1
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Saleh LY, Ora M, Lönnberg T. Organomercury oligonucleotide conjugates as artificial ribonucleases. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 247:112331. [PMID: 37480764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Two oligonucleotide conjugates sharing the same sequence but incorporating a different 5'-terminal organometallic moiety were synthesized, by either direct mercuration in solution or oximation with an organomercury aldehyde on solid support. The potential of these conjugates to serve as new type of artificial ribonucleases was tested with a complementary 2´-O-methyl-RNA target sequence featuring a single cleavable RNA phosphodiester linkage. Both organomercury oligonucleotides greatly outperformed their metal-free counterparts as well as the previously reported small molecule organomercury RNA cleaving agent in catalytic activity, providing an important proof-of-concept. Compared to state-of-the-art metal-dependent artificial ribonucleases, however, the observed activity was modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lange Yakubu Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Ora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomas Lönnberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland.
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2
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Lisi D, Vezzoni CA, Casnati A, Sansone F, Salvio R. Intra- and Intermolecular Cooperativity in the Catalytic Activity of Phosphodiester Cleavage by Self-Assembled Systems Based on Guanidinylated Calix[4]arenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203213. [PMID: 36382737 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The calix[4]arene scaffold, blocked in the cone conformation through alkylation with long alkyl chains, and decorated at the upper rim with four guanidine or arginine units, effectively catalyzes the cleavage of the phosphodiester bond of DNA and RNA model compounds in water. An exhaustive kinetic investigation unequivocally points to the existence of spontaneous aggregation phenomena, driven by hydrophobic effect, occurring at different critical concentrations that depend on the identity of the compound. A pronounced superiority of the assembled structures compared with the monomers in solution was observed. Moreover, the catalytically active units, clustered on the macrocyclic tetrafunctional scaffold, were proved to efficiently cooperate in the catalytic mechanism and result in improved reaction rates compared to those of the monofunctional model compounds. The kinetic analysis is also integrated and corroborated with further experiments based on fluorescence spectroscopy and light scattering. The advantage of the supramolecular assemblies based on tetrafunctional calixarenes leads to believe that the active units can cooperate not only intramolecularly but also intermolecularly. The molecules in the aggregates can probably mold, flex and rearrange but, at the same time, keep an ordered structure that favors phosphodiester bond cleavage. This dynamic preorganization can allow the catalytic units to reach a better fitting with the substrates and perform a superior catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Vezzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Casnati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Sansone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Salvio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133, Roma, Italy.,ISB - CNR Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Università La Sapienza, 00185, Roma, Italy
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3
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Lönnberg H. Structural modifications as tools in mechanistic studies of the cleavage of RNA phosphodiester linkages. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200141. [PMID: 35832010 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The cleavage of RNA phosphodiester bonds by RNase A and hammerhead ribozyme at neutral pH fundamentally differs from the spontaneous reactions of these bonds under the same conditions. While the predominant spontaneous reaction is isomerization of the 3',5'-phosphodiester linkages to their 2',5'-counterparts, this reaction has never been reported to compete with the enzymatic cleavage reaction, not even as a minor side reaction. Comparative kinetic measurements with structurally modified di-nucleoside monophosphates and oligomeric phosphodiesters have played an important role in clarification of mechanistic details of the buffer-independent and buffer-catalyzed reactions. More recently, heavy atom isotope effects and theoretical calculations have refined the picture. The primary aim of all these studies has been to form a solid basis for mechanistic analyses of the action of more complicated catalytic machineries. In other words, to contribute to conception of a plausible unified picture of RNA cleavage by biocatalysts, such as RNAse A, hammerhead ribozyme and DNAzymes. In addition, structurally modified trinucleoside monophosphates as transition state models for Group I and II introns have clarified some features of the action of large ribozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Lönnberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 University of, Turku
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4
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Danneberg F, Westemeier H, Horx P, Zellmann F, Dörr K, Kalden E, Zeiger M, Akpinar A, Berger R, Göbel MW. RNA Hydrolysis by Heterocyclic Amidines and Guanidines: Parameters Affecting Reactivity. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Danneberg
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 D-60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Hauke Westemeier
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Philip Horx
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Felix Zellmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 D-60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Kathrin Dörr
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 D-60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kalden
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 D-60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Mirco Zeiger
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 D-60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Abdullah Akpinar
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 D-60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Robert Berger
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Michael W. Göbel
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 D-60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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5
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Salvio R, D'Abramo M. Conformational Mobility and Efficiency in Supramolecular Catalysis. A Computational Approach to Evaluate the Performances of Enzyme Mimics. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Salvio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 00133 Roma Italy
- ISB CNR Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza 00185 Roma Italy
| | - Marco D'Abramo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza P. le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy
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6
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Ren CZJ, Solís-Muñana P, Warr GG, Chen JLY. Dynamic and Modular Formation of a Synergistic Transphosphorylation Catalyst. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Z.-J. Ren
- Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Pablo Solís-Muñana
- Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Gregory G. Warr
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jack L.-Y. Chen
- Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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7
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Baldini L, Casnati A, Sansone F. Multivalent and Multifunctional Calixarenes in Bionanotechnology. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Baldini
- Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/a 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Alessandro Casnati
- Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/a 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Francesco Sansone
- Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/a 43124 Parma Italy
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8
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Segreto GE, Alba J, Salvio R, D’Abramo M. DNA cleavage by endonuclease I-DmoI: a QM/MM study and comparison with experimental data provide indications on the environmental effects. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-2585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Salvio R, Volpi S, Folcarelli T, Casnati A, Cacciapaglia R. A calix[4]arene with acylguanidine units as an efficient catalyst for phosphodiester bond cleavage in RNA and DNA model compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7482-7492. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01141b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated carbonyl units in a calixarene scaffold provide the right amount of flexibility for catalysis with a minimum entropic cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Salvio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università “Tor Vergata”
- I-00133 Roma
- Italy
- ISB - CNR Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale
- Università degli Studi di Parma
- 43124 Parma
- Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Casnati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale
- Università degli Studi di Parma
- 43124 Parma
- Italy
| | - Roberta Cacciapaglia
- ISB - CNR Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione
- Università La Sapienza
- 00185 Roma
- Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica
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10
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Smolkin B, Khononov A, Pieńko T, Shavit M, Belakhov V, Trylska J, Baasov T. Towards Catalytic Antibiotics: Redesign of Aminoglycosides To Catalytically Disable Bacterial Ribosomes. Chembiochem 2018; 20:247-259. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Smolkin
- The Edith and Joseph Fischer Enzyme Inhibitors Laboratory; Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Alina Khononov
- The Edith and Joseph Fischer Enzyme Inhibitors Laboratory; Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Tomasz Pieńko
- Centre of New Technologies; University of Warsaw; Banacha 2c 02-097 Warsaw Poland
- Department of Drug Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division; Medical University of Warsaw; Banacha 1a 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Michal Shavit
- The Edith and Joseph Fischer Enzyme Inhibitors Laboratory; Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Valery Belakhov
- The Edith and Joseph Fischer Enzyme Inhibitors Laboratory; Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Joanna Trylska
- Centre of New Technologies; University of Warsaw; Banacha 2c 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Timor Baasov
- The Edith and Joseph Fischer Enzyme Inhibitors Laboratory; Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 3200003 Israel
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11
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Mikkola S, Lönnberg T, Lönnberg H. Phosphodiester models for cleavage of nucleic acids. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:803-837. [PMID: 29719577 PMCID: PMC5905247 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acids that store and transfer biological information are polymeric diesters of phosphoric acid. Cleavage of the phosphodiester linkages by protein enzymes, nucleases, is one of the underlying biological processes. The remarkable catalytic efficiency of nucleases, together with the ability of ribonucleic acids to serve sometimes as nucleases, has made the cleavage of phosphodiesters a subject of intensive mechanistic studies. In addition to studies of nucleases by pH-rate dependency, X-ray crystallography, amino acid/nucleotide substitution and computational approaches, experimental and theoretical studies with small molecular model compounds still play a role. With small molecules, the importance of various elementary processes, such as proton transfer and metal ion binding, for stabilization of transition states may be elucidated and systematic variation of the basicity of the entering or departing nucleophile enables determination of the position of the transition state on the reaction coordinate. Such data is important on analyzing enzyme mechanisms based on synergistic participation of several catalytic entities. Many nucleases are metalloenzymes and small molecular models offer an excellent tool to construct models for their catalytic centers. The present review tends to be an up to date summary of what has been achieved by mechanistic studies with small molecular phosphodiesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Mikkola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomas Lönnberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Lönnberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
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12
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Salvio R, Casnati A. Guanidinium Promoted Cleavage of Phosphoric Diesters: Kinetic Investigations and Calculations Provide Indications on the Operating Mechanism. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10461-10469. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Salvio
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and IMC - CNR Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Università La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Casnati
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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13
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Salvio R, Volpi S, Cacciapaglia R, Sansone F, Mandolini L, Casnati A. Phosphoryl Transfer Processes Promoted by a Trifunctional Calix[4]arene Inspired by DNA Topoisomerase I. J Org Chem 2016; 81:9012-9019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Salvio
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and IMC - CNR Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Universitá La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Universitá degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle
Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Cacciapaglia
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and IMC - CNR Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Universitá La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Sansone
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Universitá degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle
Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Luigi Mandolini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and IMC - CNR Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Universitá La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Casnati
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Universitá degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle
Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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14
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Salvio R, Volpi S, Cacciapaglia R, Sansone F, Mandolini L, Casnati A. Upper Rim Bifunctional cone-Calix[4]arenes Based on a Ligated Metal Ion and a Guanidinium Unit as DNAase and RNAase Mimics. J Org Chem 2016; 81:4728-35. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Salvio
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and IMC - CNR Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Università La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Cacciapaglia
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and IMC - CNR Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Università La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Sansone
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Luigi Mandolini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and IMC - CNR Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Università La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Casnati
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
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15
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Giuliani M, Morbioli I, Sansone F, Casnati A. Moulding calixarenes for biomacromolecule targeting. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:14140-59. [PMID: 26286064 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
After their successful use as a preorganized platform for the preparation of receptors for metal ions and small neutral molecules over the last 15 years, calixarenes are enjoying a renaissance of popularity as scaffolds for ligands that are able to efficiently and selectively target macromolecules such as proteins/enzymes, nucleic acids and lipids. This feature article summarizes the peculiar factors characterizing the calixarene structure and properties, as well as outlines the main rules that can be used to turn such macrocycles into efficient and successful ligands for these classes of biomacromolecules. Factors that affect the multivalent properties of calixarenes, such as the size, conformation and stereochemical presentation of binding groups or their amphiphilicity and hybrid character, are described in detail with the use of a few selected examples from the literature. Perspectives and applications of these ligands in bionanotechnology and nanomedicine, such as protein sensing and inhibition, gene-delivery, targeted drug-delivery and cell imaging, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Giuliani
- Dip. to di Chimica, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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16
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2,6-Bis(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1-ylmethyl)pyridine and Its Benzene Analog as Nonmetallic Cleaving Agents of RNA Phosphodiester Linkages. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:17798-811. [PMID: 26247935 PMCID: PMC4581222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
2,6-Bis(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1-ylmethyl)pyridine (11a) and 1,3-bis(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1-ylmethyl)benzene (11b) have been shown to accelerate at 50 mmol·L−1 concentration both the cleavage and mutual isomerization of uridylyl-3′,5′-uridine and uridylyl-2′,5′-uridine by up to two orders of magnitude. The catalytically active ionic forms are the tri- (in the case of 11b) tetra- and pentacations. The pyridine nitrogen is not critical for efficient catalysis, since the activity of 11b is even slightly higher than that of 11a. On the other hand, protonation of the pyridine nitrogen still makes 11a approximately four times more efficient as a catalyst, but only for the cleavage reaction. Interestingly, the respective reactions of adenylyl-3′,5′-adenosine were not accelerated, suggesting that the catalysis is base moiety selective.
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17
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Salvio R, Volpi S, Cacciapaglia R, Casnati A, Mandolini L, Sansone F. Ribonuclease Activity of an Artificial Catalyst That Combines a Ligated CuII Ion and a Guanidinium Group at the Upper Rim of a cone-Calix[4]arene Platform. J Org Chem 2015; 80:5887-93. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Salvio
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and IMC−CNR Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Università La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle
Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Cacciapaglia
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and IMC−CNR Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Università La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Casnati
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle
Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Luigi Mandolini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and IMC−CNR Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Università La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Sansone
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle
Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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18
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Salvio R. The guanidinium unit in the catalysis of phosphoryl transfer reactions: from molecular spacers to nanostructured supports. Chemistry 2015; 21:10960-71. [PMID: 25940903 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Examples of guanidinium-based artificial phosphodiesterases are illustrated in this review article. A wide set of collected catalytic systems are presented, from the early examples to the most recent developments of the use of this unit in the design of supramolecular catalysts. Special attention is dedicated to illustrate the operating catalytic mechanism and the role of guanidine/ium units in the catalysis. One or more of these units can act by themselves or in conjunction with other active units. The analogy with the mechanism of enzymatic systems is presented and discussed. In the last part of this overview, recent examples of guanidinophosphodiesterases based on nanostructured supports are reported, namely gold-monolayer-protected clusters and polymer brushes grafted to silica nanoparticles. The issue of the dependence of the catalytic performance on the preorganization of the spacer is tackled and discussed in terms of effective molarity, a parameter that can be taken as a quantitative measurement of this preorganization for both conventional molecular linker and nanosized supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Salvio
- Dipartimento di Chimica and IMC-CNR, Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, La Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 (Italy).
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19
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Savelli C, Salvio R. Guanidine-Based Polymer Brushes Grafted onto Silica Nanoparticles as Efficient Artificial Phosphodiesterases. Chemistry 2015; 21:5856-63. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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