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Fendrych K, Górska-Ratusznik A, Smajdor J. Electrochemical Assays for the Determination of Antidiabetic Drugs-A Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:10. [PMID: 38276837 PMCID: PMC10820374 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
This article presents the current state of knowledge regarding electrochemical methods for determining the active substances within drugs that are used in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Electrochemical methods of analysis, due to their sensitivity and easiness, are a great alternative to other, usually more expensive analytical assays. The determination of active substances mentioned in this review is based on oxidation or reduction processes on the surface of the working electrode. A wide variety of working electrodes, often modified with materials such as nanoparticles or conducting polymers, have been used for the highly sensitive analysis of antidiabetic drugs. The presented assays allow us to determine the compounds of interest in various samples, such as pharmaceutical products or different human bodily fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Fendrych
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Anna Górska-Ratusznik
- Lukasiewicz Research Network—Krakow Institute of Technology, 73 Zakopianska St., 30-418 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Smajdor
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
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2
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Kouhdareh J, Karimi-Nami R, Keypour H, Rabiei K, Alavinia S, Saremi SG, Noroozi M. Synthesis of a Au/Au NPs-PPy/l-CYs/ZIF-8 nanocomposite electrode for voltammetric determination of insulin in human blood. RSC Adv 2023; 13:24474-24486. [PMID: 37593669 PMCID: PMC10427897 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04064j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a modified electrode named Au/Au NPs-PPy/l-CYs/ZIF-8 was designed and built and simultaneously doped into electropolymerized polypyrrole (PPy) film using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and CV were used to characterize the composite films. The PPy-(ZIF-8) modified Au electrode was used to determine insulin using Square-Wave Voltammetry (SWV). It was found that the prepared zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 had excellent electrocatalytic activity towards insulin oxidation due to its unique properties. The oxidation peak current of insulin hormone increased with its concentration in the range from 1.0 to 60 nM with the linear regression equation: Ipa = 0.3421C (nM) + 3.2762 (γ = 0.998). The measurement limit was estimated to be 1 nM. While the common coexisting substances showed no interference in the response of the modified electrode to insulin, the modified electrode indicated reproducible behavior and a high level of stability during the experiments. The advantages of using these nanocomposites on the surface of modified electrodes include increased stability, good interaction between the analyte and the modified electrode, conductivity, and excellent performance due to the nanometer size of the composites. As a result, it may be particularly suitable for analytical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Kouhdareh
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan 65174 Iran
| | - Rahman Karimi-Nami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh Maragheh Iran
| | - Hassan Keypour
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan 65174 Iran
| | - Khadijeh Rabiei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Qom University of Technology Qom Iran
| | | | | | - Mohammad Noroozi
- Center for Research and Development of Petroleum Technologies at Kermanshah, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) Iran
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3
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Abazar F, Sharifi E, Noorbakhsh A. Antifouling properties of carbon quantum dots-based electrochemical sensor as a promising platform for highly sensitive detection of insulin. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhao Y, Zhang H, Li Y, Yu X, Cai Y, Sha X, Wang S, Zhan Z, Xu J, Liu L. AI powered electrochemical multi-component detection of insulin and glucose in serum. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 186:113291. [PMID: 33971527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multi-component detection of insulin and glucose in serum is of great importance and urgently needed in clinical diagnosis and treatment due to its economy and practicability. However, insulin and glucose can hardly be determined by traditional electrochemical detection methods. Their mixed oxidation currents and rare involvement in the reaction process make it difficult to decouple them. In this study, AI algorithms are introduced to power the electrochemical method to conquer this problem. First, the current curves of insulin, glucose, and their mixed solution are obtained using cyclic voltammetry. Then, seven features of the cyclic voltammetry curve are extracted as characteristic values for detecting the concentrations of insulin and glucose. Finally, after training using machine learning algorithms, insulin and glucose concentrations are decoupled and regressed accurately. The entire detection process only takes three minutes. It can detect insulin at the pmol level and glucose at the mmol level, which meets the basic clinical requirements. The average relative error in predicting insulin concentrations is around 6.515%, and that in predicting glucose concentrations is around 4.36%. To verify the performance and effectiveness of the proposed method, it is used to determine the concentrations of insulin and glucose in fetal bovine serum and real clinical serum samples. The results are satisfactory, demonstrating that the method can meet basic clinical needs. This multi-component testing system delivers acceptable detect limit and accuracy and has the merits of low cost and high efficiency, holding great potential for use in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Zhao
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China.
| | - Yang Li
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Xiaodong Yu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Yi Cai
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Xiaopeng Sha
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Shuyu Wang
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Zhikun Zhan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China.
| | - Jianghong Xu
- Qinhuangdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110000, China.
