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Yao L, An H, Zhou S, Kim A, Luijten E, Chen Q. Seeking regularity from irregularity: unveiling the synthesis-nanomorphology relationships of heterogeneous nanomaterials using unsupervised machine learning. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:16479-16489. [PMID: 36285804 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03712b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale morphology of functional materials determines their chemical and physical properties. However, despite increasing use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to directly image nanomorphology, it remains challenging to quantify the information embedded in TEM data sets, and to use nanomorphology to link synthesis and processing conditions to properties. We develop an automated, descriptor-free analysis workflow for TEM data that utilizes convolutional neural networks and unsupervised learning to quantify and classify nanomorphology, and thereby reveal synthesis-nanomorphology relationships in three different systems. While TEM records nanomorphology readily in two-dimensional (2D) images or three-dimensional (3D) tomograms, we advance the analysis of these images by identifying and applying a universal shape fingerprint function to characterize nanomorphology. After dimensionality reduction through principal component analysis, this function then serves as the input for morphology grouping through unsupervised learning. We demonstrate the wide applicability of our workflow to both 2D and 3D TEM data sets, and to both inorganic and organic nanomaterials, including tetrahedral gold nanoparticles mixed with irregularly shaped impurities, hybrid polymer-patched gold nanoprisms, and polyamide membranes with irregular and heterogeneous 3D crumple structures. In each of these systems, unsupervised nanomorphology grouping identifies both the diversity and the similarity of the nanomaterial across different synthesis conditions, revealing how synthetic parameters guide nanomorphology development. Our work opens possibilities for enhancing synthesis of nanomaterials through artificial intelligence and for understanding and controlling complex nanomorphology, both for 2D systems and in the far less explored case of 3D structures, such as those with embedded voids or hidden interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lehan Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Hyosung An
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Department of Petrochemical Materials Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59631, Korea
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Ahyoung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Erik Luijten
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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2
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Fu Y, Pichon B, Devred F, Singleton ML, Hermans S. Synthesis of spherical, rod, or chain Ni nanoparticles and their structure–activity relationship in glucose hydrogenation reaction. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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3
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Ding R, Padilla Espinosa IM, Loevlie D, Azadehranjbar S, Baker AJ, Mpourmpakis G, Martini A, Jacobs TDB. Size-dependent shape distributions of platinum nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3978-3986. [PMID: 36133342 PMCID: PMC9470057 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00326k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While it is well established that nanoparticle shape can depend on equilibrium thermodynamics or growth kinetics, recent computational work has suggested the importance of thermal energy in controlling the distribution of shapes in populations of nanoparticles. Here, we used transmission electron microscopy to characterize the shapes of bare platinum nanoparticles and observed a strong dependence of shape distribution on particle size. Specifically, the smallest nanoparticles (<2.5 nm) had a truncated octahedral shape, bound by 〈111〉 and 〈100〉 facets, as predicted by lowest-energy thermodynamics. However, as particle size increased, the higher-energy 〈110〉 facets became increasingly common, leading to a large population of non-equilibrium truncated cuboctahedra. The observed trends were explained by combining atomistic simulations (both molecular dynamics and an empirical square-root bond-cutting model) with Boltzmann statistics. Overall, this study demonstrates experimentally how thermal energy leads to shape variation in populations of metal nanoparticles, and reveals the dependence of shape distributions on particle size. The prevalence of non-equilibrium facets has implications for metal nanoparticles applications from catalysis to solar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikang Ding
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | | | - Dennis Loevlie
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Soodabeh Azadehranjbar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Andrew J Baker
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Giannis Mpourmpakis
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced Merced CA 95343 USA
| | - Tevis D B Jacobs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
