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Polez RT, Ajiboye MA, Österberg M, Horn MM. Chitosan hydrogels enriched with bioactive phloroglucinol for controlled drug diffusion and potential wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130808. [PMID: 38490386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
We report a facile strategy to prepare chitosan (CS) hydrogels that eliminates the need for chemical crosslinking for advanced biomedical therapies. This approach gives controlled properties to the hydrogels by incorporating a natural bioactive phenolic compound, phloroglucinol (PG), into their microstructure. The adsorption of PG onto CS chains enhanced the hydrogels' antioxidant activity by up to 25 % and resulted in a denser, more entangled structure, reducing the pore size by 59 μm while maintaining porosity above 94 %. This allowed us to finely adjust pore size and swelling capacity. These structural properties make these hydrogels well-suited for wound healing dressings, promoting fibroblast proliferation and exhibiting excellent hemocompatibility. Furthermore, to ensure the versatility of these hydrogels, herein, we demonstrate their potential as drug delivery systems, particularly for dermal infections. The drug release can be controlled by a combination of drug diffusion through the swollen hydrogel and relaxation of the CS chains. In summary, our hydrogels leverage the synergistic effects of CS's antibacterial and antifungal properties with PG's antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory attributes, positioning them as promising candidates for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, more specifically in advanced wound healing therapies with local drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Teixeira Polez
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Margaret A Ajiboye
- Physical Chemistry of Nanomaterials, Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, 34109 Kassel, Germany
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Marilia M Horn
- Physical Chemistry of Nanomaterials, Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, 34109 Kassel, Germany.
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2
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Shanmugam L, Venkatasubbu GD, Jayaraman M. Hyaluronan-based nano-formulation with mesoporous silica enhances the anticancer efficacy of phloroglucinol against gastrointestinal cancers. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130856. [PMID: 38490393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers are one among the most frequently reported cancers where colorectal and gastric cancers ranks third leading cause of cancer related death worldwide. Phloroglucinol, a well-known therapeutic agent for cancer, where its usage has been limited due to its poor water solubility and bioavailability. Hence, our study aims to synthesize and characterize Hyaluronan grafted phloroglucinol loaded Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN-PG-HA). Our nano-formulation hasn't shown any teratogenic effect on Zebrafish embryos, no hemolysis and toxic effect with normal fibroblast cells with a maximum concentration of 300 μg/mL. The cumulative drug release profile of MSN-PG-HA showed a maximum drug release of 96.9 % with 5 mM GSH under redox responsive drug release, which is crucial for targeting cancer cells. In addition, the MSN-PG-HA nanoparticles showed significant a cytotoxic effect against HCT-116, AGS and SW-620 with IC50 values of 86.5 μg/mL, 80.65 μg/mL and 109.255 μg/mL respectively. Also, the cellular uptake assay has shown an increased uptake of FITC-labeled-MSN-PG-HA by HA-receptor mediated endocytosis than FITC-labeled-MSN-PG without HA modification in CD44+ gastrointestinal cancer cell lines. The ability of MSN-PG-HA to target CD44+ cells was further exploited for its application in cancer stem cell research utilizing in silico analysis with various stem cell pathway related targets, in which PG showed higher binding affinity with Gli 1 and the simulation studies proving its effectiveness in disrupting the protein structure. Thus, the findings of our study with nano-formulation are safe and non-toxic to recommend for targeted drug delivery against gastrointestinal cancers as well as its affinity towards cancer stem cell pathway related proteins proving to be a significant formulation for cancer stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Shanmugam
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Devanand Venkatasubbu
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Megala Jayaraman
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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3
