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Anishchenko DV, Vereshchagin AA, Kalnin AY, Novoselova JV, Rubicheva LG, Potapenkov VV, Lukyanov DA, Levin OV. Thermodynamic model for voltammetric responses in conducting redox polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11893-11909. [PMID: 38568204 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00222a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Electroactive polymer materials are known to play important roles in a vast spectrum of modern applications such as in supercapacitors, fuel cells, batteries, medicine, and smart materials, etc. They are usually divided into two main groups: first, conducting π-conjugated organic polymers, which conduct electricity by cation-radicals delocalized over a polymer chain; second, redox polymers, which conduct electricity via an electron-hopping mechanism. Polymer materials belonging to these two main groups have been thoroughly studied and their thermodynamic and kinetic models have been built. However, in recent decades a lot of mixed-type materials have been discovered and investigated. To the best of our knowledge, a thermodynamic-based description of conducting redox polymers (CRPs) has not been provided yet. In this work, we present a thermodynamic model for voltammetric responses of conducting redox polymers. The derived model allows one to extract thermodynamic parameters of a CRP including the polaron delocalization degree and redox active groups interaction constant. The model was verified with voltammetric experiments on three recently synthesized CRPs and showed a satisfactory predictive ability. The simulated data are in good agreement with the experiment. We believe that developing theoretical descriptions for CRPs and other types of electroactive materials with the ability to simulate their electrochemical responses may help in future realization of new systems with superior characteristics for electrochemical energy storage, chemical sensors, pharmacological applications, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii V Anishchenko
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| | - Anatoliy A Vereshchagin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arseniy Y Kalnin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| | - Julia V Novoselova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| | - Lyubov G Rubicheva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vasiliy V Potapenkov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| | - Daniil A Lukyanov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| | - Oleg V Levin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
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2
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Bruggeman DF, Detz RJ, Mathew S, Reek JNH. Increased solar-driven chemical transformations through surface-induced benzoperylene aggregation in dye-sensitized photoanodes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:503-516. [PMID: 38363531 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The impact of benzo[ghi]perylenetriimide (BPTI) dye aggregation on the performance of photoelectrochemical devices was explored, through imide-substitution with either alkyl (BPTI-A, 2-ethylpropyl) or bulky aryl (BPTI-B, 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) moieties, to, respectively, enable or suppress aggregation. While both dyes demonstrated similar monomeric optoelectronic properties in solution, adsorption onto mesoporous SnO2 revealed different behavior, with BPTI-A forming aggregates via π-stacking and BPTI-B demonstrating reduced aggregation in the solid state. BPTI photoanodes were tested in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) before application to dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) for Br2 production (a strong oxidant) coupled to H2 generation (a solar fuel). BPTI-A demonstrated a twofold higher dye loading of the SnO2 surface than BPTI-B, resulting in a fivefold enhancement to both photocurrent and Br2 production. The enhanced output of the photoelectrochemical systems (with respect to dye loading) was attributed to both J- and H- aggregation phenomena in BPTI-A photoanodes that lead to improved light harvesting. Our investigation provides a strategy to exploit self-assembly via aggregation to improve molecular light-harvesting and charge separation properties that can be directly applied to dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didjay F Bruggeman
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bioinspired Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remko J Detz
- Energy Transition Studies, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Radarweg 60, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Mathew
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bioinspired Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bioinspired Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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3
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Weliwatte NS, Grattieri M, Minteer SD. Rational design of artificial redox-mediating systems toward upgrading photobioelectrocatalysis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1333-1356. [PMID: 34550560 PMCID: PMC8455808 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photobioelectrocatalysis has recently attracted particular research interest owing to the possibility to achieve sunlight-driven biosynthesis, biosensing, power generation, and other niche applications. However, physiological incompatibilities between biohybrid components lead to poor electrical contact at the biotic-biotic and biotic-abiotic interfaces. Establishing an electrochemical communication between these different interfaces, particularly the biocatalyst-electrode interface, is critical for the performance of the photobioelectrocatalytic system. While different artificial redox mediating approaches spanning across interdisciplinary research fields have been developed in order to electrically wire biohybrid components during bioelectrocatalysis, a systematic understanding on physicochemical modulation of artificial redox mediators is further required. Herein, we review and discuss the use of diffusible redox mediators and redox polymer-based approaches in artificial redox-mediating systems, with a focus on photobioelectrocatalysis. The future possibilities of artificial redox mediator system designs are also discussed within the purview of present needs and existing research breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Samali Weliwatte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Matteo Grattieri
- Dipartimento Di Chimica, Università Degli Studi Di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
- IPCF-CNR Istituto Per I Processi Chimico Fisici, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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4
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Huang H, Strømme M, Gogoll A, Sjödin M. Potential-tuning in quinone-pyrrole dyad-based conducting redox polymers. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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2-Hydroxy-3-(4-oxy(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl)butoxy)benzaldehyde. MOLBANK 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/m1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salen-type complexes with transition metals and corresponding polymers attract great scientific interest due to their high electrochemical properties and potential for use as part of next generation organic energy storage devices. Because of their good conductivity but relatively low capacity, energy-intensive additives such as quinones or TEMPO fragments can significantly enhance the capacitive characteristics of the electrode materials. Herein, we report a preparation of precursor for a modified Salen-type complex, the substituted 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde by butoxy linkers with TEMPO fragment using alkylation reaction. The resulting product was characterized by the 1H and 13C, COSY, HMBC, HSQC nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ESI–high resolution mass spectrometry (ESI–HRMS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The reported approach opens the way for easy modification of Salen-type complexes in order to increase their specific characteristics.
