1
|
Zhu F, Ge J, Gao Y, Li S, Chen Y, Tu J, Wang M, Jiao S. Molten salt electro-preparation of graphitic carbons. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20210186. [PMID: 37323618 PMCID: PMC10191008 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Graphite has been used in a wide range of applications since the discovery due to its great chemical stability, excellent electrical conductivity, availability, and ease of processing. However, the synthesis of graphite materials still remains energy-intensive as they are usually produced through a high-temperature treatment (>3000°C). Herein, we introduce a molten salt electrochemical approach utilizing carbon dioxide (CO2) or amorphous carbons as raw precursors for graphite synthesis. With the assistance of molten salts, the processes can be conducted at moderate temperatures (700-850°C). The mechanisms of the electrochemical conversion of CO2 and amorphous carbons into graphitic materials are presented. Furthermore, the factors that affect the graphitization degree of the prepared graphitic products, such as molten salt composition, working temperature, cell voltage, additives, and electrodes, are discussed. The energy storage applications of these graphitic carbons in batteries and supercapacitors are also summarized. Moreover, the energy consumption and cost estimation of the processes are reviewed, which provides perspectives on the large-scale synthesis of graphitic carbons using this molten salt electrochemical strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced MetallurgyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling and Extraction of MetalsUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
| | - Jianbang Ge
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
| | - Shijie Li
- Institute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Yunfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced MetallurgyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling and Extraction of MetalsUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
| | - Jiguo Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced MetallurgyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling and Extraction of MetalsUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
| | - Mingyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced MetallurgyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling and Extraction of MetalsUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
| | - Shuqiang Jiao
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced MetallurgyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling and Extraction of MetalsUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
- Institute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bromberg L, Nitzsche MP, Hatton TA. Capture and electrochemical conversion of CO 2 in molten alkali metal borate-carbonate blends. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:13141-13154. [PMID: 36069421 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03355k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A family of blended compositions of molten mixed lithium and sodium borate (Li1.5Na1.5BO3) and eutectic lithium-potassium carbonate (Li1.24K0.76CO3) salts has been introduced as reversible carbon dioxide absorbents and as media for CO2 electrolysis for carbon conversion. Material properties, temperature effects and kinetics of CO2 uptake were examined. Li, Na borate can absorb up to 7.3 mmol g-1 CO2 at 600 °C. The blended borate-carbonate compositions are molten in the 550-600 °C temperature range, with viscosity adjustable to within a 10-1000 Pa s window depending on the borate/carbonate ratio. The blends can withstand cyclic temperature and CO2 pressure swings without significant deterioration of their CO2 uptake capabilities. Addition of eutectic carbonate into mixed Li, Na borate salts lowers overall CO2 uptake due to the lower solubility of CO2 in carbonate. However, addition of the eutectic lowers the temperature of the pressure swing operation and dramatically accelerates the CO2 uptake during the initial stage of the absorption, potentially enabling a faster cycling. Electroreduction of CO2 and carbon deposition on a galvanized steel cathode was more effective with increasing carbonate fraction in the molten alkali borate/carbonate blend. Blended borate/carbonate compositions with 50-60% borate content possessed sufficiently high loading capacity for CO2 and simultaneously enabled maximum carbon product yield and Coulombic efficiency. Most of the recovered carbon product was shown to be in the form of multiwalled carbon nanotube.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lev Bromberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Michael P Nitzsche
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - T Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tang J, Tang J, Mayyas M, Ghasemian MB, Sun J, Rahim MA, Yang J, Han J, Lawes DJ, Jalili R, Daeneke T, Saborio MG, Cao Z, Echeverria CA, Allioux FM, Zavabeti A, Hamilton J, Mitchell V, O'Mullane AP, Kaner RB, Esrafilzadeh D, Dickey MD, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Liquid-Metal-Enabled Mechanical-Energy-Induced CO 2 Conversion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105789. [PMID: 34613649 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A green carbon capture and conversion technology offering scalability and economic viability for mitigating CO2 emissions is reported. The technology uses suspensions of gallium liquid metal to reduce CO2 into carbonaceous solid products and O2 at near room temperature. The nonpolar nature of the liquid gallium interface allows the solid products to instantaneously exfoliate, hence keeping active sites accessible. The solid co-contributor of silver-gallium rods ensures a cyclic sustainable process. The overall process relies on mechanical energy as the input, which drives nano-dimensional triboelectrochemical reactions. When a gallium/silver fluoride mix at 7:1 mass ratio is employed to create the reaction material, 92% efficiency is obtained at a remarkably low input energy of 230 kWh (excluding the energy used for dissolving CO2 ) for the capture and conversion of a tonne of CO2 . This green technology presents an economical solution for CO2 emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junma Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohannad Mayyas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Md Arifur Rahim
