This review also provides an insight into the general direction and challenges facing porphyrins and derivatives as full-fledged therapeutic agents and what needs to be further done in order to be bestowed their rightful and equal status in modern medicine, similar to the very first antibiotic; penicillin itself. It is hoped that, with this perspective, new paradigms and strategies in the application of porphyrins and derivatives will progressively flourish and lead to advances against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ching Ruey Raymond Gan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jian Gao
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Republic of Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore, 168751, Republic of Singapore
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