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Al-Taie ZS, Bartholomew B, Coles SJ, Evans DM, Hollinshead J, Jones LF, Kraehenbuehl R, Murphy PJ, Nash RJ, Penkova YB, Tizzard GJ. Cyclic guanidine containing amino acids that promote glucocerebrosidase. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Abstract
This review deals with the synthesis of naturally occurring alkaloids containing partially or completely saturated pyrimidine nuclei. The interest in these compounds is associated with their structural diversity, high biological activity and toxicity. The review is divided into four parts, each of which describes a number of synthetic methodologies toward structurally different naturally occurring alkaloids containing saturated cyclic six-membered amidine, guanidine, aminal and urea (thiourea) moieties, respectively. The development of various synthetic strategies for the preparation of these compounds has remarkably increased during the past few decades. This is primarily due to the fact that some of these compounds are isolated only in limited quantities, which makes it practically impossible to study their full structural characteristics and biological activity.
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Evans DM, Hughes J, Jones LF, Murphy PJ, Falfushynska H, Horyn O, Sokolova IM, Christensen J, Coles SJ, Rzymski P. Elucidating cylindrospermopsin toxicity via synthetic analogues: An in vitro approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 234:139-147. [PMID: 31207420 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is an alkaloid biosynthesized by selected cyanobacteria, the cyto- and genotoxic properties of which have been studied extensively by in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Various studies have separately established the role of uracil, guanidine and hydroxyl groups in CYN-induced toxicity. In the present study, we have prepared five synthetic analogues that all possess a uracil group but had variations in the other functionality found in CYN. We compared the in vitro toxicity of these analogues in common carp hepatocytes by assessing oxidative stress markers, DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. All the analogues tested induced generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and DNA fragmentation. However, the greatest increase in LPO and increase in caspase-3 activity, an apoptosis marker, was demonstrated by an analogue containing guanidine, hydroxyl and uracil functionalities similar to those found in CYN but lacking the complex tricyclic structure of CYN. We also report a crystal structure of an analogue lacking the hydroxyl group found in CYN which does not show intramolecular H-bonding interactions between the guanidine and the uracil functionalities. The observations made in this work supports the hypothesis that CYN toxicity is a result of an interplay between both of the uracil, hydroxyl and guanidine functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Evans
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Hughes
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh F Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Murphy
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom.
| | - Halina Falfushynska
- Department of Human Health, Physical Rehabilitation and Vital Activity, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Horyn
- Department of Human Health, Physical Rehabilitation and Vital Activity, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jeppe Christensen
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, England, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, England, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Cartmell C, Evans DM, Elwood JM, Fituri HS, Murphy PJ, Caspari T, Poniedziałek B, Rzymski P. Synthetic analogues of cyanobacterial alkaloid cylindrospermopsin and their toxicological activity. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 44:172-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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A synthesis of tiruchanduramine and a reinvestigation of its glycosidase inhibitory activity. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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