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jiong Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jialuo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Douglas J Lawes
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rouhollah Jalili
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Maricruz G Saborio
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Zhenbang Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Claudia A Echeverria
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Francois-Marie Allioux
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | | | | | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dorna Esrafilzadeh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Palyanov YN, Borzdov YM, Sokol AG, Bataleva YV, Kupriyanov IN, Reutsky VN, Wiedenbeck M, Sobolev NV. Diamond formation in an electric field under deep Earth conditions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/4/eabb4644. [PMID: 33523914 PMCID: PMC7817093 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb4644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Most natural diamonds are formed in Earth's lithospheric mantle; however, the exact mechanisms behind their genesis remain debated. Given the occurrence of electrochemical processes in Earth's mantle and the high electrical conductivity of mantle melts and fluids, we have developed a model whereby localized electric fields play a central role in diamond formation. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a diamond crystallization mechanism that operates under lithospheric mantle pressure-temperature conditions (6.3 and 7.5 gigapascals; 1300° to 1600°C) through the action of an electric potential applied across carbonate or carbonate-silicate melts. In this process, the carbonate-rich melt acts as both the carbon source and the crystallization medium for diamond, which forms in assemblage with mantle minerals near the cathode. Our results clearly demonstrate that electric fields should be considered a key additional factor influencing diamond crystallization, mantle mineral-forming processes, carbon isotope fractionation, and the global carbon cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri N Palyanov
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str., 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri M Borzdov
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander G Sokol
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Yuliya V Bataleva
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Igor N Kupriyanov
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim N Reutsky
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | | | - Nikolay V Sobolev
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str., 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hozuki N, Takato H, Maruyama S, Kondo M, Fujimoto K, Matsumoto Y. A New Route to Carbon Film Coating by Anodic Electrodeposition from Ionic Liquid Containing Different Phenylsilane Derivatives. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Hozuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
- Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (FREA), 2-2-9 Machiikedai, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-0298, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Takato
- Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (FREA), 2-2-9 Machiikedai, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-0298, Japan
| | - Shingo Maruyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Michio Kondo
- Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (FREA), 2-2-9 Machiikedai, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-0298, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Fujimoto
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The effect of variable operating parameters for hydrocarbon fuel formation from CO2 by molten salts electrolysis. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
7
|
Gu D, Xia X, Jiang T, Jiang H, Wang B, Wang X. Solar Multifield-Driven Hybrid Chemical System for Purification of Organic Wastewater Focused on a Nano-Carbon/TiO 2/Ti Central Electrode. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Gu
- Institute of New Energy Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Xuefu Street No. 99, Daqing 163318, P. R. China
| | - Xue Xia
- Institute of New Energy Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Xuefu Street No. 99, Daqing 163318, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Institute of New Energy Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Xuefu Street No. 99, Daqing 163318, P. R. China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Institute of New Energy Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Xuefu Street No. 99, Daqing 163318, P. R. China
| | - Baohui Wang
- Institute of New Energy Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Xuefu Street No. 99, Daqing 163318, P. R. China
| | - Xirui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hughes MA, Allen JA, Donne SW. Optimized Electrolytic Carbon and Electrolyte Systems for Electrochemical Capacitors. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Hughes
- Discipline of ChemistryUniversity of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Jessica A. Allen
- Discipline of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Scott W. Donne
- Discipline of ChemistryUniversity of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen Y, Wang M, Lu S, Tu J, Jiao S. Electrochemical graphitization conversion of CO2 through soluble NaVO3 homogeneous catalyst in carbonate molten salt. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
10
|
