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Wang TC, He XH, Hu W, Zhu L, Shao ZB. Facile construction of bio-based high fire-safety cellulose fabrics with well wearing performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127349. [PMID: 37838134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The design of flame-retardant cellulose fabrics suffered from deterioration on wearing performance and environmental issue. Here, we developed facile construction of bio-based high fire-safety cellulose fabrics (lyocell) that exploited the bio-based flame-retardant coating (APD) by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and dicyandiamide (DCD) via ionic reaction. The rich phosphorus/nitrogen elements of APD enabled the excellent fire safety of APD/Lyocell. Specifically, the APD/Lyocell2 had a higher limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 29.3 %, a lower peak of heat release rate (PHRR, decreasing by 66.6 %), and a reduced total heat rate (THR, lowered by 56.5 %) with respect to pure lyocell fabrics. Interestingly, the APD/Lyocell2 exhibited well flame-retardant durability via passing the vertical burning test after 100 rubs. The satisfactory flame-retardant behaviors of APD/Lyocell derived from the excellent synergistic effect on the gaseous-solid phases, where APD could release more non-flammable gasses and generate phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, etc. to accelerate itself and cellulose dehydration into char residues during combustion. More importantly, the wearing performance of APD/Lyocell fabrics, such as handle, air permeability and tensile strength, etc. almost remained after treatment. The ease of operation and use of bio-based coating made it a promising option to obtain the practical lyocell fabrics with flame-retardancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ci Wang
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xin-Hua He
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wei Hu
- College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Longxiang Zhu
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zhu-Bao Shao
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
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2
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Yilmaz O, Kucuk M, Darie-Nita RN, Cheaburu-Yilmaz CN. Halogen-Free Waterborne Polymeric Hybrid Coatings for Improved Fire Retardancy of Textiles. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4496. [PMID: 38231923 PMCID: PMC10707787 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Wildfires are becoming more intense and more frequent, ravaging the habitations and ecosystems in their path. One solution to reducing the risk of damage to buildings and other structures during a fire event is the use of fire-retardant coatings that can stop or slow down the spread of flames, especially for textile materials. The present study focuses on the preparation and application of halogen-free boron/bentonite-based polymeric fire-retardant (FR) hybrid coating formulations for fabrics such as cotton (CO) and polyester (PE) fibers. For the preparation of FR composites, two types of boron derivatives, disodium octaborate and zinc borate, were used in combination with sodium bentonite. A styrene-acrylic copolymer was specifically synthesized and used as a coating binder for FR components to apply on fabrics. The properties of the synthesized copolymer and FR composites were characterized with a particle size analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, a dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and rheological measurements. The obtained hybrid composites based on styrene-acrylic copolymers and two different inorganic fillers were applied on cotton (CO) and polyester (PE) fabrics with a screen-printing technique, and the flame retardancy performance of the finished textile samples was investigated by means of flame spread and limit oxygen index (LOI) tests. The findings showed that the FR-composite-coated fabrics had higher LOI values and much decreased flame spread rates in comparison with uncoated ones. Among the boron derivatives, the composites prepared with disodium octaborate (FR-A) had much more pronounced LOI values and decreased flame spread behavior in comparison with the composite with zinc borate (FR-B). When compared to a commercial product, the FR-A composite, in conjunction with the specially synthesized polymer, demonstrated commendable fire retardancy performance and emerged as a promising candidate for a halogen-free waterborne fire-retardant coating for fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Yilmaz
- Leather Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova 35100, Izmir, Türkiye;
- ACADEMICHEM Kimya ARGE San. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Ege University Technology Development Zone, Bornova 35100, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Kucuk
- Textile Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova 35100, Izmir, Türkiye;
| | - Raluca Nicoleta Darie-Nita
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Catalina Natalia Cheaburu-Yilmaz
- ACADEMICHEM Kimya ARGE San. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Ege University Technology Development Zone, Bornova 35100, Izmir, Türkiye
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca 35390, Izmir, Türkiye
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3
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Guo Y, Zuo C, Tan W, Liu Y, Jiang L, Yu D, Ren Y, Liu X. Fabricating flame retardant polyacrylonitrile fibers modified by sodium lignosulfonate and copper ions. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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4
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Wu ZM, Cao Y, Guo JH, Fang XQ, Liu CM. Bio-based poly(vinyl benzoxazine) derived from 3-hydroxycinnamic acid— An intrinsically green flame-retardant polymer free of both halogen and phosphorus. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Liu BW, Zhao HB, Wang YZ. Advanced Flame-Retardant Methods for Polymeric Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107905. [PMID: 34837231 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most organic polymeric materials have high flammability, for which the large amounts of smoke, toxic gases, heat, and melt drips produced during their burning cause immeasurable damages to human life and property every year. Despite some desirable results having been achieved by conventional flame-retardant methods, their application is encountering more and more difficulties with the ever-increasing high flame-retardant requirements such as high flame-retardant efficiency, great persistence, low release of heat, smoke, and toxic gases, and more importantly not deteriorating or even enhancing the overall properties of polymers. Under such condition, some advanced flame-retardant methods have been developed in the past years based on "all-in-one" intumescence, nanotechnology, in situ reinforcement, intrinsic char formation, plasma treatment, biomimetic coatings, etc., which have provided potential solutions to the dilemma of conventional flame-retardant methods. This review briefly outlines the development, application, and problems of conventional flame-retardant methods, including bulk-additive, bulk-copolymerization, and surface treatment, and focuses on the raise, development, and potential application of advanced flame-retardant methods. The future development of flame-retardant methods is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Liu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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6
