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Al-Yaari A, Ling Chuan Ching D, Sakidin H, Sundaram Muthuvalu M, Zafar M, Haruna A, Merican Aljunid Merican Z, Azad AS. A New 3D Mathematical Model for Simulating Nanofluid Flooding in a Porous Medium for Enhanced Oil Recovery. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5414. [PMID: 37570118 PMCID: PMC10420021 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-phase Darcy's law is a well-known mathematical model used in the petrochemical industry. It predicts the fluid flow in reservoirs and can be used to optimize oil production using recent technology. Indeed, various models have been proposed for predicting oil recovery using injected nanofluids (NFs). Among them, numerical modeling is attracting the attention of scientists and engineers owing to its ability to modify the thermophysical properties of NFs such as density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. Herein, a new model for simulating NF injection into a 3D porous media for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is investigated. This model has been developed for its ability to predict oil recovery across a wide range of temperatures and volume fractions (VFs). For the first time, the model can examine the changes and effects of thermophysical properties on the EOR process based on empirical correlations depending on two variables, VF and inlet temperature. The governing equations obtained from Darcy's law, mass conservation, concentration, and energy equations were numerically evaluated using a time-dependent finite-element method. The findings indicated that optimizing the temperature and VF could significantly improve the thermophysical properties of the EOR process. We observed that increasing the inlet temperature (353.15 K) and volume fraction (4%) resulted in better oil displacement, improved sweep efficiency, and enhanced mobility of the NF. The oil recovery decreased when the VF (>4%) and temperature exceeded 353.15 K. Remarkably, the optimal VF and inlet temperature for changing the thermophysical properties increased the oil production by 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al-Yaari
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (D.L.C.C.); (H.S.); (M.S.M.); (M.Z.); (A.H.); (Z.M.A.M.); (A.S.A.)
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Science, Thamar University, Dhamar 00967, Yemen
| | - Dennis Ling Chuan Ching
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (D.L.C.C.); (H.S.); (M.S.M.); (M.Z.); (A.H.); (Z.M.A.M.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Hamzah Sakidin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (D.L.C.C.); (H.S.); (M.S.M.); (M.Z.); (A.H.); (Z.M.A.M.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Mohana Sundaram Muthuvalu
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (D.L.C.C.); (H.S.); (M.S.M.); (M.Z.); (A.H.); (Z.M.A.M.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Mudasar Zafar
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (D.L.C.C.); (H.S.); (M.S.M.); (M.Z.); (A.H.); (Z.M.A.M.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Abdurrashid Haruna
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (D.L.C.C.); (H.S.); (M.S.M.); (M.Z.); (A.H.); (Z.M.A.M.); (A.S.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, Nigeria
| | - Zulkifli Merican Aljunid Merican
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (D.L.C.C.); (H.S.); (M.S.M.); (M.Z.); (A.H.); (Z.M.A.M.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Abdus Samad Azad
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (D.L.C.C.); (H.S.); (M.S.M.); (M.Z.); (A.H.); (Z.M.A.M.); (A.S.A.)
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Jafarbeigi E, Ahmadi Y, Mansouri M, Ayatollahi S. Experimental Core Flooding Investigation of New ZnO-γAl 2O 3 Nanocomposites for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Carbonate Reservoirs. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:39107-39121. [PMID: 36340127 PMCID: PMC9631809 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Generally, crude oil production in mature oil reservoirs is difficult. In this regard, some nanoparticles have been used to upgrade injected water into oil reservoirs. These nanoparticles can be used in a variety of injectable waters, including smart water (SMW) with special salinity. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the injection of SMW with ZnO-γAl2O3 nanoparticles in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The performance of SMW with ZnO-γAl2O3 nanoparticles in regard to contact angle (CA), interfacial tension (IFT) reduction, and oil production with core flooding tests was investigated. The newly prepared ZnO-γAl2O3 structure was characterized by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses in this research. The effects of different concentrations of nanofluids on zeta potential (ZP) and conductivity were investigated. The ZP test confirmed the results of the stability tests of the developed nanofluids in water-based solutions. After the introduction of ZnO-γAl2O3 nanoparticles into the formation of brine and SMW solutions, oil-water (O/W) IFT was reduced. Based on the results, the IFT decreased more when nanoparticles and ions were present in the system. The results of the present study showed that at the concentration of SW+300 ppm ZnO-γAl2O3, the IFT value reached 11 mN/m from 27.24 mN/m. The results of the CA tests showed that improving the capabilities of salt water in the presence of nanoparticles has resulted in a very effective reduction. Also, in this regard, very hydrophilic wettability was achieved using SMW with stable nanoparticles. Moreover, the results of the present study showed that at the concentration of SMW+300 ppm ZnO-γAl2O3 nanoparticles, the CA value reached 31 from 161°. In the end, the solution of SW+300 ppm ZnO-γAl2O3 improved the OR by 15 and 24%. This research indicated that it is possible to develop and implement different nanoparticles by combining SMW to manage reservoir rock wettability and maximize OR from carbonate reservoirs. Thus, this combination as an effective agent could significantly increase reservoir sweep efficiency. Thus, as a result, using the established hybrid technique has distinct advantages over using SMW flooding alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Jafarbeigi