Ren J, Yu A, Peng P, Lefler M, Li FF, Licht S. Recent Advances in Solar Thermal Electrochemical Process (STEP) for Carbon Neutral Products and High Value Nanocarbons. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:3177-3187. [PMID: 31697061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Climate change represents one of the most important environmental issues of our time. Due to high levels of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, atmospheric CO2 has for the first time ever exceeded 415 ppm and has increased from 315 ppm in 1950. An annual increase in atmospheric CO2 of ∼2 ppm is equal to a net increase of ∼15.6 billion tons of CO2. The combustion of fossil fuels for electricity and transportation is still the main reason accounting for the CO2 accumulation. On the top of that, fossil fuels are widely used in our modern industry for the productions of indispensable social staples. For instance, the millennia old thermal reduction of iron ore by charcoal or baked coal (3C + 2Fe2O3 → 4Fe + 3CO2) continues as the main method for the production of iron. The artificial fertilizer ammonia boosts the global population and is mainly produced from the Haber-Bosch process, in which hydrogen is generated via steam reforming of methane (CH4 + 2H2O → 4H2 + CO2). Sequestration and diminution of CO2 require the development of a portfolio of technologies on (1) efficient and long-term harvesting of renewable energy, that is, solar, not only for electricity but also directly as the energy force in vital chemical processes, wherever possible, (2) carbon-neutral processes to replace current industrial processes that emit vast amounts of CO2, such as iron and ammonia production, and (3) new, low-cost technologies for CO2 capture and conversion with particular interests in the exploration of CO2 as the feedstock for fuels or other valuable chemicals and materials. To this end, we conducted some studies on the sustainable synthesis of ammonia and iron with net-zero CO2 emissions and large-scale CO2 capture and conversion into fuels and high value nanocarbon products via electrolysis in molten salt(s) with the introduction of the Solar Thermal Electrochemical Process (STEP). In STEP, solar UV-visible energy is focused on a photovoltaic device that generates the electricity to drive the electrolysis, while concurrently the solar thermal energy is focused on a second system to generate heat for the electrolysis cell. The utilization of the full spectrum of sunlight in STEP results in a higher solar energy efficiency than other solar conversion processes. STEP has been applied to conduct (1) CO2-free ammonia synthesis from nitrogen and water with the aid of nano-Fe2O3 in a molten hydroxide electrolyte, (2) CO2-free production of iron via electrochemical reduction of iron ore in molten carbonate, (3) CO2 capture and conversion into nanostructured carbon products as well as fuels in molten or mixed molten electrolytes, and (4) organic electrosynthesis of benzoic acid from benzene without overoxidizing into CO2. In this Account, we highlight some recent achievements in these topics and propose that using STEP is a highly efficient strategy for saving energy and, consequently, the environment. STEP is an ideal tool that can theoretically be applied to all endothermic reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
| | - Ao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
| | - Ping Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
| | - Matthew Lefler
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Fang-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
| | - Stuart Licht
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hughes MA, Bennett RD, Allen JA, Donne SW. Physical characteristics of capacitive carbons derived from the electrolytic reduction of alkali metal carbonate molten salts. RSC Adv 2019; 9:36771-36787. [PMID: 35539033 PMCID: PMC9075116 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05170h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbons have been synthesized through the reduction of molten carbonate systems under varied conditions. The mechanism and kinetics of carbon electrodeposition has been investigated. Carbon morphologies include amorphous, graphite-like, and spherical aggregate phases. Increased graphitic character is observed in carbons electrodeposited at more cathodic potentials, particularly at higher temperatures. Bonding has been investigated and oxygen functionalised sp2 and sp3 structures have been identified. The level of functionalization decreases in carbons with reduced amorphous and increased graphitic character. Thermal decomposition of electrodepositied carbons has been investigated and zero order kinetics have been identified. A relationship has been identified between elevated oxygen functionalization and increased pseudo-capacitance, with carbons deposited at 0.15 A cm-2 showing capacitances of 400 F g-1 in 0.5 M H2SO4 at sweep rates of 10 mV s-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Hughes
- Discipline of Chemistry, University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Robert D Bennett
- CSIRO Energy Technology Research Way Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Jessica A Allen
- School of Engineering, Priority Research Centre for Frontier Energy Technologies and Utilisation, University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Scott W Donne
- Discipline of Chemistry, University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen X, Zhao H, Xie H, Qu J, Ding X, Geng Y, Wang D, Yin H. Tuning the preferentially electrochemical growth of carbon at the “gaseous CO2-liquid molten salt-solid electrode” three-phase interline. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Liu J, Dolan KP, Liu J, Wang J, Long D. Dense carbon film coated 316L via in-situ synthesized CaC2 in FLiNaK molten salts and its high performance of anti-corrosion property. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
14
|
Enhanced kinetics of CO2 electro-reduction on a hollow gas bubbling electrode in molten ternary carbonates. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
15
|