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Bio-inspired one-dimensional based textile fabric coating for integrating high flame retardancy, antibacterial, toxic gases suppression, antiviral and reinforcement properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Mishra DK, Bhowmik C, Bhowmik S, Pandey KM. Property-enhanced paraffin-based composite phase change material for thermal energy storage: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:43556-43587. [PMID: 35397031 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19929-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Research on phase change material (PCM) for thermal energy storage is playing a significant role in energy management industry. However, some hurdles during the storage of energy have been perceived such as less thermal conductivity, leakage of PCM during phase transition, flammability, and insufficient mechanical properties. For overcoming such obstacle, researchers have been concentrating on composite PCM, where PCM is combined with metal or non-metal particles, fibrous materials, expanded or porous materials, and flame retardants. The main purpose of the current paper is to review the properties enhanced paraffin-based composite PCM. In the literature review, paraffin is selected as a thermal energy storage material, which is mixed with property-enhancing material to prepare composite. Structural and thermal properties of composite have been explored with the help of scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, transmission electron microscope, polarizing optical microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Mechanical properties of the material are also portrayed using different testing techniques. Nevertheless, numerical methods have also been adopted for characterization of composite. It is found from the literature review that with incorporation of property-enhancing material, thermal conductivity, phase transition rate, and shape stability of PCM increased at the same time flammability, heat storage capacity, and mechanical properties reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam, 788010, India
| | - Chiranjib Bhowmik
- Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India
| | - Sumit Bhowmik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam, 788010, India.
| | - Krishna Murari Pandey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam, 788010, India
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8
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Turner A. PBDEs in the marine environment: Sources, pathways and the role of microplastics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 301:118943. [PMID: 35150801 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are an important group of additives in plastics that increase resistance to ignition and slow down the rate of burning. Because of concerns about their environmental and human health impacts, however, some of the most widely employed BFRs, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and commercial mixtures of penta-, octa- and deca- (poly)bromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have been restricted or phased out. In this review, the oceanic sources and pathways of PBDEs, the most widely used BFRs, are evaluated and quantified, with particular focus on emissions due to migration from plastics into the atmosphere versus emissions associated with the input of retarded or contaminated plastics themselves. Calculations based on available measurements of PBDEs in the environment suggest that 3.5 and 135 tonnes of PBDEs are annually deposited in the ocean when scavenged by aerosols and through air-water gas exchange, respectively, with rivers contributing a further ∼40 tonnes. Calculations based on PBDE migration from plastic products in use or awaiting or undergoing disposal yield similar net inputs to the ocean but indicate a relatively rapid decline over the next two decades in association with the reduction in the production and recycling of these chemicals. Estimates associated with the input of PBDEs to the ocean when "bound" to marine plastics and microplastics range from about 360 to 950 tonnes per year based on the annual production of plastics and PBDEs over the past decade, and from about 20 to 50 tonnes per annum based on the abundance and distribution of PBDEs in marine plastic litter. Because of the persistence and pervasiveness of plastics in the ocean and diffusion coefficients for PBDEs on the order of 10-20 to 10-27 m2 s-1, microplastics are likely to act as a long-term source of these chemicals though gradual migration. Locally, however, and more important from an ecotoxicological perspective, PBDE migration may be significantly enhanced when physically and chemically weathered microplastics are exposed to the oily digestive fluids conditions of fish and seabirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Turner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
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Recent Advances in Bio-Based Additive Flame Retardants for Thermosetting Resins. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084828. [PMID: 35457696 PMCID: PMC9030075 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermosetting resins are used in many applications due to their great mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and dimensional stability. However, the flammability of thermosets needs to be improved to minimize fire risk and meet fire safety regulations. Some commercially available flame retardants have an adverse effect on people’s health and the environment. Thus, the development of novel, more sustainable flame retardants obtained or derived from biomass has become an objective of contemporary research. The objective of this study is to summarize recent progress on bio-based flame retardants for thermosetting resins so as to promote their prompt development. Groups of biomass compounds with a potential for flame retardant industrial applications were introduced, and their thermal degradation was investigated. The authors focused mostly on the thermal degradation of composites containing bio-based flame retardants determined by thermogravimetric analysis, their tendency to sustain a flame determined by a limiting oxygen index, and fire behavior determined by a cone calorimeter test. The results showed that the mode of action is mostly based on the forming of the char layer. However, in many cases, there is still a necessity to input a high amount of additive to achieve significant flame retardancy effects, which may adversely impact mechanical properties.