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Kim G, Shin S, Choi Y, Kim J, Kim G, Kim KJ, Lee H. Gas-Permeable Iron-Doped Ceria Shell on Rh Nanoparticles with High Activity and Durability. JACS AU 2022; 2:1115-1122. [PMID: 35647595 PMCID: PMC9131474 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) is a promising strategy to control the structure of the supported metal catalyst. Especially, encapsulating metal nanoparticles through SMSI can enhance resistance against sintering but typically blocks the access of reactants onto the metal surface. Here, we report gas-permeable shells formed on Rh nanoparticles with enhanced activity and durability for the surface reaction. First, Fe species were doped into ceria, enhancing the transfer of surface oxygen species. When Rh was deposited onto the Fe-doped ceria (FC) and reduced, a shell was formed on Rh nanoparticles. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) results show that the shell is formed upon reduction and removed upon oxidation reversibly. CO adsorption on the Rh surface through the shell was confirmed by cryo-DRIFTS. The reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction (CO2 + H2 → CO + H2O) occurred on the encapsulated Rh nanoparticles effectively with selective CO formation, whereas bare Rh nanoparticles deposited on ceria produced methane as well. The CO adsorption became much weaker on the encapsulated Rh nanoparticles, and H2-spillover occurred more on the FC, resulting in high activity for RWGS. The exposed Rh nanoparticles deposited on ceria presented degradation at 400 °C after 150 h of RWGS, whereas the encapsulated Rh nanoparticles showed no degradation with superior durability. Enhancing surface oxygen transfer can be an efficient way to form gas-permeable overlayers on metal nanoparticles with high activity and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjoo Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sangyong Shin
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Yunji Choi
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jinwoong Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Geonhwa Kim
- Pohang
Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University
of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jeong Kim
- Pohang
Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University
of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Lee
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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5
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Zaera F. Designing Sites in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Are We Reaching Selectivities Competitive With Those of Homogeneous Catalysts? Chem Rev 2022; 122:8594-8757. [PMID: 35240777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of different prominent nanotechnologies adapted to catalysis is provided, with focus on how they contribute to the improvement of selectivity in heterogeneous catalysis. Ways to modify catalytic sites range from the use of the reversible or irreversible adsorption of molecular modifiers to the immobilization or tethering of homogeneous catalysts and the development of well-defined catalytic sites on solid surfaces. The latter covers methods for the dispersion of single-atom sites within solid supports as well as the use of complex nanostructures, and it includes the post-modification of materials via processes such as silylation and atomic layer deposition. All these methodologies exhibit both advantages and limitations, but all offer new avenues for the design of catalysts for specific applications. Because of the high cost of most nanotechnologies and the fact that the resulting materials may exhibit limited thermal or chemical stability, they may be best aimed at improving the selective synthesis of high value-added chemicals, to be incorporated in organic synthesis schemes, but other applications are being explored as well to address problems in energy production, for instance, and to design greener chemical processes. The details of each of these approaches are discussed, and representative examples are provided. We conclude with some general remarks on the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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6
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Metallic nanoparticles for electrocatalytic reduction of halogenated organic compounds: A review. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Adstructures of platinum-complex precursors and platinum nanoparticles formed on low-index single-crystal Au surfaces for oxygen reduction reaction. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Kaźmierczak K, Ramamoorthy RK, Moisset A, Viau G, Viola A, Giraud M, Peron J, Sicard L, Piquemal JY, Besson M, Perret N, Michel C. Importance of the decoration in shaped cobalt nanoparticles in the acceptor-less secondary alcohol dehydrogenation. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00390e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ligands matter for shaped decorated Co nanoparticles, at the frontier between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.
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10
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Nanocatalysts Containing Direct Electron Transfer-Capable Oxidoreductases: Recent Advances and Applications. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct electron transfer (DET)-capable oxidoreductases are enzymes that have the ability to transfer/receive electrons directly to/from solid surfaces or nanomaterials, bypassing the need for an additional electron mediator. More than 100 enzymes are known to be capable of working in DET conditions; however, to this day, DET-capable enzymes have been mainly used in designing biofuel cells and biosensors. The rapid advance in (semi) conductive nanomaterial development provided new possibilities to create enzyme-nanoparticle catalysts utilizing properties of DET-capable enzymes and demonstrating catalytic processes never observed before. Briefly, such nanocatalysts combine several cathodic and anodic catalysis performing oxidoreductases into a single nanoparticle surface. Hereby, to the best of our knowledge, we present the first review concerning such nanocatalytic systems involving DET-capable oxidoreductases. We outlook the contemporary applications of DET-capable enzymes, present a principle of operation of nanocatalysts based on DET-capable oxidoreductases, provide a review of state-of-the-art (nano) catalytic systems that have been demonstrated using DET-capable oxidoreductases, and highlight common strategies and challenges that are usually associated with those type catalytic systems. Finally, we end this paper with the concluding discussion, where we present future perspectives and possible research directions.