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Garcia Cruz A, Haq I, Cowen T, Di Masi S, Trivedi S, Alanazi K, Piletska E, Mujahid A, Piletsky SA. Design and fabrication of a smart sensor using in silico epitope mapping and electro-responsive imprinted polymer nanoparticles for determination of insulin levels in human plasma. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 169:112536. [PMID: 32980804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A robust and highly specific sensor based on electroactive molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIP) was developed. The nanoMIP tagged with a redox probe, combines both recognition and reporting capabilities. The developed nanoMIP replaces enzyme-mediator pairs used in traditional biosensors thus, offering enhanced molecular recognition for insulin, improving performance in complex biological samples, and yielding high stability. Also, most of existing sensors show poor performance after storage. To improve costs of the logistics and avoid the need of cold storage in the chain supply, we developed an alternative to biorecognition system that relies on nanoMIP. NanoMIP were computationally designed using "in-silico" insulin epitope mapping and synthesized by solid phase polymerisation. The characterisation of the polymer nanoparticles was performed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier-transform Infrared (FT-IR) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The electrochemical sensor was developed by chemical immobilisation of the nanoMIP on screen printed platinum electrodes. The insulin sensor displayed satisfactory performances and reproducible results (RSD = 4.2%; n = 30) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in the clinically relevant concentration range from 50 to 2000 pM. The developed nanoMIP offers the advantage of large number of specific recognition sites with tailored geometry, as the resultant, the sensor showed high sensitivity and selectivity to insulin with a limit of detection (LOD) of 26 and 81 fM in buffer and human plasma, respectively, confirming the practical application for point of care monitoring. Moreover, the nanoMIP showed adequate storage stability of 168 days, demonstrating the robustness of sensor for several rounds of insulin analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Garcia Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 7RH, Leicester, UK.
| | - Isma Haq
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Todd Cowen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 7RH, Leicester, UK
| | - Sabrina Di Masi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Edificio A6 Multipiano CSEEM, Campus Universitario Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Samir Trivedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 7RH, Leicester, UK
| | - Kaseb Alanazi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 7RH, Leicester, UK
| | - Elena Piletska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 7RH, Leicester, UK
| | - Adnan Mujahid
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sergey A Piletsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 7RH, Leicester, UK
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6
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Zhan Z, Zhang H, Niu X, Yu X, Sun H, Sha X, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Li WJ. Microliter Sample Insulin Detection Using a Screen-Printed Electrode Modified by Nickel Hydroxide. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6169-6176. [PMID: 32226901 PMCID: PMC7098017 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of insulin, which is the only hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels in the body, plays a key role in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. However, most techniques today involve complicated electrode fabrication and testing processes, which are time-consuming and costly, and require a relatively large volume of sample. To overcome these drawbacks, we present here a low-cost insulin detection method based on a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified by nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2). This novel method only requires 300 μL of insulin sample, and the time it takes for electrode preparation is about 12 times shorter than traditional electrode fabrication methods such as coating and sol-gel methods. The electrochemical behaviors of the Ni(OH)2-coated SPE (NSPE) sensing area in insulin aqueous solutions are studied using cyclic voltammetry, amperometric i-t curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the NSPE sensing surface has excellent detection properties, such as a high sensitivity of 15.3 μA·μM-1 and a low detection limit of 138 nM. It takes a short time (∼10 min) to prepare the NSPE sensing surface, and only two drops (∼300 μL) of insulin samples are required in the detection process. Moreover, the selectivity of this method for insulin detection is verified by detecting mixtures of insulin and ascorbic acid or bovine hemoglobin. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical applications of this method by detecting various concentrations of insulin in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Zhan
- Key
Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neromodulation of Hebei
Province, Yanshan University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neromodulation of Hebei
Province, Yanshan University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xuanyu Niu
- School
of Control Engineering, Northeastern University
at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xiaodong Yu
- School
of Control Engineering, Northeastern University
at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Hui Sun
- School
of Control Engineering, Northeastern University
at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xiaopeng Sha
- School
of Control Engineering, Northeastern University
at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- School
of Control Engineering, Northeastern University
at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- E-mail: (Y.Z.)
| | - Ying Wang
- School
of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing
Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wen Jung Li
- Department
of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- E-mail: (W.J.L.)
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Shafiei-Irannejad V, Soleymani J, Azizi S, KhoubnasabJafari M, Jouyban A, Hasanzadeh M. Advanced nanomaterials towards biosensing of insulin: Analytical approaches. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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8
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A novel fluorescent sensing platform for insulin detection based on competitive recognition of cationic pillar[6]arene. Talanta 2019; 197:130-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
Good glucose management through an insulin dose regime based on the metabolism of glucose helps millions of people worldwide manage their diabetes. Since Banting and Best extracted insulin, glucose management has improved due to the introduction of insulin analogues that act from 30 minutes to 28 days, improved insulin dose regimes, and portable glucose meters, with a current focus on alternative sampling sites that are less invasive. However, a piece of the puzzle is still missing-the ability to measure insulin directly in a Point-of-Care device. The ability to measure both glucose and insulin concurrently will enable better glucose control by providing an improved estimate for insulin sensitivity, minimizing variability in control, and maximizing safety from hypoglycaemia. However, direct detection of free insulin has provided a challenge due to the size of the molecule, the low concentration of insulin in blood, and the selectivity against interferants in blood. This review summarizes current insulin detection methods from immunoassays to analytical chemistry, and sensors. We also discuss the challenges and potential of each of the methods towards Point-of-Care insulin detection.