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Oh D, Khan F, Park SK, Jo DM, Kim NG, Jung WK, Kim YM. Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antivirulence properties of Eisenia bicyclis-extracts and Eisenia bicyclis-gold nanoparticles towards microbial pathogens. Microb Pathog 2024; 188:106546. [PMID: 38278457 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Nanomaterials derived from seaweed have developed as an alternative option for fighting infections caused by biofilm-forming microbial pathogens. This research aimed to discover potential seaweed-derived nanomaterials with antimicrobial and antibiofilm action against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Among seven algal species, the extract from Eisenia bicyclis inhibited biofilms of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes most effectively at sub-MIC levels. As a result, in the present study, E. bicyclis was chosen as a prospective seaweed for producing E. bicyclis-gold nanoparticles (EB-AuNPs). Furthermore, the mass spectra of E. bicyclis reveal the presence of a number of potentially beneficial chemicals. The polyhedral shape of the synthesized EB-AuNP with a size value of 154.74 ± 33.46 nm was extensively described. The lowest inhibitory concentration of EB-AuNPs against bacterial pathogens (e.g., L.monocytogenes, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae) and fungal pathogens (Candida albicans) ranges from 512 to >2048 μg/mL. Sub-MIC of EB-AuNPs reduces biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus by 57.22 %, 58.60 %, 33.80 %, and 91.13 %, respectively. EB-AuNPs eliminate the mature biofilm of K. pneumoniae at > MIC, MIC, and sub-MIC concentrations. Furthermore, EB-AuNPs at the sub-MIC level suppress key virulence factors generated by P. aeruginosa, including motility, protease activity, pyoverdine, and pyocyanin, whereas it also suppresses the production of staphyloxanthin virulence factor from S. aureus. The current research reveals that seaweed extracts and a biocompatible seaweed-AuNP have substantial antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antivirulence actions against bacterial and fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- DoKyung Oh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Park
- Smart Food Manufacturing Project Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Du-Min Jo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Gyun Kim
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Sivamaruthi BS, Nallasamy PK, Suganthy N, Kesika P, Chaiyasut C. Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of starch-based drug delivery system: A review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Das A, Ringu T, Ghosh S, Pramanik N. A comprehensive review on recent advances in preparation, physicochemical characterization, and bioengineering applications of biopolymers. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022; 80:7247-7312. [PMID: 36043186 PMCID: PMC9409625 DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Biopolymers are mainly the polymers which are created or obtained from living creatures such as plants and bacteria rather than petroleum, which has traditionally been the source of polymers. Biopolymers are chain-like molecules composed of repeated chemical blocks derived from renewable resources that may decay in the environment. The usage of biomaterials is becoming more popular as a means of reducing the use of non-renewable resources and reducing environmental pollution produced by synthetic materials. Biopolymers' biodegradability and non-toxic nature help to maintain our environment clean and safe. This study discusses how to improve the mechanical and physical characteristics of biopolymers, particularly in the realm of bioengineering. The paper begins with a fundamental introduction and progresses to a detailed examination of synthesis and a unique investigation of several recent focused biopolymers with mechanical, physical, and biological characterization. Biopolymers' unique non-toxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and eco-friendly features are boosting their applications, especially in bioengineering fields, including agriculture, pharmaceuticals, biomedical, ecological, industrial, aqua treatment, and food packaging, among others, at the end of this paper. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the relevance of biopolymers in smart and novel bioengineering applications. Graphical abstract The Graphical abstract represents the biological sources and applications of biopolymers. Plants, bacteria, animals, agriculture wastes, and fossils are all biological sources for biopolymers, which are chemically manufactured from biological monomer units, including sugars, amino acids, natural fats and oils, and nucleotides. Biopolymer modification (chemical or physical) is recognized as a crucial technique for modifying physical and chemical characteristics, resulting in novel materials with improved capabilities and allowing them to be explored to their full potential in many fields of application such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, agriculture, biomedical, food industries, and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinash Das
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, Jote, Arunachal Pradesh 791113 India
| | - Togam Ringu
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, Jote, Arunachal Pradesh 791113 India
| | - Sampad Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Nalanda College of Engineering, Nalanda, Bihar 803108 India
| | - Nabakumar Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, Jote, Arunachal Pradesh 791113 India
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6
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Chitosan-stabilized platinum nanoparticles induce apoptotic cell death in breast cancer cells. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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7
