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Gibson LD, Roy S, Khanal R, Chahal R, Sedova A, Bryantsev VS. Tracing mechanistic pathways and reaction kinetics toward equilibrium in reactive molten salts. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3116-3129. [PMID: 38425531 PMCID: PMC10901494 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06587a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In the dynamic environment of multi-component reactive molten salts, speciation unfolds as a complex process, involving multiple competing reaction pathways that are likely to face free energy barriers before reaching the reaction equilibria. Herein, we unravel intricate speciation in the AlCl3-KCl melt compositions with rate theory and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the compositions with 100 and 50 mol% AlCl3 exclusively comprise neutral Al2Cl6 dimers and charged AlCl4- monomers, respectively. In intermediate AlCl3-KCl compositions, the chemical speciation proves to be a very complex process, requiring over 0.5 nanosecond to reach an equilibrium distribution of multiple species. It is a consequence of the competitive formation and dissociation of additional species, including charged Al dimers, trimers, and tetramers. Here, the species formation occurs through ion exchange events, which we explain by computing free energy landscapes and employing a Marcus-like rate theory. We show that both interspecies and intraspecies ion exchanges are probable and are dictated by the local structural reorganization reflected in the change of local coulombic fields. The species distributions are validated by comparing computed Raman spectra and neutron structure factors with the available experimental data. We find an excellent simulation-experiment agreement in both cases. Nevertheless, Raman spectroscopy turns out to be particularly advantageous for distinguishing between unique species distributions because of the distinct vibrational signatures of different species. The mechanistic insight into reaction dynamics gained in this study will be essential for the advancement of molten salts as reactive media in high-temperature energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Gibson
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Santanu Roy
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Rabi Khanal
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Rajni Chahal
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Ada Sedova
- Bioscience Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Vyacheslav S Bryantsev
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
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3
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Gao N, Quiroz-Arita C, Diaz LA, Lister TE. Intensified co-electrolysis process for syngas production from captured CO2. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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4
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Adhikari B, Orme CJ, Jones MG, Wendt DS, Mines GL, Wilson AD. Diffusion membrane generation of 1-cyclohexylpiperidinium bicarbonate. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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5
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Kang H, Suich DE, Davies JF, Wilson AD, Urban JJ, Kostecki R. Molecular insight into the lower critical solution temperature transition of aqueous alkyl phosphonium benzene sulfonates. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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6
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Hsu CH, Ma C, Bui N, Song Z, Wilson AD, Kostecki R, Diederichsen KM, McCloskey BD, Urban JJ. Enhanced Forward Osmosis Desalination with a Hybrid Ionic Liquid/Hydrogel Thermoresponsive Draw Agent System. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:4296-4303. [PMID: 31459634 PMCID: PMC6648795 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) has emerged as a new technology for desalination and exhibits potentials for applications where reverse osmosis is incapable or uneconomical for treating streams with high salinity or fouling propensity. However, most of current draw agents in FO are salts and difficult to be recycled cost- and energy-effectively. In this work, we demonstrate a new and facile approach to efficiently recover water from the FO process with enhanced water purity by using a binary ion liquid/hydrogel system. The hybrid ion liquid/hydrogel draw solution system demonstrated in this work synergistically leverages the thermoresponsive properties of both the ionic liquid (IL) and hydrogel to improve the overall FO performance. Our findings corroborate that the hydrogel mitigates the water flux decline of the IL as the draw agent and provide a ready route to contiguously and effectively regenerate water from the FO process. Such a route allows for an efficient recovery of water from the draw solute/water mixture with enhanced water purity, compared with conventional thermal treating of lower critical solution temperature IL draw solute/water. Furthermore, hydrogels can be used in a continuous and readily recyclable process to recover water without heating the entire draw solute/water mixture. Our design principles open the door to use low-grade/waste heat or solar energy to regenerate draw agents and potentially reduce energy in the FO process considerably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Hsu
- The
Molecular Foundry and Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Canghai Ma
- The
Molecular Foundry and Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ngoc Bui
- The
Molecular Foundry and Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zhuonan Song
- The
Molecular Foundry and Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Aaron D. Wilson
- Idaho
National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1625
MS 2208, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - Robert Kostecki
- The
Molecular Foundry and Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kyle M. Diederichsen
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Urban
- The