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Šišoláková I, Hovancová J, Oriňaková R, Oriňak A, Rueda Garcia D, Shylenko O, Radoňák J. Comparison of Insulin Determination on NiNPs/chitosan- MWCNTs and NiONPs/chitosan-MWCNTs Modified Pencil Graphite Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Šišoláková
- Department of Physical Chemistry; University of P.J. Šafárik in Košice; Moyzesova 11 040 01 Košice Slovakia
| | - Jana Hovancová
- Department of Physical Chemistry; University of P.J. Šafárik in Košice; Moyzesova 11 040 01 Košice Slovakia
| | - Renáta Oriňaková
- Department of Physical Chemistry; University of P.J. Šafárik in Košice; Moyzesova 11 040 01 Košice Slovakia
| | - Andrej Oriňak
- Department of Physical Chemistry; University of P.J. Šafárik in Košice; Moyzesova 11 040 01 Košice Slovakia
| | - Daniel Rueda Garcia
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) Campus UAB; E-08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Oleg Shylenko
- Institute of Physics; University of P.J. Šafárik in Košice; Park Angelinum 9 040 01 Košice Slovakia
| | - Jozef Radoňák
- Faculty of medicine; University of P.J. Šafárik in Košice; Trieda SNP 1 040 01 Košice Slovakia
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Graphene metal nanocomposites — Recent progress in electrochemical biosensing applications. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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A nickel nanoparticle/carbon nanotube-modified carbon fiber microelectrode for sensitive insulin detection. J Solid State Electrochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-017-3816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Hovancová J, Šišoláková I, Oriňaková R, Oriňak A. Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for detection of glucose and insulin. J Solid State Electrochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-017-3544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Co 3O 4 nanoparticles anchored on nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide as a multifunctional catalyst for H 2O 2 reduction, oxygen reduction and evolution reaction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43638. [PMID: 28272415 PMCID: PMC5341290 DOI: 10.1038/srep43638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes a facile and effective route to synthesize hybrid material consisting of Co3O4 nanoparticles anchored on nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (Co3O4/N-rGO) as a high-performance tri-functional catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and H2O2 sensing. Electrocatalytic activity of Co3O4/N-rGO to hydrogen peroxide reduction was tested by cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and chronoamperometry. Under a reduction potential at −0.6 V to H2O2, this constructing H2O2 sensor exhibits a linear response ranging from 0.2 to 17.5 mM with a detection limit to be 0.1 mM. Although Co3O4/rGO or nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) alone has little catalytic activity, the Co3O4/N-rGO exhibits high ORR activity. The Co3O4/N-rGO hybrid demonstrates satisfied catalytic activity with ORR peak potential to be −0.26 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and the number of electron transfer number is 3.4, but superior stability to Pt/C in alkaline solutions. The same hybrid is also highly active for OER with the onset potential, current density and Tafel slope to be better than Pt/C. The unusual catalytic activity of Co3O4/N-rGO for hydrogen peroxide reduction, ORR and OER may be ascribed to synergetic chemical coupling effects between Co3O4, nitrogen and graphene.
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Noorbakhsh A, Alnajar AIK. Antifouling properties of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets for highly sensitive determination of insulin. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Yu Y, Guo M, Yuan M, Liu W, Hu J. Nickel nanoparticle-modified electrode for ultra-sensitive electrochemical detection of insulin. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:215-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yagati AK, Park J, Cho S. Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified the Interdigitated Chain Electrode for an Insulin Sensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 16:E109. [PMID: 26784202 PMCID: PMC4732142 DOI: 10.3390/s16010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is a key regulator in glucose homeostasis and its deficiency or alternations in the human body causes various types of diabetic disorders. In this paper, we present the development of a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified interdigitated chain electrode (ICE) for direct capacitive detection of insulin. The impedance properties of rGO-ICE were characterized by equivalent circuit modeling. After an electrochemical deposition of rGO on ICE, the electrode was modified with self-assembled monolayers and insulin antibodies in order to achieve insulin binding reactions. The impedance spectra and capacitances were measured with respect to the concentrations of insulin and the capacitance change (ΔC) was analyzed to quantify insulin concentration. The antibody immobilized electrode showed an increment of ΔC according to the insulin concentration in human serum ranging from 1 ng/mL to 10 µg/mL. The proposed sensor is feasible for label-free and real-time measuring of the biomarker and for point-of-care diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Yagati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea.
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, 155 Get-Pearl-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Korea.
| | - Jinsoo Park
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, 155 Get-Pearl-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Korea.
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea.
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, 155 Get-Pearl-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Korea.
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