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Jeong GJ, Khan S, Tabassum N, Khan F, Kim YM. Marine-Bioinspired Nanoparticles as Potential Drugs for Multiple Biological Roles. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20080527. [PMID: 36005529 PMCID: PMC9409790 DOI: 10.3390/md20080527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased interest in nanomedicine and its applicability for a wide range of biological functions demands the search for raw materials to create nanomaterials. Recent trends have focused on the use of green chemistry to synthesize metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles. Bioactive chemicals have been found in a variety of marine organisms, including invertebrates, marine mammals, fish, algae, plankton, fungi, and bacteria. These marine-derived active chemicals have been widely used for various biological properties. Marine-derived materials, either whole extracts or pure components, are employed in the synthesis of nanoparticles due to their ease of availability, low cost of production, biocompatibility, and low cytotoxicity toward eukaryotic cells. These marine-derived nanomaterials have been employed to treat infectious diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses as well as treat non-infectious diseases, such as tumors, cancer, inflammatory responses, and diabetes, and support wound healing. Furthermore, several polymeric materials derived from the marine, such as chitosan and alginate, are exploited as nanocarriers in drug delivery. Moreover, a variety of pure bioactive compounds have been loaded onto polymeric nanocarriers and employed to treat infectious and non-infectious diseases. The current review is focused on a thorough overview of nanoparticle synthesis and its biological applications made from their entire extracts or pure chemicals derived from marine sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Sohail Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, A-10, Sector-62, Noida 201309, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Correspondence: (F.K.); (Y.-M.K.); Tel.: +82-51-629-5832 (Y.-M.K.); Fax: +82-51-629-5824 (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Correspondence: (F.K.); (Y.-M.K.); Tel.: +82-51-629-5832 (Y.-M.K.); Fax: +82-51-629-5824 (Y.-M.K.)
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8
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Khan F, Tabassum N, Bamunuarachchi NI, Kim YM. Phloroglucinol and Its Derivatives: Antimicrobial Properties toward Microbial Pathogens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4817-4838. [PMID: 35418233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phloroglucinol (PG) is a natural product isolated from plants, algae, and microorganisms. Aside from that, the number of PG derivatives has expanded due to the discovery of their potential biological roles. Aside from its diverse biological activities, PG and its derivatives have been widely utilized to treat microbial infections caused by bacteria, fungus, and viruses. The rapid emergence of antimicrobial-resistant microbial infections necessitates the chemical synthesis of numerous PG derivatives in order to meet the growing demand for drugs. This review focuses on the use of PG and its derivatives to control microbial infection and the underlying mechanism of action. Furthermore, as future perspectives, some of the various alternative strategies, such as the use of PG and its derivatives in conjugation, nanoformulation, antibiotic combination, and encapsulation, have been thoroughly discussed. This review will enable the researcher to investigate the possible antibacterial properties of PG and its derivatives, either free or in the form of various formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Young-Mog Kim
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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γ-Cyclodextrin Inclusion of Phloroglucinol: Solid State Studies and Antioxidant Activity throughout the Digestive Tract. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Phloroglucinol is a powerful antioxidant compound and an active pharmaceutical ingredient used in the management of intestinal spasms. In this report, we describe the interaction of γ-cyclodextrin with phloroglucinol to readily form a solid inclusion compound with 1:1 by co-dissolution and freeze-drying. Solid-state characterisation using FT-IR, thermal analyses (TGA and DTA) and X-ray powder diffraction confirmed the formation of a true inclusion compound (γ-CD·PG) in which the molecules of γ-CD are stacked into channels. This spatial arrangement is typical of γ-CD inclusion compounds, and it allows for the guest molecules to be located inside these channels. The evaluation of the antiradical potential of γ-CD·PG (against O2•− and NO•) on different steps of the digestive process (mouth, gastric and intestinal phases) led us to conclude that the inclusion of phloroglucinol promoted better antioxidant activity at the end of the digestion when compared to the free phloroglucinol.
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Dutta SD, Hexiu J, Kim J, Sarkar S, Mondal J, An JM, Lee YK, Moniruzzaman M, Lim KT. Two-photon excitable membrane targeting polyphenolic carbon dots for long-term imaging and pH-responsive chemotherapeutic drug delivery for synergistic tumor therapy. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:1680-1696. [DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01832a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Long-term dynamic tracking of cells with theranostics properties remains challenging due to difficulty in preparing and delivering drugs by the probes. Herein, we developed a highly fluorescent one- and two-photon...