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11
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Saadun AJ, Zichittella G, Paunović V, Markaide-Aiastui BA, Mitchell S, Pérez-Ramírez J. Epitaxially Directed Iridium Nanostructures on Titanium Dioxide for the Selective Hydrodechlorination of Dichloromethane. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali J. Saadun
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Zichittella
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Paunović
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bittor A. Markaide-Aiastui
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Devivaraprasad R, Nalajala N, Bera B, Neergat M. Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Shape-Controlled Pt and Pd Nanoparticles-Importance of Surface Cleanliness and Reconstruction. Front Chem 2019; 7:648. [PMID: 31637231 PMCID: PMC6787902 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Shape-controlled precious metal nanoparticles have attracted significant research interest in the recent past due to their fundamental and scientific importance. Because of their crystallographic-orientation-dependent properties, these metal nanoparticles have tremendous implications in electrocatalysis. This review aims to discuss the strategies for synthesis of shape-controlled platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) nanoparticles and procedures for the surfactant removal, without compromising their surface structural integrity. In particular, the electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on shape-controlled nanoparticles (Pt and Pd) is discussed and the results are analyzed in the context of that reported with single crystal electrodes. Accepted theories on the stability of precious metal nanoparticle surfaces under electrochemical conditions are revisited. Dissolution, reconstruction, and comprehensive views on the factors that contribute to the loss of electrochemically active surface area (ESA) of nanoparticles leading to an inevitable decrease in ORR activity are presented. The contribution of adsorbed electrolyte anions, in-situ generated adsorbates and contaminants toward the ESA reduction are also discussed. Methods for the revival of activity of surfaces contaminated with adsorbed impurities without perturbing the surface structure and its implications to electrocatalysis are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruttala Devivaraprasad
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Naresh Nalajala
- National Chemical Laboratory, Catalysis Division, Pune, India
| | - Bapi Bera
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Manoj Neergat
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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13
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Castanet U, Feral-Martin C, Demourgues A, Neale RL, Sayle DC, Caddeo F, Flitcroft JM, Caygill R, Pointon BJ, Molinari M, Majimel J. Controlling the {111}/{110} Surface Ratio of Cuboidal Ceria Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:11384-11390. [PMID: 30843391 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the size and morphology is crucial in optimizing nanoceria catalytic activity as this is governed by the atomistic arrangement of species and structural features at the surfaces. Here, we show that cuboidal cerium oxide nanoparticles can be obtained via microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis in highly alkaline media. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed that the cube edges were truncated by CeO2{110} surfaces and the cube corners were truncated by CeO2{111} surfaces. When adjusting synthesis conditions by increasing NaOH concentration, the average particle size increased. Although this was accompanied by an increase of the cube faces, CeO2{100}, the cube edges, CeO2{110}, and cube corners, CeO2{111}, remained of constant size. Molecular dynamics (MD) was used to rationalize this behavior and revealed that energetically, the corners and edges cannot be atomically sharp, rather they are truncated by {111} and {110} surfaces, respectively, to stabilize the nanocube; both the experiment and simulation showed agreement regarding the minimum size of ∼1.6 nm associated with this truncation. Moreover, HRTEM and MD revealed {111}/{110} faceting of the {110} edges, which balances the surface energy associated with the exposed surfaces, which follows {111} > {110} > {100}, although only the {110} surface facets because of the ease of extracting oxygen from its surface and follows {111} > {100} > {110}. Finally, MD revealed that the {100} surfaces are "liquid-like" with a surface oxygen mobility 5 orders of magnitude higher than that on the {111} surfaces; this arises from the flexibility of the surface species network that can access many different surface arrangements because of very small energy differences. This finding has implications for understanding the surface chemistry of nanoceria and provides avenues to rationalize the design of catalytically active materials at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uli Castanet
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, ICMCB, UPR 9048 , 87 Avenue du Docteur Schweitzer , 33600 Pessac , France
| | | | - Alain Demourgues
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, ICMCB, UPR 9048 , 87 Avenue du Docteur Schweitzer , 33600 Pessac , France
| | - Rachel L Neale
- School of Physical Science , University of Kent , Canterbury , Kent CT2 7NZ , U.K
| | - Dean C Sayle
- School of Physical Science , University of Kent , Canterbury , Kent CT2 7NZ , U.K
| | - Francesco Caddeo
- School of Physical Science , University of Kent , Canterbury , Kent CT2 7NZ , U.K
| | - Joseph M Flitcroft
- Department of Chemistry , University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield HD1 3DH , U.K
| | - Robert Caygill
- Department of Chemistry , University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield HD1 3DH , U.K
| | - Ben J Pointon
- Department of Chemistry , University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield HD1 3DH , U.K
| | - Marco Molinari
- Department of Chemistry , University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield HD1 3DH , U.K
| | - Jerome Majimel
