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Bizualem YD, Nurie AG. A review on recent biodiesel intensification process through cavitation and microwave reactors: Yield, energy, and economic analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24643. [PMID: 38312610 PMCID: PMC10834826 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of biodiesel as a reliable and green energy source has grown over the past few years. Biodiesel is sustainable and biodegradable because it is only made from vegetable contents and waste cooking oil. Although biodiesel has many advantages over conventional fuels, there are still a lot of technological issues that need to be addressed during the production process. The yield of biodiesel produced using conventional methods is poor and the process is time-consuming. Process enhancements like cavitation and microwave have thus been developed to address this problem. Starting with a comparison to the conventional biodiesel process, this paper has reviewed the most recent developments in the increase of mixture and transfer of heat in these two reactors. This paper examined biodiesel improvement using microwave and cavitation reactors, including biodiesel yield, by meticulously reviewing and analyzing previous works. The production of biodiesel from various raw materials using a range of catalysts, energy requirements, as well as operating factors, activation energy, and constraints also have been discussed. Additionally, the economic analysis discusses the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of implementing these technologies on a commercial scale. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the intensification of biodiesel production using cavitation and microwave reactors while considering both the technical and economic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Desta Bizualem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kombolcha Institute of Technology, Wollo University, P.O. Box: 208, Kombolcha, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Gashu Nurie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kombolcha Institute of Technology, Wollo University, P.O. Box: 208, Kombolcha, Ethiopia
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2
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Nganda A, Srivastava P, Lamba BY, Pandey A, Kumar M. Advances in the fabrication, modification, and performance of biochar, red mud, calcium oxide, and bentonite catalysts in waste-to-fuel conversion. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023:116284. [PMID: 37270078 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Various catalysts are being used in fuel production from biomass and polymeric waste for the obtention of an alternative energy source with both environmental friendliness and economic viability. Biochar, red mud bentonite, and calcium oxide have been shown to play a pertinent role as catalysts in waste-to-fuel conversion processes, such as transesterification and pyrolysis. In this line of thought, this paper has provided a compendium of the fabrication and modification technologies of bentonite, red mud calcium oxide, and biochar, together with their various performances in their application in the waste-to-fuel processes. Additionally, an overview of the structural and chemical attributes of these components is discussed regarding their efficiency. Ultimately, research trends and future points of focus are evaluated, and it is observed that techno-economic optimization of catalyst synthetic routes and investigation of new catalytic formulations, such as biochar and red mud-based nanocatalysts, are potential prospects. This report also offers future research directions that are anticipated to contribute to the development of sustainable green fuel generation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armel Nganda
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Pankaj Srivastava
- Energy Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Bhawna Yadav Lamba
- Applied Science Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- CSIR-Indian Institute for Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterey, Monterrey, 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
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3
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Mahdi HI, Ramlee NN, da Silva Duarte JL, Cheng YS, Selvasembian R, Amir F, de Oliveira LH, Wan Azelee NI, Meili L, Rangasamy G. A comprehensive review on nanocatalysts and nanobiocatalysts for biodiesel production in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil and USA. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 319:138003. [PMID: 36731678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is an alternative to fossil-derived diesel with similar properties and several environmental benefits. Biodiesel production using conventional catalysts such as homogeneous, heterogeneous, or enzymatic catalysts faces a problem regarding catalysts deactivation after repeated reaction cycles. Heterogeneous nanocatalysts and nanobiocatalysts (enzymes) have shown better advantages due to higher activity, recyclability, larger surface area, and improved active sites. Despite a large number of studies on this subject, there are still challenges regarding its stability, recyclability, and scale-up processes for biodiesel production. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review current modifications and role of nanocatalysts and nanobiocatalysts and also to observe effect of various parameters on biodiesel production. Nanocatalysts and nanobiocatalysts demonstrate long-term stability due to strong Brønsted-Lewis acidity, larger active spots and better accessibility leading to enhancethe biodiesel production. Incorporation of metal supporting positively contributes to shorten the reaction time and enhance the longer reusability. Furthermore, proper operating parameters play a vital role to optimize the biodiesel productivity in the commercial scale process due to higher conversion, yield and selectivity with the lower process cost. This article also analyses the relationship between different types of feedstocks towards the quality and quantity of biodiesel production. Crude palm oil is convinced as the most prospective and promising feedstock due to massive production, low cost, and easily available. It also evaluates key factors and technologies for biodiesel production in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil, and the USA as the biggest biodiesel production supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilman Ibnu Mahdi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan; Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan.
| | - Nurfadhila Nasya Ramlee
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - José Leandro da Silva Duarte
- Laboratory of Applied Electrochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Yu-Shen Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan; College of Future, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan
| | - Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613401, India.
| | - Faisal Amir
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Mercu Buana (UMB), Jl. Raya, RT.4/RW.1, Meruya Sel., Kec. Kembangan, Jakarta, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, 11650, Indonesia
| | - Leonardo Hadlich de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Ion Exchange (LATI), Chemical Engineering Department (DEQ), State University of Maringá, Maringá (UEM), 5790 Colombo Avenue, Zone 7, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Nur Izyan Wan Azelee
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), UTM Skudai, 81310, Skudai Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Lucas Meili
- Laboratory of Processes (LAPRO), Center of Technology, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus A. C. Simões, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, Tabuleiro Dos Martins, 57072-970, Maceió, AL, Brazil.
| | - Gayathri Rangasamy
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India.