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Weliwatte NS, Grattieri M, Simoska O, Rhodes Z, Minteer SD. Unbranched Hybrid Conducting Redox Polymers for Intact Chloroplast-Based Photobioelectrocatalysis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:7821-7833. [PMID: 34132548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photobioelectrocatalysis (PBEC) adopts the sophistication and sustainability of photosynthetic units to convert solar energy into electrical energy. However, the electrically insulating outer membranes of photosynthetic units hinder efficient extracellular electron transfer from photosynthetic redox centers to an electrode in photobioelectrocatalytic systems. Among the artificial redox-mediating approaches used to enhance electrochemical communication at this biohybrid interface, conducting redox polymers (CRPs) are characterized by high intrinsic electric conductivities for efficient charge transfer. A majority of these CRPs constitute peripheral redox pendants attached to a conducting backbone by a linker. The consequently branched CRPs necessitate maintaining synergistic interactions between the pendant, linker, and backbone for optimal mediator performance. Herein, an unbranched, metal-free CRP, polydihydroxy aniline (PDHA), which has its redox moiety embedded in the polymer mainchain, is used as an exogenous redox mediator and an immobilization matrix at the biohybrid interface. As a proof of concept, the relatively complex membrane system of spinach chloroplasts is used as the photobioelectrocatalyst of choice. A "mixed" deposition of chloroplasts and PDHA generated a 2.4-fold photocurrent density increment. An alternative "layered" PDHA-chloroplast deposition, which was used to control panchromatic light absorbance by the intensely colored PDHA competing with the photoactivity of chloroplasts, generated a 4.2-fold photocurrent density increment. The highest photocurrent density recorded with intact chloroplasts was achieved by the "layered" deposition when used in conjunction with the diffusible redox mediator 2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone (-48 ± 3 μA cm-2). Our study effectively expands the scope of germane CRPs in PBEC, emphasizing the significance of the rational selection of CRPs for electrically insulating photobioelectrocatalysts and of the holistic modulation of the CRP-mediated biohybrids for optimal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Samali Weliwatte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matteo Grattieri
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
- IPCF-CNR Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via E. Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Olja Simoska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Zayn Rhodes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Oka K, Strietzel C, Emanuelsson R, Nishide H, Oyaizu K, Strømme M, Sjödin M. Conducting Redox Polymer as a Robust Organic Electrode-Active Material in Acidic Aqueous Electrolyte towards Polymer-Air Secondary Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2280-2285. [PMID: 32267605 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic materials receive increasing attention as environmentally benign and sustainable electrode-active materials. We present a conducting redox polymer (CRP) based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) with naphthoquinone pendant group, which is formed from a stable suspension of a trimeric precursor and an oxoammonium cation as oxidant. This suspension allows us to easily coat the polymer onto a current collector, opening up use of roll-to-roll processing or ink-jet printing for electrode preparation. The CRP showed a full capacity of 76 mAh g-1 even at a high C rate of 100 C in acidic aqueous electrolyte. These properties make the CRP a promising candidate as anode-active material; a polymer-air secondary battery was fabricated with the CRP as anode, a conventional Pt/C catalyst as cathode, and sulfuric acid aqueous solution as electrolyte. This battery yielded a discharge voltage of 0.50 V and showed good cycling stability with 97 % capacity retention after 100 cycles and high rate capabilities up to 20 C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Oka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 165-8555, Japan
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Materials Science and Engineering, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Strietzel
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Materials Science and Engineering, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rikard Emanuelsson
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Materials Science and Engineering, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 165-8555, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 165-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 165-8555, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 165-8555, Japan
| | - Maria Strømme
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Materials Science and Engineering, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Sjödin
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Materials Science and Engineering, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
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Oka K, Strietzel C, Emanuelsson R, Nishide H, Oyaizu K, Strømme M, Sjödin M. Characterization of PEDOT-Quinone conducting redox polymers in water-in-salt electrolytes for safe and high-energy Li-ion batteries. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.106489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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9