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, ICMCB, UPR 9048 , 87 Avenue du Docteur Schweitzer , 33600 Pessac , France
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14
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Albero J, Mateo D, García H. Graphene-Based Materials as Efficient Photocatalysts for Water Splitting. Molecules 2019; 24:E906. [PMID: 30841539 PMCID: PMC6429481 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Photocatalysis has been proposed as one of the most promising approaches for solar fuel production. Among the photocatalysts studied for water splitting, graphene and related materials have recently emerged as attractive candidates due to their striking properties and sustainable production when obtained from biomass wastes. In most of the cases reported so far, graphene has been typically used as additive to enhance its photocatalytic activity of semiconductor materials as consequence of the improved charge separation and visible light harvesting. However, graphene-based materials have demonstrated also intrinsic photocatalytic activity towards solar fuels production, and more specifically for water splitting. The photocatalytic activity of graphene derives from defects generated during synthesis or their introduction through post-synthetic treatments. In this short review, we aim to summarize the most representative examples of graphene based photocatalysts and the different approaches carried out in order to improve the photocatalytic activity towards water splitting. It will be presented that the introduction of defects in the graphenic lattice as well as the incorporation of small amounts of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles on the graphene surface improve the photocatalytic activity of graphene. What is more, a simple one-step preparation method has demonstrated to provide crystal orientation to the nanoparticles strongly grafted on graphene resulting in remarkable photocatalytic properties. These two features, crystal orientation and strong grafting, have been identified as a general methodology to further enhance the photocatalytic activity in graphenebased materials for water splitting. Finally, future prospects in this filed will be also commented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Albero
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV (ITQ), Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Diego Mateo
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV (ITQ), Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Hermenegildo García
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV (ITQ), Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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15
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Christoforidis KC, Fornasiero P. Photocatalysis for Hydrogen Production and CO2Reduction: The Case of Copper‐Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ICCOM-CNR and INSTMUniversity of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
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16
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Safo IA, Dosche C, Oezaslan M. TEM, FTIR and Electrochemistry Study: Desorption of PVP from Pt Nanocubes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2018-1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymer is among one of the widely used surfactants to prepare nano-materials with desired particle shape and particle size. The critical challenge is to remove PVP polymer from the metal surface without loss of the surface arrangement and particle agglomeration. Here, we developed a strategy to remove the surfactant PVP which prefers to form a multi-layer shell and thus blocks the catalytically active surface of the Pt nanocubes (6–7 nm). Since PVP is partially soluble in polar solvents, we studied four different solvent mixtures (volume ratio), (i) methanol/ethanol (3:1), (ii) acetone/water (3:1), (iii) ethanol/chloroform (3:1), and (iv) aqueous 0.1 M acetic acid by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Only, the washing process with methanol/ethanol and acetone/water generates Pt nanocubes with almost clean particle surface. Based on our FTIR results, a shift of the carbonyl band in IR spectrum was observed for methanol/ethanol-washed Pt nanocubes, indicating the coordination of the carbonyl oxygen of the PVP to platinum. The electrochemical experiments showed that the surface area of the methanol/ethanol-washed Pt nanocubes was increased by a factor of 14 compared to the unwashed, while an improvement of 11 times was achieved by washing in acetone/water. However, the CV profile still signifies the presence of strongly adsorbed PVP on the Pt surface. To remove the chemisorbed PVP, an electrochemical cleaning including 200 potential cycles between 0.06 and 1.00 V vs. RHE at 200 mV s−1 was applied. The potential cycling reveals the potential-controlled ad/desorption behavior of the PVP at the Pt surface. Altogether, we designed a cleaning procedure for surfactant-capped metal nanoparticles and provide insights into the interactions between the PVP and Pt surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A. Safo
- Physical Chemistry , Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg , 26111 Oldenburg , Germany
| | - Carsten Dosche
- Physical Chemistry , Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg , 26111 Oldenburg , Germany
| | - Mehtap Oezaslan
- Physical Chemistry , Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg , 26111 Oldenburg , Germany
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17
