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Chu F, Wang W, Zhou Y, Xu Z, Zou B, Jiang X, Hu Y, Hu W. Fully bio-based and intrinsically flame retardant unsaturated polyester cross-linked with isosorbide-based diluents. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140371. [PMID: 37820874 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Unsaturated polyester resins (UPR) are composed of prepolymers and styrene diluents, while the former are produced by co-polycondensation between diol, unsaturated diacid and saturated diacid. In this work, bio-based UPR prepolymers were synthesized from bio-based oxalic acid, itaconic acid, and ethylene glycol, which were then diluted with bio-based isosorbide methacrylate (MI). Meanwhile, the phenylphosphonate were introduced into the molecular chains of prepolymers to achieve intrinsic flame retardancy of bio-based UPR. The potential of the reactive MI diluents as substitutes of volatile styrene, was also assessed through the volatility test, curing kinetics and gel contents analysis. For UPR materials with styrene diluents, the UPR materials can achieve UL-94 V0 level and the 28% of limiting oxygen index (LOI) with 2.63 wt% of phosphorus contents. By contrast, the UPR materials with MI diluents can reach UL-94 V0 level with only 2.14 wt% of phosphorus contents. As the phosphorus contents were further increased to 2.63 wt%, UPR materials can achieve highest 29%, while the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) were decreased by 68.01% and 48.62%, respectively. The Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) was also used to comprehensively evaluate the flame retardant performance of UPR composites. Compared with neat UPR, the composites with MI diluents and phosphorus containing structures increased from 1.00 to 6.46. The mechanism for improved flame retardancy was analyzed from gaseous and condensed phase. Additionally, the tensile strengths of bio-based UPR materials with styrene and MI diluents were studied. This work provides an effective method to prepared high-performance and fully bio-based UPR materials with improved flame retardant properties and safety application of reactive diluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yifan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Zhoumei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Bin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Yandong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
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Polyester-Based Coatings for Corrosion Protection. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163413. [PMID: 36015670 PMCID: PMC9415685 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The article is the first review encompassing the study and the applications of polyester-based coatings for the corrosion protection of steel. The impact of corrosion and the challenges encountered thus far and the solutions encountered in industry are addressed. Then, the use of polyesters as a promising alternative to current methods, such as phosphating, chromating, galvanization, and inhibitors, are highlighted. The classifications of polyesters and the network structure determine the overall applications and performance of the polymer. The review provides new trends in green chemistry and smart and bio-based polyester-based coatings. Finally, the different applications of polyesters are covered; specifically, the use of polyesters in surface coatings and for other industrial uses is discussed.
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Property Prediction of Ag-Filled Isotropic Conductive Adhesive through the Analysis of Its Curing and Decomposition Kinetics. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, various thermal analyses were carried out on a self-developed and commerce-oriented Ag-filled isotropic conductive adhesive (ICA) and its unfilled matrix resin through which glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal endurance could be quantitatively predicted. An autocatalyzed kinetic model was used to describe the curing reaction, which was proven to be in good consistency with the experimental data. The activation energies for the curing reaction of the ICA and the matrix resin were determined to be 68.1 kJ/mol and 72.9 kJ/mol, respectively, which means that the reaction of the ICA was easier to occur than its unfilled matrix resin. As a result, the time–temperature profile could be calculated for any Tg requested based on the kinetic model of curing and the DiBenedetto equation. Further, the thermal decomposition stability of the ICA and its unfilled matrix resin were also studied. The activation energies for the thermal decomposition of the ICA and the matrix resin were calculated to be 134.1 kJ/mol and 152.7 kJ/mol, respectively, using the Ozawa–Flynn–Wall method, which means that the decomposition of ICA was easier to occur. The service life of the resin system at a specific temperature could therefore be calculated with their activation energy. The addition of micro-scale Ag flakes did not change the curing and decomposition mechanisms by much.