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10
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Pan G, Wang Z, Kong D, Sun T, Zhai H, Tian T, Wang Y, Xing R, Zhang B. Transparent, flame‐retarded, self‐healable, mechanically strong polyurethane elastomers: Enabled by the synthesis of phosphorus/nitrogen‐containing oxime chain‐extender. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gao‐Fei Pan
- School of Materials and Metallurgy Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology Baotou China
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Materials and Metallurgy Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology Baotou China
| | - De‐Qing Kong
- School of Materials and Metallurgy Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology Baotou China
| | - Tang‐Wen Sun
- School of Materials and Metallurgy Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology Baotou China
| | - Hui Zhai
- School of Materials and Metallurgy Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology Baotou China
| | - Tian Tian
- School of Materials and Metallurgy Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology Baotou China
| | - Yu‐Fei Wang
- School of Materials and Metallurgy Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology Baotou China
| | - Rui‐Guang Xing
- School of Materials and Metallurgy Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology Baotou China
| | - Bang‐Wen Zhang
- School of Materials and Metallurgy Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology Baotou China
- Analysis and Testing Center Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology Baotou China
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11
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12
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Dal Fovo A, Striova J, Quintero Balbas D, Mattana S, Tacconi N, Cicchi R, Fontana R. Nonlinear imaging and vibrational spectroscopic analysis of cellulosic fibres treated with COEX® flame-retardant for tapestry preservation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26744-26752. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02384a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This innovative approach, based on SHG/TPEF imaging and vibrational spectroscopic techniques, investigates the effect of flame-retardant COEX® treatment on flax and cotton fibres by relating micrometric structural properties to the chemical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Dal Fovo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (CNR-INO), Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jana Striova
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (CNR-INO), Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Diego Quintero Balbas
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (CNR-INO), Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Sara Mattana
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (CNR-INO), Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Niccolò Tacconi
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 24, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cicchi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (CNR-INO), Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fontana
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (CNR-INO), Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy
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13
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Using recombinant adhesive proteins as durable and green flame-retardant coatings. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 6:369-376. [PMID: 34786512 PMCID: PMC8578020 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current fire retardants are known to be toxic to humans and our environment. As environmental-friendly flame retardants (FRs), protein-based flame retardants have been studied extensively recently, even though they are not durable. In this study, we designed, synthesized and tested a durable protein-based FR through the fusion of the adhesion domain from either mussel foot protein-5 (mfp-5) or cellulose-binding domain (CBD) with flame retardant protein (SR protein and alpha casein). We first verified the expression of the recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli using Western blot. Then, we coated the fusion protein (carrying cell lysates) to cotton fabrics and wood and verified with Infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Using a vertical burning test and wood flammability test, we confirmed the flame retardancy of the materials after the protein coating. In the vertical burning test, the SR protein and alpha casein flame retardant proteins with the CBD adhesion domain showed a 50.0% and 43.3% increase in flame retardancy. The data is also consistent in the wood flame retardancy test. Confocal imaging experiments also suggested these new fire retardants can be preserved on the materials well even after washing. Overall, our results showed that flame-retardant proteins with adhesion domains are high potential candidates of green alternative flame retardants.