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Qu K, Fang M, Zhang S, Liu H, Zeng X. A Redox Conjugated Polymer-Based All-Solid-State Reference Electrode. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10111191. [PMID: 30961116 PMCID: PMC6290589 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports the design, synthesis, and characterization of a novel redox-active conjugated polyaniline containing quinone moiety as a solid state reference electrode. The union of electro-active quinone with π-conjugated polyaniline was created by the first chemical synthesis of para-dimethoxybenzene-functionalized aniline as a monomer using a palladium-mediated coupling. The successful polymerization of the as-prepared monomer was accomplished without acid additives. Its post-polymerization modification with strong Lewis acid boron tribromide furnished unique poly (aniline quinone/hydroquinone) with desired properties for all-solid-state reference electrode (RE) applications. The electrochemical responses from the conjugated polyaniline backbone in this unique polymer have been “suppressed” by the quinone pendant. The resulting poly (aniline quinone) showed a quasi-reversible redox process from the redox behavior of the pendant quinone. The stable electrode potential of this poly (aniline quinone/hydroquinone) suggested that it was a single phase in which the amounts of totally reduced and totally oxidized species could be maintained at a constant in various solvents and electrolytes. Its electrochemical stability was excellent with 95% peak current retention after continuous cyclic voltammetric testing. The aniline and quinone moieties in poly (aniline quinone/hydroquinone) render it to have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compatibility. It showed excellent behavior as a reference electrode in aqueous and non-aqueous media and can be used in both non-zero current and zero-current conditions, providing a stable potential with a maximum potential drift of ~4.7 mV over ten consecutive days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
| | - Mingxi Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | - Haiying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | - Xiangqun Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
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10
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Zhao Q, Zhu Z, Chen J. Molecular Engineering with Organic Carbonyl Electrode Materials for Advanced Stationary and Redox Flow Rechargeable Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28370809 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201607007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic carbonyl electrode materials that have the advantages of high capacity, low cost and being environmentally friendly, are regarded as powerful candidates for next-generation stationary and redox flow rechargeable batteries (RFBs). However, low carbonyl utilization, poor electronic conductivity and undesired dissolution in electrolyte are urgent issues to be solved. Here, we summarize a molecular engineering approach for tuning the capacity, working potential, concentration of active species, kinetics, and stability of stationary and redox flow batteries, which well resolves the problems of organic carbonyl electrode materials. As an example, in stationary batteries, 9,10-anthraquinone (AQ) with two carbonyls delivers a capacity of 257 mAh g-1 (2.27 V vs Li+ /Li), while increasing the number of carbonyls to four with the formation of 5,7,12,14-pentacenetetrone results in a higher capacity of 317 mAh g-1 (2.60 V vs Li+ /Li). In RFBs, AQ, which is less soluble in aqueous electrolyte, reaches 1 M by grafting -SO3 H with the formation of 9,10-anthraquinone-2,7-disulphonic acid, resulting in a power density exceeding 0.6 W cm-2 with long cycling life. Therefore, through regulating substituent groups, conjugated structures, Coulomb interactions, and the molecular weight, the electrochemical performance of carbonyl electrode materials can be rationally optimized. This review offers fundamental principles and insight into designing advanced carbonyl materials for the electrodes of next-generation rechargeable batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Sterby M, Emanuelsson R, Huang X, Gogoll A, Strømme M, Sjödin M. Characterization of PEDOT-Quinone Conducting Redox Polymers for Water Based Secondary Batteries. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Karlsson C, Suga T, Nishide H. Quantifying TEMPO Redox Polymer Charge Transport toward the Organic Radical Battery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:10692-10698. [PMID: 28282111 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To design new and better organic active battery materials in a rational fashion, fundamental parameters of the charge transport must be studied. Herein we report on the electronic conductivity by electron diffusion in a TEMPO-containing redox polymer, and the reorganization energy of the TEMPO self-exchange in an organic solvent is determined for the first time. The electronic conductivity was 8.5 μS/cm at E0 and corresponded to a redox hopping mechanism. The apparent electron diffusion coefficient was 1.9 × 10-9 cm2/s at room temperature, and at short times the ion diffusion was limiting with a diffusion coefficient of 6.5 × 10-10 cm2/s. The reorganization energy was determined to be 1.01 eV, indicating a rather polar chemical environment for the TEMPO groups. The implications for the usage of this type of materials in organic energy storage are discussed. As conductivity through 10 μm was demonstrated, we show that, if sufficient swellability can be ensured, charge can be transported through several micrometer thick layers in a battery electrode without any conducting additive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takeo Suga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University , Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University , Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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13
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Emanuelsson R, Karlsson C, Huang H, Kosgei C, Strømme M, Sjödin M. Quinone based conducting redox polymers for electrical energy storage. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193517010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Reinold P, Bruchlos K, Ludwigs S. Simultaneous doping and crosslinking of polythiophene films. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01688c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a click chemistry approach for the synthesis of conjugated redox polymers based on highly regioregular polythiophenes with tunable amounts of pendant redox-active triphenylamine (TPA) groups. Solution-deposited films can be simultaneously doped and crosslinked by electrochemical or chemical oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Reinold