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Moniruzzaman M, Dutta SD, Hexiu J, Ganguly K, Lim KT, Kim J. Polyphenol derived bioactive carbon quantum dots incorporated multifunctional hydrogel as oxidative stress attenuator for antiaging and in vivo wound-healing applications. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3527-3539. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00424k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of certain enzymes, such as collagenase, tyrosinase, and elastase, is triggered by several extrinsic environmental factors, such as temperature, UV radiation, humidity, and stress, and leads to elasticity loss...
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Khan F, Oh D, Chandika P, Jo DM, Bamunarachchi NI, Jung WK, Kim YM. Inhibitory activities of phloroglucinol-chitosan nanoparticles on mono- and dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and bacteria. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 211:112307. [PMID: 34971906 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phloroglucinol (PG) was encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) using a simple ionic gelification technique, and the inhibitory activity of the resulting nanoparticles on microbial mono- and dual-species biofilms was investigated. PG-CSNPs were determined to be spherical with a rough surface, and had an average diameter and zeta potential of 414.0 ± 48.5 nm and 21.1 ± 1.2 mV, respectively. The rate of PG release from the loaded CSNPs was found to increase in acidic environment. The loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of PG to CSNPs were determined to be 18.74% and 22.4%, respectively. The prepared PG-CSNPs exhibited inhibitory effects on mono-species biofilms such as Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus mutans, and dual-species such as C. albicans-K. pneumoniae/S. aureus/S. mutans. The PG-CSNPs were found to be more effective in inhibiting and eradicating mono- and dual-species biofilms than pure PG. In addition, PG-CSNPs were found to enhance the efficacy of several antimicrobial drugs against mature mono- and dual-species biofilms. This work demonstrates that PG-CSNPs may provide an alternative method for treating infections caused by biofilm-forming pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyung Oh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Pathum Chandika
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and New-senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus) Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Du-Min Jo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, and New-senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus) Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Khan F, Kang MG, Jo DM, Chandika P, Jung WK, Kang HW, Kim YM. Phloroglucinol-Gold and -Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibiofilm and Antivirulence Activities towards Pseudomonasaeruginosa PAO1. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:601. [PMID: 34822472 PMCID: PMC8624799 DOI: 10.3390/md19110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advancement of nanotechnology, several nanoparticles have been synthesized as antimicrobial agents by utilizing biologically derived materials. In most cases, the materials used for the synthesis of nanoparticles from natural sources are extracts. Natural extracts contain a wide range of bioactive components, making it difficult to pinpoint the exact component responsible for nanoparticle synthesis. Furthermore, the bioactive component present in the extract changes according to numerous environmental factors. As a result, the current work intended to synthesize gold (AuNPs) and zinc oxide (ZnONPs) nanoparticles using pure phloroglucinol (PG). The synthesized PG-AuNPs and PG-ZnONPs were characterized using a UV-Vis absorption spectrophotometer, FTIR, DLS, FE-TEM, zeta potential, EDS, and energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction. The characterized PG-AuNPs and PG-ZnONPs have been employed to combat the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa is recognized as one of the most prevalent pathogens responsible for the common cause of nosocomial infection in humans. Antimicrobial resistance in P. aeruginosa has been linked to the development of recalcitrant phenotypic characteristics, such as biofilm, which has been identified as one of the major obstacles to antimicrobial therapy. Furthermore, P. aeruginosa generates various virulence factors that are a major cause of chronic infection. These PG-AuNPs and PG-ZnONPs significantly inhibit early stage biofilm and eradicate mature biofilm. Furthermore, these NPs reduce P. aeruginosa virulence factors such as pyoverdine, pyocyanin, protease, rhamnolipid, and hemolytic capabilities. In addition, these NPs significantly reduce P. aeruginosa swarming, swimming, and twitching motility. PG-AuNPs and PG-ZnONPs can be used as control agents for infections caused by the biofilm-forming human pathogenic bacterium P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea; (F.K.); (W.-K.J.)
| | - Min-Gyun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea; (M.-G.K.); (D.-M.J.)
| | - Du-Min Jo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea; (M.-G.K.); (D.-M.J.)
| | - Pathum Chandika
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea; (F.K.); (W.-K.J.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Hyun Wook Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea; (F.K.); (W.-K.J.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea; (M.-G.K.); (D.-M.J.)