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14
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Preparation of High-Efficiency Flame-Retardant and Superhydrophobic Cotton Fabric by a Multi-Step Dipping. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11101147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cotton fabric, as an important material, is suffering from some defects such as flammability, easy pollution and so on; therefore, it is important to make a flame-retardant and superhydrophobic modification on cotton fabric. In this study, we demonstrated a preparation of high-efficiency flame-retardant and superhydrophobic cotton fabric with double coated construction by a simple multi-step dipping. First, the fabric was immersed in branched poly(ethylenimine) (BPEI) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) water dispersions successively, and then immersed in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)-SiO2 toluene dispersion to form a BPEI/APP/PDMS/CNC-SiO2 (BAPC) composite coating on the surface of the cotton fabric. Here, the hydrophobic modified CNC-SiO2 rods were used to construct the superhydrophobic layer and the BPEI/APP mixture was used as the flame-retardant layer, as well as SiO2 particles which could further improve the flame-retardant effect. PDMS was mainly used as an adhesive between the BPEI/APP layer and the CNC-SiO2 layer. The resulting cotton fabric shows outstanding flame-retardant properties, in that the value of oxygen index meter (LOI) reaches 69.8, as well as excellent superhydrophobicity, in that the water contact angle (WCA) is up to 156.6°. Meanwhile, there is a good abrasion resistance, the superhydrophobicity is not lost until the 16th abrasion cycles and the flame retardant retains well, even after 100 abrasion cycles in an automatic vertical flammability cabinet under a pressure of 8.8 kPa.
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15
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Cheng XW, Zhang W, Wu YX, Ma YD, Xu JT, Guan JP. Borate functionalized caramel as effective intumescent flame retardant for wool fabric. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Sun X, Li S, Du M, Huang F, Zhang W, Wei Q, Cai Y. High-performance polyacrylonitrile-based pre-oxidized fibers fabricated through strategy with chemical pretreatment, layer-by-layer assembly, and stabilization techniques. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008320944419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel high-performance polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based pre-oxidized fibers (i.e. OPFHA-MEA-L) with improved thermal stability and flame-retardant and mechanical properties were designed and made from the pristine PAN fibers through chemical pretreatment with hydroxylamine hydrochloride (HA) and monoethanolamine (MEA) aqueous solutions, then coated with chitosan (CS) and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) via layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, and finally followed by stabilization in the air. The morphological structure, flammability, and thermal and mechanical properties of fabricated OPFs were systemically investigated. The results indicated that the PAN fibers after chemical pretreatment with HA and MEA had a large amount of hydrophilic groups. It would facilitate the increase of pre-oxidation degree for PAN fibers during stabilization and the deposition of positively and negatively charged CS-STPP flame-retardant coating. The fabricated OPFs (i.e. OPFHA-MEA-10) demonstrated superior comprehensive properties with charred residue of about 68.2%, breaking strength of about 295.1 N, breaking elongation of 12.6%, and limiting oxygen index value of about 41.5%, respectively, contributing to the improved thermal stability and flame-retardant and mechanical properties. It is envisioned that this innovative type of high-performance OPFs could be utilized for potential applications as flame retardant and in high temperature filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyue Du
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenglin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Jiangsu Advanced Textile Engineering Technology Center, Jiangsu College of Engineering and Technology, Nantong, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qufu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibing Cai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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Chen Y, Liu S, Wan C, Zhang G. Facile synthesis of a high efficiency and durability L-citrulline flame retardant for cotton. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:1429-1438. [PMID: 33171180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel flame retardant (FR), the ammonium salt of citrulline-penta (methylphosphonic acid) (ACPMPA) based on L-citrulline was synthesized, and its structure was characterized by 13C, 1H, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The ACPMPA flame retardant molecule contains five ammonium salts of phosphorus acid and one ammonium salt of carboxylic acid, which allowed the covalent attachment of ACPMPA onto cellulose via -P=O(-O-C) and -COOC bonds. The results showed that the treated cotton fabrics had very high flame retardance and excellent durability. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of cotton fabric treated with 35%-ACPMPA reached 49.2% and only decreased to 34.2% after 50 laundry cycles. Vertical flame tests also demonstrated that the treated cotton fabric acquired good flame retardance. The thermogravimetry (TG) and TG-IR results showed that the treated cotton left more residues and released almost no flammable volatiles at high temperatures. The cone calorimetry results showed that the treated cotton released less heat than pure cotton. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results demonstrated that the structure of the treated cotton fabric was almost unchanged, and no free formaldehyde was detected, indicating that the treated cotton was safe. The treated cotton fabric also retained good tensile strength and whiteness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- College of Textile and Garments, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shidong Liu
- College of Textile and Garments, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Caiyan Wan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guangxian Zhang
- College of Textile and Garments, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, Chongqing 400715, China.