Kanai Y, Terasaka K, Fujioka S, Fukunaga K. Absorption of Carbon Dioxide at High Temperature with Molten Alkali Carbonate Using Bubble Column Reactor. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.17we399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Kanai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Fukuoka University
| | | | | | - Kenichiro Fukunaga
- School of Science for Open and Environmental Systems, Graduate School of Keio University
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hu L, Yang W, Yang Z, Xu J. Fabrication of graphite via electrochemical conversion of CO2 in a CaCl2 based molten salt at a relatively low temperature. RSC Adv 2019; 9:8585-8593. [PMID: 35518679 PMCID: PMC9062065 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10560j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabrication of graphite by electrochemical splitting of CO2 in a CaCl2 molten salt is a promising approach for the efficient and economical utilization of CO2. Systematically understanding the graphitization mechanism is of great significance to optimize the process. In this work, how pulse parameter and type of anode affect morphologies and crystallinity of graphite nanostructures were both investigated. The results indicate that the optimum current efficiency, energy consumption and highest degree of graphitization can be achieved by employing an appropriate pulse current parameter (Ton : Toff = 120 : 5), and with the utilization of a RuO2–TiO2 inert anode. The microstructure and morphologies show noticeable change by varying electrolytic conditions. In addition, the present study provides an insight into facile ways to improve the graphitization degree by electrochemical conversion of CO2 at a relatively low temperature. Fabrication of graphite by electrochemical splitting of CO2 in a CaCl2 molten salt is a promising approach for the efficient and economical utilization of CO2.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
- People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vanadium-Titanium Metallurgy and Advanced Materials
| | - Wanlin Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
- People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vanadium-Titanium Metallurgy and Advanced Materials
| | - Zhikun Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
- People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vanadium-Titanium Metallurgy and Advanced Materials
| | - Jian Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
- People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vanadium-Titanium Metallurgy and Advanced Materials
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hughes MA, Allen JA, Donne SW. The properties and performance of carbon produced through the electrochemical reduction of molten carbonate: A study based on step potential electrochemical spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
18
|
Gao M, Deng B, Chen Z, Tao M, Wang D. Cathodic reaction kinetics for CO2 capture and utilization in molten carbonates at mild temperatures. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
19
|
Li Z, Yuan D, Wu H, Li W, Gu D. A novel route to synthesize carbon spheres and carbon nanotubes from carbon dioxide in a molten carbonate electrolyzer. Inorg Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qi00479f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide is readily converted into carbon spheres (CSs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a molten carbonate electrolyzer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhida Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Dandan Yuan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Hongjun Wu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Petroleum Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Di Gu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Deng B, Tang J, Gao M, Mao X, Zhu H, Xiao W, Wang D. Electrolytic synthesis of carbon from the captured CO2 in molten LiCl–KCl–CaCO3: Critical roles of electrode potential and temperature for hollow structure and lithium storage performance. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
21
|
Li Z, Yu Y, Li W, Wang G, Peng L, Li J, Gu D, Yuan D, Wu H. Carbon dioxide electrolysis and carbon deposition in alkaline-earth-carbonate-included molten salts electrolyzer. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02965b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline-earth-carbonate-included molten salts sustain continuous CO2 capture and electrochemical conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhida Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Guanzhong Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| | - Li Peng
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| | - Jinlian Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| | - Di Gu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| | - Dandan Yuan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| | - Hongjun Wu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen Z, Gu Y, Du K, Wang X, Xiao W, Mao X, Wang D. Enhanced electrocatalysis performance of amorphous electrolytic carbon from CO2 for oxygen reduction by surface modification in molten salt. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
23
|
Akinwolemiwa B, Wei C, Chen GZ. Mechanisms and Designs of Asymmetrical Electrochemical Capacitors. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
24
|
Wu H, Li Z, Ji D, Liu Y, Yi G, Yuan D, Wang B, Zhang Z. Effect of molten carbonate composition on the generation of carbon material. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25229j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient CO2 is readily split into zerovalent carbon at diverse electrolytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Wu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Zhida Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Deqiang Ji
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Yue Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Guanlin Yi