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Ilam
University, Ilam, Iran, P.O. Box 69315/516
| | - Yaser Ahmadi
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Ilam
University, Ilam, Iran, P.O. Box 69315/516
| | - Mohsen Mansouri
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Ilam
University, Ilam, Iran, P.O. Box 69315/516
| | - Shahab Ayatollahi
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif
University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 1458889694
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Chowdhury S, Rakesh M, Medhi S, Trivedi J, Sangwai JS. Pore-scale flow simulation of supercritical CO 2 and oil flow for simultaneous CO 2 geo-sequestration and enhanced oil recovery. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:76003-76025. [PMID: 35665890 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) with enhanced oil recovery (EOR) have gained a significant traction in an attempt to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Information on pore-scale CO2 fluid behavior is vital for efficient geo-sequestration and EOR. This study scrutinizes the behavior of supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2) under different reservoir temperature and pressure conditions through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, applying it to light and heavy crude oil reservoirs. The effects of reservoir pressure (20 MPa and 40 MPa), reservoir temperature (323 K and 353 K), injection velocities (0.005 m/s, 0.001 m/s, and 0.0005 m/s), and in situ oil properties (835.3 kg/m3 and 984 kg/m3) have been considered as control variables. This study couples the Helmholtz free energy equation (equation of state) to consider the changes in physical properties of sc-CO2 owing to variations in reservoir pressure and temperature conditions. It has been found that the sc-CO2 sequestration is more efficient in the case of light oil than heavy oil reservoirs. Notably, an increase in temperature and pressure does not affect the trend of sc-CO2 breakthrough or oil recovery in the case of a reservoir bearing light oil. For heavy oil reservoirs with high pressures, sc-CO2 sequestration or oil recovery was higher due to the significant increase in density and viscosity of sc-CO2. Quantitative analysis showed that the stabilizing factor (ε) appreciably varies for light oil at low velocities while higher sensitivity was displayed for heavy oil at high velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Chowdhury
- Gas Hydrate and Flow Assurance Laboratory, Petroleum Engineering Program, Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
- Assam Energy Institute, A Centre of Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Sivasagar, Assam, 785697, India
| | - Mayank Rakesh
- Department of Petroleum Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Srawanti Medhi
- Assam Energy Institute, A Centre of Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Sivasagar, Assam, 785697, India
| | - Japan Trivedi
- Enhanced Oil Recovery and Reservoir Simulation Laboratory, School of Mining and Petroleum, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jitendra S Sangwai
- Gas Hydrate and Flow Assurance Laboratory, Petroleum Engineering Program, Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
- Center of Excellence on Subsurface Mechanics and Geo-Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
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Alsedrani MQ, Chala GT. Investigation of the Effects of Silica Nanofluid for Enhanced Oil Recovery Applications: CFD Simulation Study. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-07113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Gharibshahi R, Omidkhah M, Jafari A, Fakhroueian Z. Experimental investigation of nanofluid injection assisted microwave radiation for enhanced heavy oil recovery in a micromodel system. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0961-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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A Selection Flowchart for Micromodel Experiments Based on Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulations of Surfactant Flooding in Enhanced Oil Recovery. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9111887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A selection flowchart that assists, through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, the design of microfluidic experiments used to distinguish the performance in Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (CEOR) of two surfactants with very similar values of interfacial tension (IFT) was proposed and its use demonstrated. The selection flowchart first proposes an experimental design for certain modified variables (X→: porosity, grain shape, the presence of preferential flowing channels, and injection velocity). Experiments are then performed through CFD simulations to obtain a set of response variables (Y→: recovery factor, breakthrough time, the fractal dimension of flow pattern, pressure drop, and entrapment effect). A sensitivity analysis of Y→ regarding the differences in the interfacial tension (IFT) can indicate the CFD experiments that could have more success when distinguishing between two surfactants with similar IFTs (0.037 mN/m and 0.045 mN/m). In the range of modifiable variables evaluated in this study (porosity values of 0.5 and 0.7, circular and irregular grain shape, with and without preferential flowing channel, injection velocities of 10 ft/day and 30 ft/day), the entrapment effect is the response variable that is most affected by changes in IFT. The response of the recovery factor and the breakthrough time was also significant, while the fractal dimension of the flow and the pressure drop had the lowest sensitivity to different IFTs. The experimental conditions that rendered the highest sensitivity to changes in IFT were a low porosity (0.5) and a high injection flow (30 ft/day). The response to the presence of preferential channels and the pore shape was negligible. The approach developed in this research facilitates, through CFD simulations, the study of CEOR processes with microfluidic devices. It reduces the number of experiments and increases the probability of their success.