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Strasser P, Gliech M, Kuehl S, Moeller T. Electrochemical processes on solid shaped nanoparticles with defined facets. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:715-735. [PMID: 29354840 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00759k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This 2007 Chemistry Nobel prize update covers scientific advances of the past decade in our understanding of electrocatalytic processes on surfaces of nanoscale shape-controlled polyhedral solids. It is argued that the field of chemical reaction processes on solid surfaces has recently been paying increasing attention to the fundamental understanding of electrified solid-liquid interfaces and toward the operando study of the minute fraction of catalytically active, structurally dynamic non-equilibrium Taylor-type surface sites. Meanwhile, despite mounting evidence of acting as structural proxies in some cases, the concept of catalytic structure sensitivity of well-defined nanoscale solid surfaces continues to be a key organizing principle for the science of shape-controlled nanocrystals and, hence, constitutes a central recurring theme in this review. After addressing key aspects and recent progress in the wet-chemical synthesis of shaped nanocatalysts, three areas of electrocatalytic processes on solid shape-controlled nanocrystals of current scientific priority are discussed in more detail: the oxygen electroreduction on shape-controlled Pt-Ni polyhedra with its technological relevance for low temperature fuel cells, the CO2 electroreduction to hydrocarbons on Cu polyhedra and the puzzling interplay between chemical and structural effects, and the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction from water on shaped transition metal oxides. The review closes with the conclusion that Surface Science and thermal catalysis, honored by Ertl's Nobel prize a decade ago, continue to show major repercussions on the emerging field of Interface Science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Strasser
- The Electrochemical Energy, Catalysis and Material Science Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Arán-Ais RM, Solla-Gullón J, Herrero E, Feliu JM. On the quality and stability of preferentially oriented (100) Pt nanoparticles: An electrochemical insight. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Electrochemical Cleaning of Polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped Pt Nanocubes for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.04.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and
UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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21
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Young SL, Kellon JE, Hutchison JE. Small Gold Nanoparticles Interfaced to Electrodes through Molecular Linkers: A Platform to Enhance Electron Transfer and Increase Electrochemically Active Surface Area. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13975-13984. [PMID: 27681856 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For the smallest nanostructures (<5 nm), small changes in structure can lead to significant changes in properties and reactivity. In the case of nanoparticle (NP)-functionalized electrodes, NP structure and composition, and the nature of the NP-electrode interface have a strong influence upon electrochemical properties that are critical in applications such as amperometric sensing, photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. Existing methods to fabricate NP-functionalized electrodes do not allow for precise control over all these variables, especially the NP-electrode interface, making it difficult to understand and predict how structural changes influence NP activity. We investigated the electrochemical properties of small (dcore < 2.5 nm) gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on boron doped diamond electrodes using three different electrode fabrication techniques with varying degrees of nanoparticle-electrode interface definition. Two methods to attach AuNPs to the electrode through a covalently bound molecular linker were developed and compared to NP-functionalized electrodes fabricated using solution deposition methods (drop-casting and physiadsorption of a monolayer). In each case, a ferrocene redox probe was tethered to the AuNP surface to evaluate electron transfer through the AuNPs. The AuNPs that were molecularly interfaced with the electrode exhibited nearly ideal, reproducible electrochemical behavior with narrow redox peaks and small peak separations, whereas the solution deposited NPs had broader redox peaks with large peak separations. These data suggest that the molecular tether facilitates AuNP-mediated electron transfer. Interestingly, the molecularly tethered NPs also had significantly more electrochemically active surface area than the solution deposited NPs. The enhanced electrochemical behavior of the molecularly interfaced NPs demonstrates the significant influence of the interface on NP-mediated electron transfer and suggests that similar modified electrodes can serve as versatile platforms for studies and applications of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Jaclyn E Kellon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - James E Hutchison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
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22
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Albuquerque BL, Denicourt-Nowicki A, Mériadec C, Domingos JB, Roucoux A. Water soluble polymer–surfactant complexes-stabilized Pd(0) nanocatalysts: Characterization and structure–activity relationships in biphasic hydrogenation of alkenes and α,β-unsaturated ketones. J Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Denicourt-Nowicki A, Roucoux A. Odyssey in Polyphasic Catalysis by Metal Nanoparticles. CHEM REC 2016; 16:2127-41. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alain Roucoux
- ENSCR, UMR, CNRS 6226; 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837 35708 Rennes Cedex 7 France
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24