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Unruean P, Nomura K, Kitiyanan B. High Conversion of CaO-Catalyzed Transesterification of Vegetable Oils with Ethanol. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:1051-1062. [PMID: 35691836 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) derived from vegetable oils and ethanol are promising bio-based chemicals for various applications such as biofuel, monomers for polyesters, and fine chemicals. However, the limited conversion and yield are obtained in the conventional methods due to low boiling point of ethanol that thus requires conducting the reaction at low temperature. This work demonstrates high yield of FAEEs from soybean, rice bran and palm oil with ethanol by performing the transesterification at high temperatures of 150-200°C by using CaO catalyst in a high pressure reactor. The results demonstrate the complete reaction for all vegetable oils with low ethanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1 and 1 wt.% CaO catalyst. Higher reaction temperature results in faster reaction while keeping high conversion of ≥ 99.0%. The unsaturated components in FAEE products are consistent with their original fatty acid chain. Moreover, the high conversion can be achieved even in the reaction conducted with low ethanol to oil molar ratio of 4.5:1 and 0.5 wt.% CaO catalyst at 180 °C in the palm oil transesterification. The catalyst can be reused for at least 3 times with the conversion higher than 94.0%. In addition, the activation energy (Ea), enthalpy of activation (ΔH‡), entropy of activation (ΔS‡) and Gibbs free energy of activation (ΔG‡) are also obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palawat Unruean
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University
| | - Boonyarach Kitiyanan
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University.,Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University
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5
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Patil AD, Baral SS. Process intensification of thumba methyl ester (Biodiesel) production using hydrodynamic cavitation. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Progress on Modified Calcium Oxide Derived Waste-Shell Catalysts for Biodiesel Production. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The dwindling of global petroleum deposits and worsening environmental issues have triggered researchers to find an alternative energy such as biodiesel. Biodiesel can be produced via transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. A heterogeneous catalyst at an economical price has been studied widely for biodiesel production. It was noted that various types of natural waste shell are a potential calcium resource for generation of bio-based CaO, with comparable chemical characteristics, that greatly enhance the transesterification activity. However, CaO catalyzed transesterification is limited in its stability and studies have shown deterioration of catalytic reactivity when the catalyst is reused for several cycles. For this reason, different approaches are reviewed in the present study, which focuses on modification of waste-shell derived CaO based catalyst with the aim of better transesterification reactivity and high reusability of the catalyst for biodiesel production. The catalyst stability and leaching profile of the modified waste shell derived CaO is discussed. In addition, a critical discussion of the structure, composition of the waste shell, mechanism of CaO catalyzed reaction, recent progress in biodiesel reactor systems and challenges in the industrial sector are also included in this review.
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7
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Potassium and 12‐tungstophosphoric acid loaded alumina as heterogeneous catalyst for the esterification as well as transesterification of waste cooking oil in a single pot. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Kryszak D, Stawicka K, Trejda M. Calcium and nitrogen species loaded into SBA-15 - a promising catalyst tested in Knoevenagel condensation. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:9781-9794. [PMID: 32626866 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01621g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica of the SBA-15 type was used as a support for basic active centers generated by the incorporation of calcium species and (3-aminopropylo)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) or imidazole. The samples were characterized by low temperature N2 adsorption/desorption, XRD, XPS, FTIR spectroscopy, CO2-TPD, and elemental and thermal analyses. Calcium containing samples were analysed in 2,5-hexanedione dehydration and cyclization, while the activities of all the samples were examined in Knoevenagel condensation between benzaldehyde and malononitrile. It was demonstrated that the calcium species interacted with a silica support increasing the stabilization of organosilanes on the SBA-15 surface. A very high activity of the catalysts in Knoevenagel condensation indicated a synergistic interaction between calcium and the organic modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kryszak
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Faculty of Chemistry, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Stawicka
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Faculty of Chemistry, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Maciej Trejda
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Faculty of Chemistry, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
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9
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Soybean oil ethanolysis over Ca based catalyst. Statistical optimization of reaction conditions. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-020-01791-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Kaur A, Ali A. Lithium Zirconate as a Selective and Cost-Effective Mixed Metal Oxide Catalyst for Glycerol Carbonate Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avneet Kaur
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Amjad Ali
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
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11
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Hobuss CB, da Silva FA, Dos Santos MAZ, de Pereira CMP, Schulz GAS, Bianchini D. Synthesis and characterization of monoacylglycerols through glycerolysis of ethyl esters derived from linseed oil by green processes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:2327-2336. [PMID: 35494560 PMCID: PMC9048855 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07834g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of monoacylglycerol (MAG) through the glycerolysis of ethyl ester mixture (biodiesel) was investigated in this study from linseed oil, low-cost alternative feedstock, using an alkaline catalyst with green reagent. The transesterification double step process (TDSP), reaction with ethanol to ethyl esters yielded 97%. In the glycerolysis reaction, the optimum operating condition was in a temperature of 130 °C with 5% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in 1 : 5 biodiesel-glycerol and 12 h reaction time, in open reactor. The reaction conditions showed an interesting conversion and monoacylglycerol yield of 98% and 76%, respectively. The determination and characterization of reaction products was carried out by Gas Chromatography (GC) method, Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H NMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane B Hobuss