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Chauhan A, Salehi F, Jalalifar S, Clark SM. Two-phase modelling of the effects of pore-throat geometry on enhanced oil recovery. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01791-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liang X, Zhou F, Liang T, Wang R, Su H, Yuan S. Mechanism of using liquid nanofluid to enhance oil recovery in tight oil reservoirs. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Yu J, Di S, Yu H, Ning T, Yang H, Zhu S. Insights into the structure-performance relationships of extraction materials in sample preparation for chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461822. [PMID: 33360779 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sample preparation is one of the most crucial steps in analytical processes. Commonly used methods, including solid-phase extraction, dispersive solid-phase extraction, dispersive magnetic solid-phase extraction, and solid-phase microextraction, greatly depend on the extraction materials. In recent decades, a vast number of materials have been studied and used in sample preparation for chromatography. Due to the unique structural properties, extraction materials significantly improve the performance of extraction devices. Endowing extraction materials with suitable structural properties can shorten the pretreatment process and improve the extraction efficiency and selectivity. To understand the structure-performance relationships of extraction materials, this review systematically summarizes the structural properties, including the pore size, pore shape, pore volume, accessibility of active sites, specific surface area, functional groups and physicochemical properties. The mechanisms by which the structural properties influence the extraction performance are also elucidated in detail. Finally, three principles for the design and synthesis of extraction materials are summarized. This review can provide systematic guidelines for synthesizing extraction materials and preparing extraction devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Di
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Tao Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Hucheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Shukui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
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Yu J, Di S, Ning T, Yang H, Zhu GT, Chen P, Yu H, Wang J, Zhu S. Rational design and synthesis of magnetic covalent organic frameworks for controlling the selectivity and enhancing the extraction efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:531. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04520-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Insights into the Effects of Pore Size Distribution on the Flowing Behavior of Carbonate Rocks: Linking a Nano-Based Enhanced Oil Recovery Method to Rock Typing. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050972. [PMID: 32443641 PMCID: PMC7712098 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As a fixed reservoir rock property, pore throat size distribution (PSD) is known to affect the distribution of reservoir fluid saturation strongly. This study aims to investigate the relations between the PSD and the oil-water relative permeabilities of reservoir rock with a focus on the efficiency of surfactant-nanofluid flooding as an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique. For this purpose, mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) tests were conducted on two core plugs with similar rock types (in respect to their flow zone index (FZI) values), which were selected among more than 20 core plugs, to examine the effectiveness of a surfactant-nanoparticle EOR method for reducing the amount of oil left behind after secondary core flooding experiments. Thus, interfacial tension (IFT) and contact angle measurements were carried out to determine the optimum concentrations of an anionic surfactant and silica nanoparticles (NPs) for core flooding experiments. Results of relative permeability tests showed that the PSDs could significantly affect the endpoints of the relative permeability curves, and a large amount of unswept oil could be recovered by flooding a mixture of the alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) surfactant + silica NPs as an EOR solution. Results of core flooding tests indicated that the injection of AOS + NPs solution in tertiary mode could increase the post-water flooding oil recovery by up to 2.5% and 8.6% for the carbonate core plugs with homogeneous and heterogeneous PSDs, respectively.
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Hemmat Esfe M, Esfandeh S. 3D numerical simulation of the enhanced oil recovery process using nanoscale colloidal solution flooding. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Aminian Dehkordi J, Jafari A. CFD Investigation of Al2O3 Nanoparticles Effect on Heat Transfer Enhancement of Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids in a Helical Coil. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND PROCESS MODELING 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/cppm-2018-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The present study applied computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate the heat transfer of Newtonian (water) and non-Newtonian (0.3 %wt. aqueous solution of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)) fluids in the presence of Al2O3 nanoparticles. To analyze the heat transfer rate, investigations were performed in a vertical helical coil as essential heat transfer equipment, at different inlet Reynolds numbers. To verify the accuracy of the simulation model, experimental data reported in the literature were employed. Comparisons showed the validity of simulation results. From the results, compared to the aqueous solution of CMC, water had a higher Nusselt number. In addition, it was observed that adding nanoparticles to a base fluid presented different results in which water/Al2O3 nanofluid with nanoparticles’ volume fraction of 5 % was more effective than the same base fluid with a volume fraction of 10 %. In lower ranges of Reynolds number, adding nanoparticles was more effective. For CMC solution (10 %), increasing concentration of nanoparticles caused an increase in the apparent viscosity. Consequently, the Nusselt number was reduced. The findings reveal the important role of fluid type and nanoparticle concentration in the design and development of heat transfer equipment.