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Shim JO, Hong YJ, Na HS, Jang WJ, Kang YC, Roh HS. Highly Active and Stable Pt-Loaded Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 Yolk-Shell Catalyst for Water-Gas Shift Reaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:17239-17244. [PMID: 27315135 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Multishelled, Pt-loaded Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 yolk-shell microspheres were prepared by a simple spray pyrolysis process for use in the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction. The Pt-loading was optimized, obtaining highly active Pt/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 yolk-shell nanostructures for the WGS. Of the prepared catalysts, a 2% Pt loading of the Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 yolk-shell microspheres showed the highest CO conversion. The high catalytic activity of the 2% Pt/Ce0.75Zr0.2O2 catalyst was mainly due to its easier reducibility and the maintenance of active catalytic Pt species. The Pt-loaded Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 catalyst microspheres were highly resistant to Pt sintering because of their unique yolk-shell structure. Spray pyrolysis was found to be highly efficient for the production of precious-metal-loaded, multicomponent metal oxide yolk-shell microspheres for catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Oh Shim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University , 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon 220-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University , Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Na
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University , 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon 220-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jun Jang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University , 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon 220-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Chan Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University , Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seog Roh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University , 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon 220-710, Republic of Korea
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25
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Dutta S, Ray C, Roy A, Sahoo R, Pal T. Metal Bromide Controlled Interfacial Aromatization Reaction for Shape-Selective Synthesis of Palladium Nanostructures with Efficient Catalytic Performances. Chemistry 2016; 22:10017-27. [PMID: 27294801 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the effect of diverse metal bromides for the shape evolution of palladium nanostructures (Pd NS) has been demonstrated. Aromaticity-driven reduction of bromopalladate(II) is optimized to reproducibly obtain different Pd NS at the water/organic layer interface. In this soft interfacial strategy, a redox potential driven reaction has been performed, forming the thermodynamically more stable (>10(4) -fold) PdBr4 (2-) precursor from PdCl4 (2-) by adding extra metal bromides. In the process, the reductant, Hantzsch dihydropyridine ester (DHPE), is aromatized. Interestingly, alkali metal bromides devoid of coordination propensity exclusively evolve Pd nanowires (Pd NWs), whereas in the case of transition metal bromides the metal ions engage the 'N' donor of DHPE at the interface, making the redox reaction sluggish. Hence, controlled Pd nanoparticles growth is observed, which evolves Pd broccolis (Pd NBRs) and Pd nanorods (Pd NRs) at the interface in the presence of NiBr2 and CuBr2 , respectively, in the aqueous solution. Thus, the effect of diverse metal bromides in the reaction mixture for tailor-made growth of the various Pd NS is reported. Among the as-synthesized materials, the Pd NWs stand to be superior catalysts and their efficiency is almost 6 and 2.5 times higher than commercial 20 % Pd/C in the electrooxidation of ethanol and Cr(VI) reduction reaction by formic acid, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Chaiti Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Anindita Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Ramkrishna Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Tarasankar Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India.
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26
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Chen T, Rodionov VO. Controllable Catalysis with Nanoparticles: Bimetallic Alloy Systems and Surface Adsorbates. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyou Chen
- KAUST
Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Valentin O. Rodionov
- KAUST
Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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27
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Wu Z, Yang S, Wu W. Shape control of inorganic nanoparticles from solution. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:1237-59. [PMID: 26696235 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07681a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic materials with controllable shapes have been an intensely studied subject in nanoscience over the past decades. Control over novel and anisotropic shapes of inorganic nanomaterials differing from those of bulk materials leads to unique and tunable properties for widespread applications such as biomedicine, catalysis, fuels or solar cells and magnetic data storage. This review presents a comprehensive overview of shape-controlled inorganic nanomaterials via nucleation and growth theory and the control of experimental conditions (including supersaturation, temperature, surfactants and secondary nucleation), providing a brief account of the shape control of inorganic nanoparticles during wet-chemistry synthetic processes. Subsequently, typical mechanisms for shape-controlled inorganic nanoparticles and the general shape of the nanoparticles formed by each mechanism are also expounded. Furthermore, the differences between similar mechanisms for the shape control of inorganic nanoparticles are also clearly described. The authors envision that this review will provide valuable guidance on experimental conditions and process control for the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles with tunable shapes in the solution state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon-Dong, Giheung-Gu, 446-701 Yongin-Si, Korea and Laboratory of Printable Functional Nanomaterials and Printed Electronics, School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Shuanglei Yang
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Nanomaterials and Printed Electronics, School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China and College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Nanomaterials and Printed Electronics, School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China and Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China.