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Dandan Yuan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Baohui Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Zhonghai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu Y, Yuan D, Ji D, Li Z, Zhang Z, Wang B, Wu H. Syngas production: diverse H2/CO range by regulating carbonates electrolyte composition from CO2/H2O via co-electrolysis in eutectic molten salts. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07320h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports the simultaneous production of CO and H2 with a broadened H2/CO ratio range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| | - Dandan Yuan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| | - Deqiang Ji
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| | - Zhida Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| | - Zhonghai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Baohui Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| | - Hongjun Wu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lu B, Zhou J, Song Y, Wang H, Xiao W, Wang D. Molten-salt treatment of waste biomass for preparation of carbon with enhanced capacitive properties and electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen reduction. Faraday Discuss 2016; 190:147-59. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00215j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon powders are building blocks for electrochemical energy storage/conversion devices. Green, cost-affordable and facile preparation of carbon with applicable electrochemical properties is therefore essential for effective utilization of fluctuating renewable energy. Herein, the preparation of carbon nanoflakes via impregnation of waste biomass i.e. boiled coffee beans in molten Na2CO3–K2CO3 (with equal mass) at 800 °C and molten CaCl2 at 850 °C is reported. The microstructure and surface chemistry of the obtained carbons are specified. The correlations between synthetic conditions and microstructure/surface chemistry of the obtained carbons are rationalized. The derived carbon nanosheets are tested and compared as active materials for supercapacitors in a configuration of symmetric full cells in 1 M MeEt3NBF4 in acetonitrile and electrocatalysts towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in O2-saturated 0.1 M aqueous KOH. Despite the lower surface area, the carbon nanosheets derived in molten Na2CO3–K2CO3 exhibit enhanced capacitive properties and electrocatalytic ORR activity. The present study highlights the importance of thermal media on the microstructure, surface chemistry and electrochemistry of carbon from biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beihu Lu
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- PR China
| | - Jing Zhou
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- PR China
| | - Yuqiao Song
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- PR China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Advanced Energy Storage Materials and Devices Lab
- School of Physics Electrical Information Engineering
- Ningxia University
- Yinchuan 750021
- China
| | - Wei Xiao
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- PR China
| | - Dihua Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- PR China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Deng B, Chen Z, Gao M, Song Y, Zheng K, Tang J, Xiao W, Mao X, Wang D. Molten salt CO2capture and electro-transformation (MSCC-ET) into capacitive carbon at medium temperature: effect of the electrolyte composition. Faraday Discuss 2016; 190:241-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00234f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical transformation of CO2into functional materials or fuels (i.e., carbon, CO) in high temperature molten salts has been demonstrated as a promising way of carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) in recent years. In a view of continuous operation, the electrolysis process should match very well with the CO2absorption kinetics. At the same time, in consideration of the energy efficiency, a molten salt electrochemical cell running at lower temperature is more beneficial to a process powered by the fluctuating renewable electricity from solar/wind farms. Ternary carbonates (Li : Na : K = 43.5 : 31.5 : 25.0) and binary chlorides (Li : K = 58.5 : 41.5), two typical kinds of eutectic melt with low melting points and a wide electrochemical potential window, could be the ideal supporting electrolyte for the molten salt CO2capture and electro-transformation (MSCC-ET) process. In this work, the CO2absorption behaviour in Li2O/CaO containing carbonates and chlorides were investigated on a home-made gas absorption testing system. The electrode processes as well as the morphology and properties of carbon obtained in different salts are compared to each other. It was found that the composition of molten salts significantly affects the absorption of CO2, electrode processes and performance of the product. Furthermore, the relationship between the absorption and electro-transformation kinetics are discussed based on the findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Deng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- PR China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- PR China
| | - Muxing Gao
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- PR China
| | - Yuqiao Song
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- PR China
| | - Kaiyuan Zheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- PR China
| | - Juanjuan Tang
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- PR China
| | - Wei Xiao
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- PR China
| | - Xuhui Mao
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- PR China
| | - Dihua Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- PR China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Carbonate Reduction and the Properties and Applications of Carbon Formed Through Electrochemical Deposition in Molten Carbonates: A Review. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.07.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|