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Dehkordi JA, Jafari A, Sabet SA, Karami F. Kinetic studies on extra heavy crude oil upgrading using nanocatalysts by applying CFD techniques. Chin J Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Moradi B, Pourafshary P, Jalali F, Mohammadi M. Effects of Nanoparticles on Gas Production, Viscosity Reduction, and Foam Formation during Nanofluid Alternating Gas Injection in Low and High Permeable Carbonate Reservoirs. CAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.22699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Babak Moradi
- School of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Peyman Pourafshary
- Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering; Sultan Qaboos University; Muscat Oman
| | - Farahani Jalali
- School of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
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Jakir Hossain Khan M, Azlan Hussain M, Mujtaba IM. Multiphasic Reaction Modeling for Polypropylene Production in a Pilot-Scale Catalytic Reactor. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E220. [PMID: 30979325 PMCID: PMC6431967 DOI: 10.3390/polym8060220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel multiphasic model for the calculation of the polypropylene production in a complicated hydrodynamic and the physiochemical environments has been formulated, confirmed and validated. This is a first research attempt that describes the development of the dual-phasic phenomena, the impact of the optimal process conditions on the production rate of polypropylene and the fluidized bed dynamic details which could be concurrently obtained after solving the model coupled with the CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model, the basic mathematical model and the moment equations. Furthermore, we have established the quantitative relationship between the operational condition and the dynamic gas⁻solid behavior in actual reaction environments. Our results state that the proposed model could be applied for generalizing the production rate of the polymer from a chemical procedure to pilot-scale chemical reaction engineering. However, it was assumed that the solids present in the bubble phase and the reactant gas present in the emulsion phase improved the multiphasic model, thus taking into account that the polymerization took place mutually in the emulsion besides the bubble phase. It was observed that with respect to the experimental extent of the superficial gas velocity and the Ziegler-Natta feed rate, the ratio of the polymer produced as compared to the overall rate of production was approximately in the range of 9%⁻11%. This is a significant amount and it should not be ignored. We also carried out the simulation studies for comparing the data of the CFD-dependent dual-phasic model, the emulsion phase model, the dynamic bubble model and the experimental results. It was noted that the improved dual-phasic model and the CFD model were able to predict more constricted and safer windows at similar conditions as compared to the experimental results. Our work is unique, as the integrated developed model is able to offer clearer ideas related to the dynamic bed parameters for the separate phases and is also capable of computing the chemical reaction rate for every phase in the reaction. Our improved mutiphasic model revealed similar dynamic behaviour as the conventional model in the initial stages of the polymerization reaction; however, it diverged as time progressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jakir Hossain Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Azlan Hussain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
- UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Wisma Research & Development, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 59990, Malaysia.
| | - Iqbal Mohammed Mujtaba
- Chemical Engineering Division, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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Khan MJH, Hussain MA, Mujtaba IM. Developed Hybrid Model for Propylene Polymerisation at Optimum Reaction Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E47. [PMID: 30979141 PMCID: PMC6432575 DOI: 10.3390/polym8020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A statistical model combined with CFD (computational fluid dynamic) method was used to explain the detailed phenomena of the process parameters, and a series of experiments were carried out for propylene polymerisation by varying the feed gas composition, reaction initiation temperature, and system pressure, in a fluidised bed catalytic reactor. The propylene polymerisation rate per pass was considered the response to the analysis. Response surface methodology (RSM), with a full factorial central composite experimental design, was applied to develop the model. In this study, analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated an acceptable value for the coefficient of determination and a suitable estimation of a second-order regression model. For better justification, results were also described through a three-dimensional (3D) response surface and a related two-dimensional (2D) contour plot. These 3D and 2D response analyses provided significant and easy to understand findings on the effect of all the considered process variables on expected findings. To diagnose the model adequacy, the mathematical relationship between the process variables and the extent of polymer conversion was established through the combination of CFD with statistical tools. All the tests showed that the model is an excellent fit with the experimental validation. The maximum extent of polymer conversion per pass was 5.98% at the set time period and with consistent catalyst and co-catalyst feed rates. The optimum conditions for maximum polymerisation was found at reaction temperature (RT) 75 °C, system pressure (SP) 25 bar, and 75% monomer concentration (MC). The hydrogen percentage was kept fixed at all times. The coefficient of correlation for reaction temperature, system pressure, and monomer concentration ratio, was found to be 0.932. Thus, the experimental results and model predicted values were a reliable fit at optimum process conditions. Detailed and adaptable CFD results were capable of giving a clear idea of the bed dynamics at optimum process conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jakir Hossain Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Azlan Hussain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
- UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC).
| | - Iqbal Mohammed Mujtaba
- Chemical Engineering Division, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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