Molecular Foundry and Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Weinhold F. Theoretical Prediction of Robust Second-Row Oxyanion Clusters in the Metastable Domain of Antielectrostatic Hydrogen Bonding. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:2035-2044. [PMID: 29381336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We provide ab initio and density functional theory evidence for a family of surprisingly robust like-charged clusters of common HSO4- and H2PO4- oxyanions, ranging up to tetramers of net charge 4-. Our results support other recent theoretical and experimental evidence for "antielectrostatic" hydrogen-bonded (AEHB) species that challenge conventional electrostatic conceptions and force-field modeling of closed-shell ion interactions. We provide structural and energetic descriptors of the predicted kinetic well-depths (in the range 3-10 kcal/mol) and barrier widths (in the range 2-4 Å) for simple AEHB dimers, including evidence of extremely strong hydrogen bonding in the fluoride-bisulfate dianion. For more complex polyanionic species, we employ natural-bond-orbital-based descriptors to characterize the electronic features of the cooperative hydrogen-bonding network that are able to successfully defy Coulomb explosion. The computational results suggest a variety of kinetically stable AEHB species that may be suitable for experimental detection as long-lived gas-phase species or structural units of condensed phases, despite the imposing electrostatic barriers that oppose their formation under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Weinhold
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Clarke CJ, Tu WC, Levers O, Bröhl A, Hallett JP. Green and Sustainable Solvents in Chemical Processes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:747-800. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 897] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Coby J. Clarke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Wei-Chien Tu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Levers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Bröhl
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jason P. Hallett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Vanderveen JR, Geng J, Zhang S, Jessop PG. Diamines as switchable-hydrophilicity solvents with improved phase behaviour. RSC Adv 2018; 8:27318-27325. [PMID: 35540014 PMCID: PMC9083370 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05751f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Removing solvents by distillation is not a sustainable process because it requires the use of volatile solvents and a high energy input. An alternative is to use a switchable-hydrophilicity solvent (SHS), which can be removed from products and recycled without any distillation step. SHSs are solvents that reversibly switch between hydrophilic and hydrophobic forms with the addition and removal of a trigger such as CO2. Monoamine SHSs can be separated from dissolved products by extraction into carbonated water, but the solvent removal is limited by the distribution coefficient of the SHS between the carbonated water phase and the product phase. In this article, the use of diamines as SHSs with improved distribution coefficients is explored. Several diamine SHSs are identified and their properties compared to those of monoamine SHSs. Comparisons include the pKaH (the pKa of the conjugate acid of a base) and log Kow (log of the octanol–water partition coefficient) requirements for amines to act as SHSs, distribution coefficients, removal from hydrophobic liquids, switching speeds, and risks to the environment and human health and safety. Diamine switchable-hydrophilicity solvents can be removed from products, by carbonated water, with much greater efficiency than past switchable solvents.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jialing Geng
- Department of Chemistry
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - Susanna Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
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Compatibility study of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes with 1-cyclohexylpiperidenium bicarbonate solutions. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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McNally JS, Wang XP, Hoffmann C, Wilson AD. Self-assembly of molecular ions via like-charge ion interactions and through-space defined organic domains. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10934-10937. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06401b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Select tertiary ammonium bicarbonates self-assemble assisted by the first bicarbonate like-charge hydrogen-bonded ion pairs documented in an aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. S. McNally
- Idaho National Laboratory (INL) P.O. Box
- Idaho Falls
- USA
| | - X. P. Wang
- Chemical and Engineering Materials Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Institution Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - C. Hoffmann
- Chemical and Engineering Materials Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Institution Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - A. D. Wilson
- Idaho National Laboratory (INL) P.O. Box
- Idaho Falls
- USA
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Reimund KK, Coscia BJ, Arena JT, Wilson AD, McCutcheon JR. Characterization and membrane stability study for the switchable polarity solvent N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine as a draw solute in forward osmosis. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Thermodynamic analysis of energy density in pressure retarded osmosis: The impact of solution volumes and costs. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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McNally JS, Noll B, Orme CJ, Wilson AD. Density Functional Theory Analysis of the Impact of Steric Interaction on the Function of Switchable Polarity Solvents. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:6766-75. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b03167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S. McNally
- Idaho National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1625 MS
3732, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415-3531, United States
| | - Bruce Noll
- Bruker AXS Inc., 5465 East Cheryl
Parkway, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, United States
| | - Christopher J. Orme
- Idaho National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1625 MS
3732, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415-3531, United States
| | - Aaron D. Wilson
- Idaho National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1625 MS
3732, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415-3531, United States
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