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14
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Prasetyo WE, Kusumaningsih T, Firdaus M, Marliana SD, Suryanti V, Artanti AN, Apriana I, Anggraini SD. Diacylphloroglucinol derivatives as antioxidant agents: green synthesis, optimisation, in vitro, and in silico evaluation. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:1460-1466. [PMID: 33641526 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1889542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Several derivatives of diacylphloroglucinol (3a-3c and 5a-5b) as an analogue of natural product compound 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol 3a, were successfully synthesised in an excellent yield via a greener Friedel-Craft acylation using methanesulfonic acid (MSA) as a catalyst under an ultrasound-assisted condition. Operational simplicity, excellent yield, expedient metal-free synthesis, energy-efficient and mild reaction conditions are the outstanding advantages in this procedure. A scaled-up reaction also revealed the practical suitability of this newly developed procedure. The effects of several process variables on 3a were carefully accomplished using response surface methodology (RSM). Moreover, the green credentials of the present protocol have been assessed using several established green metrics and compared to relevant procedures. Along with the monomers, dimeric diacylphloroglucinols (6a-6e) were also synthesised and their in vitro antioxidant activity of these species were carried out. Furthermore, drug-likeness, density functional theory (DFT), and molecular docking studies were also established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahyu E Prasetyo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Triana Kusumaningsih
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Maulidan Firdaus
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Soerya D Marliana
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Venty Suryanti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anif N Artanti
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ita Apriana
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Septin D Anggraini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
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15
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Patel P, Umapathy D, Manivannan S, Nadar VM, Venkatesan R, Joseph Arokiyam VA, Pappu S, Ponnuchamy K. A doxorubicin-platinum conjugate system: impacts on PI3K/AKT actuation and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. RSC Adv 2021; 11:4818-4828. [PMID: 35424411 PMCID: PMC8694461 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06708c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the development of a nano-conjugate system for drug delivery applications has gained attention among researchers. Keeping this in mind, in this study, we developed a doxorubicin-platinum conjugate system that targeted breast cancer cell lines. To achieve this, we developed platinum nanoparticles using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). High resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) revealed the occurrence of octopod-shaped platinum nanoparticles. Subsequently, doxorubicin (DOX) was conjugated on the surface of the as-prepared platinum octopods via an in situ stirring method. The physicochemical characterization of the doxorubicin-platinum conjugate system revealed that the PVP of PtNPs interacts with the NH2 group of doxorubicin via electrostatic interaction/hydrogen bonding. Besides, the doxorubicin-platinum conjugate system exhibited a sustained drug release profile within the cancer cells. Furthermore, the evaluation of the in vitro anticancer efficacy of the doxorubicin-platinum conjugate system in breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) unveiled the induction of apoptosis via intracellular ROS and DNA damage, rather than free DOX and PtNPs. Remarkably, we also perceived that the doxorubicin-platinum conjugate system was strong enough to down-regulate the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. As a result, the tumour suppressor gene PTEN was activated, which led to the stimulation of a mitochondrion-based intrinsic apoptotic pathway and its downstream caspases, triggering cell death. Hence, our findings suggested that a biologically stable doxorubicin-platinum conjugate system could be an imperative therapeutic agent for anticancer therapy in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Patel
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University Karaikudi 630 003 India
| | - Devan Umapathy
- Molecular Oncology Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli 620 024 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Selvambigai Manivannan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics (CMIAD), The University of Sheffield Western Bank Sheffield S10 2TN UK
| | - Vinita Manimaran Nadar
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University Karaikudi 630 003 India
| | - Rajiu Venkatesan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | | | - Srinivasan Pappu
- Phage Therapy and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University Karaikudi 630003 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Kumar Ponnuchamy
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University Karaikudi 630 003 India
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16
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Isacfranklin M, Yuvakkumar R, Ravi G, Kumar P, Saravanakumar B, Velauthapillai D, Alahmadi TA, Alharbi SA. Biomedical application of single anatase phase TiO2 nanoparticles with addition of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) fruit peel extract. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Isolation, Characterization and In-Silico Study of Conotoxin Protein from Conus loroisii and Its Anti-cancer Activity. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Moniruzzaman M, Anantha Lakshmi B, Kim S, Kim J. Preparation of shape-specific (trilateral and quadrilateral) carbon quantum dots towards multiple color emission. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:11947-11959. [PMID: 32458861 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02225j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Little progress has been achieved relating to the preparation of shape-specific carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with a well-ordered edge structure and multi-color fluorescence from a single precursor by monitoring and controlling the reaction time. Selecting phloroglucinol (having suitable three-fold symmetry, C3h; symmetry elements: E, C3, C32, σh, S3, S3-1) as a precursor of CQDs is useful for monitoring the shape and structure of CQDs during dehydration mediated controlled growth, which assists to better focus on their formation and PL emission mechanism. We report the rapid synthesis of novel shape-specific (trilateral and quadrilateral) CQDs with multi-color fluorescence emission [blue (B-CQDs), green (G-CQDs), and yellow (Y-CQDs)] by controlling the reaction time. The mechanism of controlled bottom-up growth involves six-membered ring cyclization of the single precursor (phloroglucinol) through the elimination of neighboring active -OH and -H groups in a sulfuric acid medium. Interestingly, wide-range multi-color fluorescence emission of non-nitrogenous CQDs is achieved based on solvatochromism. We consider that the evolution of the tunable photoluminescence (PL) emission can be attributed to both the size of the conjugated domain and oxygen-/sulfur-containing edge electronic states. Furthermore, the multi-color fluorescence CQDs are successfully used as propitious fluorescent probes for multi-color cell (HeLa) and zebra fish larvae imaging owing to an effective intracellular distribution and good biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Moniruzzaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 1342, Seongnam-daero, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Buddolla Anantha Lakshmi
- Department of Bio-nanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyo Kim
- Department of Bio-nanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 1342, Seongnam-daero, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Tong Y, Deng H, Kong Y, Tan C, Chen J, Wan M, Wang M, Yan T, Meng X, Li L. Stability and structural characteristics of amylopectin nanoparticle-binding anthocyanins in Aronia melanocarpa. Food Chem 2020; 311:125687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Nallasamy P, Ramalingam T, Nooruddin T, Shanmuganathan R, Arivalagan P, Natarajan S. Polyherbal drug loaded starch nanoparticles as promising drug delivery system: Antimicrobial, antibiofilm and neuroprotective studies. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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Nehru S, Veeralakshmi S, Kalaiselvam S, Subin David SP, Sandhya J, Arunachalam S. Protein binding and antioxidant studies of diimine based emissive surfactant-ruthenium(II) complexes. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:1535-1546. [PMID: 32085695 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1733664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Biophysical interaction of amphiphilic fluorescent surfactant-ruthenium(II) complexes and its precursor ruthenium(II) complexes with drug carrying proteins such as bovine and human serum albumins (BSA and HSA) have been studied through the UV-visible absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopic techniques to correlate the impact of head and tail groups of the metallosurfactants towards the designing of metallodrugs for the biomedical applications. The obtained results showed that both precursor- and surfactant-ruthenium(II) complexes interact with BSA/HSA via ground state protein-complex formation and their quenching follows the static mechanism. The extent of protein quenching and binding parameters resulted that the surfactant-ruthenium(II) complexes effectively interact with protein compared to their precursor-ruthenium(II) complexes, and also those interaction have greatly influenced by the change in the head group size compared to change in the tail group length. Interestingly on increasing the temperature, the protein-complex binding strength was decreased for the precursor-ruthenium(II) complexes, those increased for the surfactant-ruthenium(II) complexes, probably due to the respective involvement of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions as supported by the thermodynamics of protein-complex interaction. Moreover, the results from UV-visible, synchronous and circular dichroism studies confirmed the occurrence of conformational and micro environmental changes in BSA/HSA upon binding with these complexes. It is also noted that HSA has more binding affinity with surfactant-ruthenium(II) complexes compared to BSA. The free radical scavenging ability against DPPH, ABTS, NO and superoxide free radical assays suggested that surfactant-ruthenium(II) complexes have better free radical scavenging ability compared to precursor-ruthenium(II) complexes.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nehru
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Madras, Chennai, India.,School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - S Veeralakshmi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, A.C.Tech. Campus, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - S Kalaiselvam
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, A.C.Tech. Campus, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - S P Subin David
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, A.C.Tech. Campus, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - J Sandhya
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, A.C.Tech. Campus, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - S Arunachalam
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
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22
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Mahalakshmi M, Kumar P. Phloroglucinol-conjugated gold nanoparticles targeting mitochondrial membrane potential of human cervical (HeLa) cancer cell lines. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 219:450-456. [PMID: 31063960 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent, targeting mitochondria in cancer is considered to be a challenging task. This report illustrates preliminary findings from an investigation of the conjugation of gold nanoparticles with a bioactive natural compound, phloroglucinol targeting mitochondrial transmembrane potential of HeLa cancer cells. We systematically investigated the formation of gold-nano conjugates over precisely controlled reaction conditions. Their sharp features enable superior surface plasmon resonance, morphology, surface charge, and stability. We show that gold-nano conjugates scavenging free radicals and persuade cell death in HeLa cancer cells. We also show that gold-nano conjugates induce apoptosis by promoting mitochondrial transmembrane permeation via fluorescent microscopic studies. This work gives new insights into bridging metabolomics and nanotechnology into developing novel lead therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalingam Mahalakshmi
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India.