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19
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A high molecular weight formaldehyde-free polymer flame retardant made from polyvinyl alcohol for cellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:117-126. [PMID: 33096172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol and phosphoric acid were used as primary raw materials to synthesize a polyvinyl alcohol/ammonium phosphate flame retardant (PVAAP) for cotton fabrics. The limiting oxygen index of the cotton fabric treated with 24% PVAAP was 42.1. After 50 standard laundry cycles, the limiting oxygen index remained relatively high (26.3), suggesting that the 24% PVAAP can be used as a durable flame retardant. The vertical flammability test of the cotton fabric treated with PVAAP exhibited no afterflame and afterglow. The cone calorimetry test indicated that the peak of the heat release rate and total heat release of the cotton fabric treated with 24% PVAAP were significantly lower than those of the control cotton. Thermogravimetric and thermogravimetric-infrared spectroscopy revealed that the initial decomposition temperature of the PVAAP-treated fabric was substantially lower than that of the control fabric, and more residual carbon was generated. The PVAAP altered the thermal decomposition pathway of the treated cotton. The X-ray diffraction patterns and scanning electron microscopy images suggested that the PVAAP treatment did not change the structure of the fibers.
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20
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Biomolecules as Flame Retardant Additives for Polymers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040849. [PMID: 32272648 PMCID: PMC7240707 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological molecules can be obtained from natural sources or from commercial waste streams and can serve as effective feedstocks for a wide range of polymer products. From foams to epoxies and composites to bulk plastics, biomolecules show processability, thermal stability, and mechanical adaptations to fulfill current material requirements. This paper summarizes the known bio-sourced (or bio-derived), environmentally safe, thermo-oxidative, and flame retardant (BEST-FR) additives from animal tissues, plant fibers, food waste, and other natural resources. The flammability, flame retardance, and—where available—effects on polymer matrix’s mechanical properties of these materials will be presented. Their method of incorporation into the matrix, and the matrices for which the BEST-FR should be applicable will also be made known if reported. Lastly, a review on terminology and testing methodology is provided with comments on future developments in the field.
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Barbalini M, Bartoli M, Tagliaferro A, Malucelli G. Phytic Acid and Biochar: An Effective All Bio-Sourced Flame Retardant Formulation for Cotton Fabrics. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040811. [PMID: 32260336 PMCID: PMC7240518 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame retardant systems based on bio-sourced products combine quite high fire performances with the low environmental impact related to their synthesis and exploitation. In this context, this work describes a new all bio-sourced flame retardant system designed and applied to cotton fabrics. In particular, it consists of phytic acid (PA), a phosphorus-based naturally occurring molecule extracted from different plant tissues, in combination with biochar (BC), a carbon-rich solid product obtained from the thermo-chemical conversion of biomasses in an oxygen-limited environment. PA and BC were mixed together at a 1:1 weight ratio in an aqueous medium, and applied to cotton at different loadings. As revealed by flammability and forced combustion tests, this bio-sourced system was able to provide significant improvements in flame retardance of cotton, even limiting the final dry add-on on the treated fabrics at 8 wt.% only. The so-treated fabrics were capable to achieve self-extinction in both horizontal and vertical flame spread tests; besides, they did not ignite under the exposure to 35 kW/m2 irradiative heat flux. Conversely, the proposed flame retardant treatment did not show a high washing fastness, though the washed flame retarded fabrics still exhibited a better flame retardant behavior than untreated cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Barbalini
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, and local INSTM Unit, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Mattia Bartoli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Alberto Tagliaferro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, and local INSTM Unit, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0131-229369
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22
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Ling C, Guo L. Preparation of a flame-retardant coating based on solvent-free synthesis with high efficiency and durability on cotton fabric. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Biomacromolecules and Bio-Sourced Products for the Design of Flame Retarded Fabrics: Current State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203774. [PMID: 31635143 PMCID: PMC6833018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for possible alternatives to traditional flame retardants (FRs) is pushing the academic and industrial communities towards the design of new products that exhibit low environmental impact and toxicity, notwithstanding high performances, when put in contact with a flame or exposed to an irradiative heat flux. In this context, in the last five to ten years, the suitability and effectiveness of some biomacromolecules and bio-sourced products with a specific chemical structure and composition as effective flame retardants for natural or synthetic textiles has been thoroughly explored at the lab-scale level. In particular, different proteins (such as whey proteins, caseins, and hydrophobins), nucleic acids and extracts from natural sources, even wastes and crops, have been selected and exploited for designing flame retardant finishing treatments for several fibers and fabrics. It was found that these biomacromolecules and bio-sourced products, which usually bear key elements (i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur) can be easily applied to textiles using standard impregnation/exhaustion methods or even the layer-by-layer technique; moreover, these “green” products are mostly responsible for the formation of a stable protective char (i.e., a carbonaceous residue), as a result of the exposure of the textile substrate to a heat flux or a flame. This review is aimed at summarizing the development and the recent progress concerning the utilization of biomacromolecules/bio-sourced products as effective flame retardants for different textile materials. Furthermore, the existing drawbacks and limitations of the proposed finishing approaches as well as some possible further advances will be considered.