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - K. Bruchlos
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - S. Ludwigs
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
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15
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Huang H, Karlsson C, Strømme M, Gogoll A, Sjödin M. Synthesis and characterization of poly-3-((2,5-hydroquinone)vinyl)-1H-pyrrole: investigation on backbone/pendant interactions in a conducting redox polymer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:10427-10435. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08736a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We herein report the synthesis and electrochemical characterization of poly-3-((2,5-hydroquinone)vinyl)-1H-pyrrole, consisting of a polypyrrole backbone derivatized at the beta position by a vinyl-hydroquinone pendant group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials
- Department of Engineering Sciences
- The Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- SE-751 21 Uppsala
| | - Christoffer Karlsson
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials
- Department of Engineering Sciences
- The Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- SE-751 21 Uppsala
| | - Maria Strømme
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials
- Department of Engineering Sciences
- The Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- SE-751 21 Uppsala
| | - Adolf Gogoll
- Department of Chemistry – BMC
- Biomedical Centre
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Martin Sjödin
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials
- Department of Engineering Sciences
- The Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- SE-751 21 Uppsala
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16
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Yang L, Huang X, Gogoll A, Strømme M, Sjödin M. Effect of the Linker in Terephthalate-Functionalized Conducting Redox Polymers. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Karlsson C, Nicholas J, Evans D, Forsyth M, Strømme M, Sjödin M, Howlett PC, Pozo-Gonzalo C. Stable Deep Doping of Vapor-Phase Polymerized Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/Ionic Liquid Supercapacitors. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:2112-2121. [PMID: 27325487 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-solution polymerization and vapor-phase polymerization (VPP) have been used to manufacture a series of chloride- and tosylate-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) carbon paper electrodes. The electrochemistry, specific capacitance, and specific charge were determined for single electrodes in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (emim dca) ionic liquid electrolyte. VPP-PEDOT exhibits outstanding properties with a specific capacitance higher than 300 F g(-1) , the highest value reported for a PEDOT-based conducting polymer, and doping levels as high as 0.7 charges per monomer were achieved. Furthermore, symmetric PEDOT supercapacitor cells with the emim dca electrolyte exhibited a high specific capacitance (76.4 F g(-1) ) and high specific energy (19.8 Wh kg(-1) ). A Ragone plot shows that the VPP-PEDOT cells combine the high specific power of conventional ("pure") capacitors with the high specific energy of batteries, a highly sought-after target for energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Karlsson
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - James Nicholas
- Thin Film Coatings Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Drew Evans
- Thin Film Coatings Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Maria Forsyth
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Burwood, 3125, Australia
| | - Maria Strømme
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Sjödin
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrick C Howlett
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Burwood, 3125, Australia
| | - Cristina Pozo-Gonzalo
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Burwood, 3125, Australia.
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Huang H, Karlsson C, Strømme M, Sjödin M, Gogoll A. Hydroquinone-pyrrole dyads with varied linkers. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:89-96. [PMID: 26877811 PMCID: PMC4734300 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of pyrroles functionalized in the 3-position with p-dimethoxybenzene via various linkers (CH2, CH2CH2, CH=CH, C≡C) has been synthesized. Their electronic properties have been deduced from 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and UV–vis spectra to detect possible interactions between the two aromatic subunits. The extent of conjugation between the subunits is largely controlled by the nature of the linker, with the largest conjugation found with the trans-ethene linker and the weakest with the aliphatic linkers. DFT calculations revealed substantial changes in the HOMO–LUMO gap that correlated with the extent of conjugation found experimentally. The results of this work are expected to open up for use of the investigated compounds as components of redox-active materials in sustainable, organic electrical energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Karlsson
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Strømme
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Sjödin
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adolf Gogoll
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Ion- and Electron Transport in Pyrrole/Quinone Conducting Redox Polymers Investigated by In Situ Conductivity Methods. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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