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23
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Microencapsulation of anthocyanin extract from purple rice bran using modified rice starch and its effect on rice dough rheology. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 124:573-581. [PMID: 30500502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The investigation aims to microencapsulate anthocyanin extract from purple rice bran with modified glutinous rice starch to provide stable anthocyanin powder. The modified glutinous rice starch was used as wall material where anthocyanin extract was a core material for microencapsulation. The microencapsulation was carried out in a spray dryer, and the process was optimized using a rotatable central composite design. The effect of independent parameters, viz., starch concentration, inlet air temperature, and atomizer pressure, on the dependent parameters, such as encapsulation efficiency, anthocyanin content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, true density and water activity were investigated. The optimum values of the spray drying process parameters were 6.01% of starch concentration, 168.78 °C inlet air temperature and 4.96 MPa atomizer pressure. The physical characteristics of spray-dried powders were investigated in term of water activity (0.51), solubility (51.83%), bulk density (1.404 g/cm3), porosity (0.20), and diameter (6.44 μm) and the Hausner ratio (1.020). The thermal, crystallinity and surface morphology of the microencapsulated particles were also comprehensively studied using DSC, XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The storage stability of microencapsulated anthocyanin showed more stability at 4 °C than at 25 °C for 90 days. The microencapsulated particles also have an effect on the steady-shear rheology of the rice dough.
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24
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Mahendran G, Ponnuchamy K. Coumarin–gold nanoparticle bioconjugates: preparation, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-018-0816-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Veeralakshmi S, Nehru S, Sabapathi G, Arunachalam S, Venuvanalingam P, Kumar P, Anusha C, Ravikumar V. Single and double chain surfactant–cobalt(iii) complexes: the impact of hydrophobicity on the interaction with calf thymus DNA, and their biological activities. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02763b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Single chain surfactant–cobalt(iii) complexes interact with minor grooves of CT-DNA, whereas double chin surfactant–cobalt(iii) complexes bind with CT-DNA through partial intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selvan Nehru
- School of Chemistry
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli 620024
- India
- Department of Physical Chemistry
| | - Gopal Sabapathi
- School of Chemistry
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli 620024
- India
| | | | | | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology
- School of Environmental Sciences
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli 620024
- India
| | - Chidambaram Anusha
- Department of Biochemistry
- School of Life Sciences
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli 620024
- India
| | - Vilwanathan Ravikumar
- Department of Biochemistry
- School of Life Sciences
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli 620024
- India
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26
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Kumar P, Senthamilselvi S, Govindaraju M, Sankar R. Unraveling the caspase-mediated mechanism for phloroglucinol-encapsulated starch biopolymer against the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06664b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of the study is to decipher the mechanism underlying the anticancer activity of phloroglucinol-encapsulated starch biopolymer against the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology
- School of Environmental Sciences
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli, India
| | | | - Munisamy Govindaraju
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology
- School of Environmental Sciences
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Renu Sankar
- Department of Biochemistry
- School of Life Sciences
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli, India
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