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Lin SJ, Wu G. Thermal Degradation Kinetics Analysis of Polymer Composite Electrolyte Membranes of PEVOH and PBT Nano Fiber. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:537. [PMID: 35160525 PMCID: PMC8838929 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The thermal degradation kinetics of high-performance polymer composite electrolyte membranes were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis in this study. The novel porous polymer composite membranes were fabricated by crosslinking poly (ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) with polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) nano fiber. The PBT nano-scale fiber non-woven cloth was first prepared by the electrospinning method to form a labyrinth-like structure, and the crosslinking was carried out by filtering it through a solution of EVOH and crosslinking agent triallylamine using the Porcelain Buchner funnel vacuum filtration method. The PBT-EVOH composite membranes with various crosslinking agent ratios and ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC) immersion times were investigated for their thermal stability and ionic conductivity. The results showed that the higher crosslinking agent content would lower the crystallinity and enhance thermal stability. The thermal degradation activation energy was dramatically increased from 125 kJ/mol to 340 kJ/mol for the 1.5% crosslinking agent content sample at 80% conversion. The triallylamine crosslinking agent was indeed effective in improving thermal degradation resistivity. The best ionic conductivity of the polymer composite membranes was exhibited at 5.04 × 10-3 S cm-1 using the optimal weight ratio of EVOH/PBT composite controlled at 1/2. On the other hand, the EC/DMC immersion time was more effective in controlling the Rb value, thus the ionic conductivity of the membranes. A higher immersion time, such as 48 h, not only gave higher conductivity data but also provided more stable results. The triallylamine crosslinking agent improved the membrane ionic conductivity by about 22%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gwomei Wu
- Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
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Chen X, Jiang W, Hu B, Liang Z, Zhang Y, Kang J, Cao Y, Xiang M. Effects of graphene oxide size on curing kinetics of epoxy resin. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29215-29226. [PMID: 35479551 PMCID: PMC9040741 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05234a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the effects of graphene oxide (GO) size on the curing kinetics of epoxy resin (EP), two kinds of GO were selected and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), FT-Raman spectrometry (FTIR-Raman), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the two kinds of GO had similar chemical structures but different sizes-the average particle size of GO-A was 190.1 nm and that of GO-B was 1510 nm, and GO-A has more oxidizing groups on its surface. The two kinds of GO were separately added to EP, and the curing kinetics of GO/EP composites and neat EP were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It can be seen that the addition of GO promoted the curing process of the EP system, and GO-A had a more significant catalytic effect. Furthermore, the curing activation energy (E a) was calculated by Kissinger model, and the change of E a in the whole curing reaction process was studied by Ozawa method to further understand the curing mechanism. It showed that the apparent E a of EP system increases with the increase of the conversion rate, and E a of EP-A is obviously lower in the early curing stage. However, as the curing reaction proceeds, E a of EP-B is a little lower than that of EP-A in the later curing stage. But EP-A has the lowest E a combined with the whole process from Kissinger method. To sum up, it can be concluded that the curing process of EP can be promoted by adding GO and the smaller size (190.1 nm) of GO had a greater effect and lower E a than the GO with particle size of 1510 nm. And the related mechanisms were discussed and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Weijiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Bo Hu
- Dongfang Electric Machinery Co., Ltd. Deyang 618000 China
| | - Zhiming Liang
- Dongfang Electric Machinery Co., Ltd. Deyang 618000 China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Dongfang Electric Machinery Co., Ltd. Deyang 618000 China
| | - Jian Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Ya Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Ming Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
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Li K, Ping T, Zhang H, Zhang J, Cheng J, Gao F. Quantitative evaluation of the non-thermal effect in microwave induced polymer curing. RSC Adv 2021; 11:3740-3750. [PMID: 35747696 PMCID: PMC9133996 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08427a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave irradiation is one of the most effective strategies to accelerate the curing of resin. However, the mechanism is still unclear. The debates mainly focus on how to quantitatively evaluate the ‘non-thermal’ effect of the microwave. In this work, the non-thermal effect on DGEBA with amine (D230) and anhydride (MHHPA) hardeners respectively was evaluated via an isothermal microwave curing reactor. The ‘thermal effect’ caused by the microwave was peeled off accurately. Iso-conversional kinetic analysis was performed based on the reaction extent from the real time FTIR spectrum, and the apparent activation energy (Ea) was calculated for the quantitative evaluation of the microwave non-thermal effect. The influence caused by the polarized functional groups, reaction temperature and the transition state were explored, and the microwave non-thermal effect on the mechanical performance of the cured thermosets was evaluated. Results indicated that the microwave non-thermal effect was able to reduce the Ea and accelerate the curing speed of epoxy resin. At the same time, the final curing extent was increased when the non-thermal effect of microwave was induced leading to enhanced mechanical and thermal performance. The non-thermal effect of microwave was evaluated quantitatively by the calculation of activation energy and pre-exponential factors with an isothermal microwave.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China +86-10-64425439
| | - Tuo Ping
- Beijing Spacecrafts, China Academy of Space Technology Beijing 100194 China
| | - Haobo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China +86-10-64425439
| | - Junying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China +86-10-64425439
| | - Jue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China +86-10-64425439
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China +86-10-64425439
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High-performance gum rosin-modified hyperbranched vinyl ester resin derived from multifunctional pentaerythritol. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Guo K, Li P, Zhu Y, Wang F, Qi H. An in situ self-catalytic hybrid cyanate ester resin and its self-catalytic polymerization behavior. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15247c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novolac cyanate ester (NCE) with self-catalytic function that incorporates –Si–NH–CN group has been synthesized through the reaction between methylvinylcyclotrisilazane (MVSZ) and novolac cyanate ester (NCE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of Ministry of Education
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Yaping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of Ministry of Education
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Huimin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of Ministry of Education
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
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Yue J, Li Y, Li H, Zhao Y, Zhao C, Wang X. Thermal curing of novel carborane-containing phenylethynyl terminated imide oligomers. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15743a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal behavior of novel carborane-containing phenylethynyl terminated imide model compound and resultant resin systems was studied in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yue
- State Key Lab of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610050
- China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Yuntao Li
- State Key Lab of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610050
- China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610050
- China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610050
- China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610050
- China
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