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24
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Hybrid Silica-Phytic Acid Coatings: Effect on the Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Cotton. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11101664. [PMID: 31614810 PMCID: PMC6836239 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
New hybrid sol–gel coatings based on tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and phytic acid (PA) were designed and applied to cotton; the flame-retardant properties of the treated fabrics were thoroughly investigated by means of flame-spread and forced-combustion tests. The first goal was to identify the TEOS:PA weight ratio that allowed the achievement of the best flame-retardant properties, with the lowest final dry add-on on the fabrics. Therefore, different TEOS:PA sols were prepared and applied to cotton, and the resulting coated fabrics were thoroughly investigated. In particular, solid-state NMR spectroscopy was exploited for assessing the condensation degree during the sol–gel process, even for evaluating the occurrence of possible reactions between phytic acid and the cellulosic substrate or the alkoxy precursor. It was found that a total dry add-on of 16 wt % together with 70:30 TEOS:PA weight ratio provided cotton with self-extinction, as clearly indicated by flame-spread tests. This formulation was further investigated in forced-combustion tests: a significant reduction of heat release rate (HRR), of the peak of HRR, and of total heat release (THR) was found, together with a remarkable increase of the residues after the test. Unfortunately, the treated fabrics were not resistant to washing cycles, as they significantly lost their flame-retardant properties, consequently to the partial removal of the deposited hybrid coatings.
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25
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Casein phosphopeptide-metal salts combination: A novel route for imparting the durable flame retardancy to silk. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2019.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Influence of keratin and DNA coating on fire retardant magnesium hydroxide dispersion and flammability characteristics of PE/EVA blends. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Tian P, Lu Y, Wang D, Zhang G, Zhang F. Synthesis of a new N–P durable flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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28
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Ortelli S, Malucelli G, Blosi M, Zanoni I, Costa AL. NanoTiO2@DNA complex: a novel eco, durable, fire retardant design strategy for cotton textiles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 546:174-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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29
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Halogen-free flame retardants for application in thermoplastics based on condensation polymers. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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30
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Cheng XW, Guan JP, Kiekens P, Yang XH, Tang RC. Preparation and evaluation of an eco-friendly, reactive, and phytic acid-based flame retardant for wool. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Lu Y, Jia Y, Zhou Y, Zou J, Zhang G, Zhang F. Straightforward one-step solvent-free synthesis of the flame retardant for cotton with excellent efficiency and durability. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 201:438-445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Zhang F, Gao W, Jia Y, Lu Y, Zhang G. A concise water-solvent synthesis of highly effective, durable, and eco-friendly flame-retardant coating on cotton fabrics. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 199:256-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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33
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Velencoso MM, Battig A, Markwart JC, Schartel B, Wurm FR. Molecular Firefighting-How Modern Phosphorus Chemistry Can Help Solve the Challenge of Flame Retardancy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10450-10467. [PMID: 29318752 PMCID: PMC6099334 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquity of polymeric materials in daily life comes with an increased fire risk, and sustained research into efficient flame retardants is key to ensuring the safety of the populace and material goods from accidental fires. Phosphorus, a versatile and effective element for use in flame retardants, has the potential to supersede the halogenated variants that are still widely used today: current formulations employ a variety of modes of action and methods of implementation, as additives or as reactants, to solve the task of developing flame-retarding polymeric materials. Phosphorus-based flame retardants can act in both the gas and condensed phase during a fire. This Review investigates how current phosphorus chemistry helps in reducing the flammability of polymers, and addresses the future of sustainable, efficient, and safe phosphorus-based flame-retardants from renewable sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Velencoso
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Alexander Battig
- Technical Properties of Polymeric MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)Unter den Eichen 8712205BerlinGermany
| | - Jens C. Markwart
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudinger Weg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Technical Properties of Polymeric MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)Unter den Eichen 8712205BerlinGermany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
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34
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Velencoso MM, Battig A, Markwart JC, Schartel B, Wurm FR. Molekulare Brandbekämpfung – wie moderne Phosphorchemie zur Lösung der Flammschutzaufgabe beitragen kann. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Velencoso