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Vidal-Iglesias FJ, Solla-Gullón J, Feliu JM. Recent Advances in the Use of Shape-Controlled Metal Nanoparticles in Electrocatalysis. NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29930-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Cao S, Jiang J, Zhu B, Yu J. Shape-dependent photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity over a Pt nanoparticle coupled g-C3N4 photocatalyst. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:19457-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02832b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A Pt decorated g-C3N4 photocatalyst exhibits remarkable shape-dependent photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
| | - Bicheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
| | - Jiaguo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
- Faculty of Science
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30
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Denicourt-Nowicki A, Lebedeva A, Bellini C, Roucoux A. Highly Selective Cycloalkane Oxidation in Water with Ruthenium Nanoparticles. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Denicourt-Nowicki
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes; CNRS, UMR 6226; 11 Allée de Beaulieu CS 50837, 35 708 Rennes Cedex 7 France
- Université Européenne de Bretagne; France
| | - Anastasia Lebedeva
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes; CNRS, UMR 6226; 11 Allée de Beaulieu CS 50837, 35 708 Rennes Cedex 7 France
- Université Européenne de Bretagne; France
| | - Clément Bellini
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes; CNRS, UMR 6226; 11 Allée de Beaulieu CS 50837, 35 708 Rennes Cedex 7 France
- Université Européenne de Bretagne; France
| | - Alain Roucoux
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes; CNRS, UMR 6226; 11 Allée de Beaulieu CS 50837, 35 708 Rennes Cedex 7 France
- Université Européenne de Bretagne; France
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31
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Liang CK, Eller MJ, Verkhoturov SV, Schweikert EA. Mass Spectrometry of Nanoparticles is Different. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1259-1265. [PMID: 25944367 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Secondary ion mass spectrometry, SIMS, is a method of choice for the characterization of nanoparticles, NPs. For NPs with large surface-to-volume ratios, heterogeneity is a concern. Assays should thus be on individual nano-objects rather than an ensemble of NPs; however, this may be difficult or impossible. This limitation can be side-stepped by probing a large number of dispersed NPs one-by-one and recording the emission from each NP separately. A large collection of NPs will likely contain subsets of like-NPs. The experimental approach is to disperse the NPs and hit an individual NP with a single massive cluster (e.g., C-60, Au-400). At impact energies of ~1 keV/atom, they generate notable secondary ion (SI) emission. Examination of small NPs (≤20 nm in diameter) shows that the SI emission is size-dependent and impacts are not all equivalent. Accurate identification of the type of impact is key for qualitative assays of core or outer shell composition. For quantitative assays, the concept of effective impacts is introduced. Selection of co-emitted ejecta combined with rejection (anticoincidence) of substrate ions allows refining chemical information within the projectile interaction volume. Last, to maximize the SI signal, small NPs (≤5 nm in diameter) can be examined in the transmission mode where the SI yields are enhanced ~10-fold over those in the (conventional) reflection direction. Future endeavors should focus on schemes acquiring SIs, electrons, and photons concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-K Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
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32
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Ashok A, Kumar A, Bhosale RR, Saleh MAH, van den Broeke LJP. Cellulose assisted combustion synthesis of porous Cu–Ni nanopowders. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03103f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cu–Ni nanoparticles were synthesized using cellulose assisted combustion synthesis method. The BET area, pore volume and pore size of these nanoparticles were higher than nanoparticles synthesized by solution combustion synthesis (SCS) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchu Ashok
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Qatar University
- Doha
- Qatar
| | - Anand Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Qatar University
- Doha
- Qatar
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33
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Kim C, Kim J, Yang S, Lee H. One-pot synthesis of Pd@PdPt core–shell nanocubes on carbon supports. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13447h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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