- Center of Science Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Food, Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas RS Brazil +55 53 3275 7354 +55 53 3275 7356
| | - Felipe A da Silva
- Chemistry and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande Rio Grande RS Brazil
| | - Marco A Z Dos Santos
- Center of Science Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Food, Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas RS Brazil +55 53 3275 7354 +55 53 3275 7356
| | - Claudio M P de Pereira
- Center of Science Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Food, Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas RS Brazil +55 53 3275 7354 +55 53 3275 7356
| | - Gracélie A S Schulz
- Center of Science Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Food, Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas RS Brazil +55 53 3275 7354 +55 53 3275 7356
| | - Daniela Bianchini
- Center of Science Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Food, Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas RS Brazil +55 53 3275 7354 +55 53 3275 7356
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12
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Banerjee S, Sahani S, Chandra Sharma Y. Process dynamic investigations and emission analyses of biodiesel produced using Sr-Ce mixed metal oxide heterogeneous catalyst. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 248:109218. [PMID: 31319198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study explores the feasibility of Sr-Ce based mixed metal oxides for its performance in transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil. The catalyst synthesis was carried out through gel combustion route and was characterized through several techniques including thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) assisted with EDX, BET specific surface area and Hammett indicator basicity. The enhanced activity of the catalyst was investigated at pH 7.0 with Sr-Ce atomic ratio of 3:1 at 900 °C of calcination temperature. Influences of various process parameters on transesterification efficiency were carefully investigated. The experimental results demonstrated that maximum transesterification efficacy of 99.5% was achieved under optimized reaction conditions with catalyst dose of 2.0 wt %, oil-to-methanol ratio 1:14, reaction time 120 min, reaction temperature 65 °C and stirring speed of 700 rpm. For better interpretation of the process, the reaction rate was computed by employing pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetics model at varying reaction temperature (50 °C-75 °C). The transesterification data agreed well with pseudo-first order model with highest rate constant value of 2.5 × 10-3 min-1 was evaluated at 65 °C. Activation energy and frequency of the reaction was quantified from the Arrhenius expression as 17.04 kJ/mol and 9.92 min-1, respectively. Thermodynamic analysis of the reaction system suggests that the transesterification of the waste cooking oil followed endergonic reaction pathway. Synthesis of biodiesel was ascertained from the H1-NMR and FTIR analysis of the transesterified product, further, the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel were also compared with that of diesel fuel and the resultant values were found to be within ASTM limits. Reusability study was also conducted and it indicated that the catalyst can be easily regenerated and could be effectively reused up to four runs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, 221005, India; Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Shalini Sahani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Yogesh Chandra Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Sudarsanam P, Peeters E, Makshina EV, Parvulescu VI, Sels BF. Advances in porous and nanoscale catalysts for viable biomass conversion. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2366-2421. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00452h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid catalysts with unique porosity and nanoscale properties play a promising role for efficient valorization of biomass into sustainable advanced fuels and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putla Sudarsanam
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering
- Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - Elise Peeters
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering
- Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - Ekaterina V. Makshina
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering
- Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - Vasile I. Parvulescu
- University of Bucharest
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Biochemistry and Catalysis
- Bucharest 030016
- Romania
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering
- Heverlee
- Belgium
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15
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Xu S, Zeng HY, Cheng CR, Duan HZ, Han J, Ding PX, Xiao GF. Mg–Fe mixed oxides as solid base catalysts for the transesterification of microalgae oil. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14144c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mg–Fe LDO with different Mg/Fe molar ratios as catalysts were adopted for transesterification of microalgae oil, and the catalytic performance of the catalysts was closely related to their basicity and crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
- P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yan Zeng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
- P. R. China
| | - Chao-Rong Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
- P. R. China
| | - Heng-Zhi Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
- P. R. China
| | - Peng-Xuan Ding
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
- P. R. China
| | - Gao-Fei Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
- P. R. China
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16
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Maneechakr P, Samerjit J, Karnjanakom S. Ultrasonic-assisted biodiesel production from waste cooking oil over novel sulfonic functionalized carbon spheres derived from cyclodextrin via one-step: a way to produce biodiesel at short reaction time. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09499b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel sulfonated carbon derived from cyclodextrin showed high catalytic activity for the ultrasonic-assisted transesterification of waste cooking oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panya Maneechakr
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Rangsit University
- Pathumthani 12000
- Thailand
| | - Jittima Samerjit
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Rangsit University
- Pathumthani 12000
- Thailand
| | - Surachai Karnjanakom
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Rangsit University
- Pathumthani 12000
- Thailand
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