- Physikalische Chemie der PolymereMax-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Alexander Battig
- Technische Eigenschaften von PolymerwerkstoffenBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jens C. Markwart
- Physikalische Chemie der PolymereMax-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Exzellenz-Graduiertenschule “Materials Science in Mainz” Staudinger Weg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Technische Eigenschaften von PolymerwerkstoffenBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Physikalische Chemie der PolymereMax-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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35
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Xia Z, Kiratitanavit W, Facendola P, Thota S, Yu S, Kumar J, Mosurkal R, Nagarajan R. Fire resistant polyphenols based on chemical modification of bio-derived tannic acid. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Yang J, Li H, Lan T, Peng L, Cui R, Yang H. Preparation, characterization, and properties of fluorine-free superhydrophobic paper based on layer-by-layer assembly. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 178:228-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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37
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38
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Salmeia KA, Gaan S, Malucelli G. Recent Advances for Flame Retardancy of Textiles Based on Phosphorus Chemistry. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8090319. [PMID: 30974592 PMCID: PMC6432008 DOI: 10.3390/polym8090319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aims at updating the progress on the phosphorus-based flame retardants specifically designed and developed for fibers and fabrics (particularly referring to cotton, polyester and their blends) over the last five years. Indeed, as clearly depicted by Horrocks in a recent review, the world of flame retardants for textiles is still experiencing some changes that are focused on topics like the improvement of its effectiveness and the replacement of toxic chemical products with counterparts that have low environmental impact and, hence, are more sustainable. In this context, phosphorus-based compounds play a key role and may lead, possibly in combination with silicon- or nitrogen-containing structures, to the design of new, efficient flame retardants for fibers and fabrics. Therefore, this review thoroughly describes the advances and the potentialities offered by the phosphorus-based products recently developed at a lab-scale, highlighting the current limitations, open challenges and some perspectives toward their possible exploitation at a larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalifah A Salmeia
- Additives and Chemistry, Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen CH-9014, Switzerland.
| | - Sabyasachi Gaan
- Additives and Chemistry, Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen CH-9014, Switzerland.
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
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39
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Mengal N, Syed U, Malik SA, Ali Sahito I, Jeong SH. Citric acid based durable and sustainable flame retardant treatment for lyocell fabric. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 153:78-88. [PMID: 27561474 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pyrovatex CP New, is a commonly used organophosphorus based flame retardant (FR) reagent for cellulosic materials. However, it has a drawback of high formaldehyde release when used with methylated melamine (MM) based cross-linker, a known carcinogenous compound. In the present approach, a durable and sustainable flame retarding recipe formulation for lyocell fabrics is developed using citric acid (CA) as a cross-linker. The FR finish was applied by pad-dry-cure process. The treated fabrics were characterized for surface morphology, elemental analysis, TG analysis, char study and FT-IR spectroscopy. Furthermore, flame retardancy, washing durability, formaldehyde release and breaking strength were also assessed, and compared with the conventional MM based FR recipe. The fabric samples treated with 400gL(-1) of FR with either 40 or 80gL(-1) of CA demonstrate flame retardancy even after 10 washing cycles. Furthermore, a 75% reduction in formaldehyde release is achieved. Higher char yield and lower decomposition temperature are found compared to untreated and FR+ MM treated lyocell. Such an improved sustainable recipe formulation can be used for lyocell fabric without any health risk in apparel wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Mengal
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea; Department of Textile Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, 76062, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Syed
- Department of Textile Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, 76062, Pakistan
| | - Samander Ali Malik
- Department of Textile Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, 76062, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ali Sahito
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea; Department of Textile Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, 76062, Pakistan
| | - Sung Hoon Jeong
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Jimenez M, Guin T, Bellayer S, Dupretz R, Bourbigot S, Grunlan JC. Microintumescent mechanism of flame-retardant water-based chitosan-ammonium polyphosphate multilayer nanocoating on cotton fabric. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maude Jimenez
- Unité Matériaux Et Transformations Team Reaction and Resistance to Fire (UMET-ISP-R2FIRE), Lille University; ENSCL, CS90108 Villeneuve D'Ascq F-59652 France
| | - Tyler Guin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas 77843-3123
| | - Severine Bellayer
- Unité Matériaux Et Transformations Team Reaction and Resistance to Fire (UMET-ISP-R2FIRE), Lille University; ENSCL, CS90108 Villeneuve D'Ascq F-59652 France
| | - Renaud Dupretz
- Unité Matériaux Et Transformations Team Reaction and Resistance to Fire (UMET-ISP-R2FIRE), Lille University; ENSCL, CS90108 Villeneuve D'Ascq F-59652 France
| | - Serge Bourbigot
- Unité Matériaux Et Transformations Team Reaction and Resistance to Fire (UMET-ISP-R2FIRE), Lille University; ENSCL, CS90108 Villeneuve D'Ascq F-59652 France
| | - Jaime C. Grunlan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas 77843-3123
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41
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Cheng XW, Guan JP, Chen G, Yang XH, Tang RC. Adsorption and Flame Retardant Properties of Bio-Based Phytic Acid on Wool Fabric. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8040122. [PMID: 30979213 PMCID: PMC6431959 DOI: 10.3390/polym8040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based phytic acid (PA) as a nontoxic naturally occurring compound is a promising prospect for flame-retardant (FR) modifications to polymers. In this work, PA was applied to wool fabric using an exhaustion technique, and the adsorption and FR properties of PA on wool fabric were studied. The flame retardancy of the treated wool fabrics depended greatly on the adsorption quantity of PA, which was related to the pH of treatment solution, immersing temperature and initial PA concentration. The Langmuir adsorption of PA took place due to electrostatic interactions between PA and wool fiber. The limiting oxygen index, vertical burning and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry tests revealed that the treated wool fabrics exhibited good flame retardancy. The measurements of the phosphorus content of the burned fabric residues and thermogravimetric analyses suggested that a significant condensed-phase FR action was applicable to the PA treated fabrics. PA treatment was found to have little adverse effect on the whiteness and mechanical performance of wool. Additionally, the washing resistance of the FR fabrics should be further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Wei Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Jin-Ping Guan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Xu-Hong Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Ren-Cheng Tang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
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42
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Zhang L, Sun Y, Yao W, Dai G, Wang P. Fabrication of cotton fabrics using family III cellulose-binding domain for enhanced surface properties. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20139c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton fabric surface functionalization by physical adsorption of CBDIII through a sample soaking process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Center
- School of Biotechnology
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Yaofei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Center
- School of Biotechnology
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Wenji Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Center
- School of Biotechnology
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Guoying Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Center
- School of Biotechnology
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Center
- School of Biotechnology
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
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43
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Abstract
This paper reviews the most significant achievements in cotton flame retardancy merging past experience and current efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Alessandria campus and INSTM Local Unit
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Alessandria campus and INSTM Local Unit
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
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44
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Guan YH, Liao W, Xu ZZ, Chen MJ, Huang JQ, Wang YZ. Improvement of the flame retardancy of wood-fibre/polypropylene composites with ideal mechanical properties by a novel intumescent flame retardant system. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08292g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the flame retardancy and maintain the ideal mechanical properties of the widely used wood fibre reinforced polypropylene composite, a novel intumescent flame retardant system consisting of PTPA and APP was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Guan
- Centre for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
| | - Wang Liao
- Centre for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
| | - Zhao-Zan Xu
- Centre for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
| | - Ming-Jun Chen
- Centre for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
| | - Jian-Qian Huang
- Centre for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Centre for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
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45
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Zhao W, Liu J, Zhang Y, Ban D. Simple green synthesis of solid polymeric bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) and its flame retardancy in epoxy resins. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06762f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and green method for the preparation of solid polymeric bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (PBDP), aimed at improving the flame retardancy of epoxy resins (EP) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Jiping Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Daming Ban
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
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46
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Malucelli G, Bosco F, Alongi J, Carosio F, Di Blasio A, Mollea C, Cuttica F, Casale A. ChemInform Abstract: Biomacromolecules as Novel Green Flame Retardant Systems for Textiles: An Overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/chin.201502278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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