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Toader G, Diacon A, Axinte SM, Mocanu A, Rusen E. State-of-the-Art Polyurea Coatings: Synthesis Aspects, Structure-Properties Relationship, and Nanocomposites for Ballistic Protection Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:454. [PMID: 38399832 PMCID: PMC10893384 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This review presents polyurea (PU) synthesis, the structure-properties relationship, and characterization aspects for ballistic protection applications. The synthesis of polyurea entails step-growth polymerization through the reaction of an isocyanate monomer/prepolymer and a polyamine, each component possessing a functionality of at least two. A wide range of excellent properties such as durability and high resistance against atmospheric, chemical, and biological factors has made this polymer an outstanding option for ballistic applications. Polyureas are an extraordinary case because they contain both rigid segments, which are due to the diisocyanates used and the hydrogen points formed, and a flexible zone, which is due to the chemical structure of the polyamines. These characteristics motivate their application in ballistic protection systems. Polyurea-based coatings have also demonstrated their abilities as candidates for impulsive loading applications, affording a better response of the nanocomposite-coated metal sheet at the action of a shock wave or at the impact of a projectile, by suffering lower deformations than neat metallic plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Toader
- Military Technical Academy “Ferdinand I”, 39-49 George Coșbuc Boulevard, 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (A.D.)
| | - Aurel Diacon
- Military Technical Academy “Ferdinand I”, 39-49 George Coșbuc Boulevard, 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (A.D.)
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica Bucharest, Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Sorin Mircea Axinte
- S.C. Daily Sourcing & Research SRL, 95-97 Calea Griviței, 010705 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Mocanu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica Bucharest, Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT Bucharest, 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Edina Rusen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica Bucharest, Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
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2
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Effect of Aromatic Chain Extenders on Polyurea and Polyurethane Coatings Designed for Defense Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030756. [PMID: 36772057 PMCID: PMC9920908 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work describes the synthesis of new versatile polyurea (PU) and polyurethane (PUR) matrices, including different chain extenders, which facilitate the design of distinct, tunable properties, and high-performance derivatives. These polymers can be used for various defense and security applications, such as coatings for ballistic protection, CBRN protection, binders for energetic formulations, etc. Combining aliphatic and aromatic molecules in PU or PUR structures enables the synthesis of polymers with improved and controllable thermo-mechanical properties. Thus, for polyurea synthesis, we utilized two types of polymeric aliphatic diamines and three types of aromatic chain extenders (1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine, benzene-1,2-diamine, and 1,2-diphenylhydrazine). An analogous method was used to synthesize polyurethane films by employing one polymeric aliphatic polyol and three types of aromatic chain extenders (benzene-1,3-diol, benzene-1,4-diol, and benzene-1,2,3-triol). Subsequently, various analytic techniques (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), single cantilever dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), frequency-dependent shear modulus survey, tensile tests, water contact angle measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX)) have been utilized to characterize the synthesized materials and to evaluate the influence of each chain extender on their final properties.
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3
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Investigating the molecular origins of deformation in polyurea. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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4
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de Zwart FJ, Laan PCM, van Leeuwen NS, Bobylev EO, Amstalden van Hove ER, Mathew S, Yan N, Flapper J, van den Berg KJ, Reek JNH, de Bruin B. Isocyanate-Free Polyurea Synthesis via Ru-Catalyzed Carbene Insertion into the N–H Bonds of Urea. Macromolecules 2022; 55:9690-9696. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix J. de Zwart
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petrus C. M. Laan
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole S. van Leeuwen
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eduard O. Bobylev
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erika R. Amstalden van Hove
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Environmental and Health, Free University of Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Mathew
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ning Yan
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jitte Flapper
- Akzo Nobel Decorative Coatings B.V., Rijksstraatweg 31, 2171 AJ Sassenheim, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wang Y, Ma R, Li H, Hu S, Gao Y, Liu L, Zhao X, Zhang L. Effect of the content and strength of hard segment on the viscoelasticity of the polyurethane elastomer: insights from molecular dynamics simulation. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4090-4101. [PMID: 35575258 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00463a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the wide application, it is very crucial to understand the viscoelasticity of the polyurethane elastomer (PU, denoted by soft-hard block copolymer), which contains the soft segments (SS) and hard segments (HS). Thus, in this work, the effect of the content and strength of HS on the viscoelasticity of PU is explored in detail by adopting a coarse-grained model. First, the phase morphology of PU is characterized where both the single continuous phase and the bicontinuous phase are observed by varying the content of HS. Then, the viscoelasticity of PU is calculated by analyzing the storage modulus, the loss modulus, and the loss factor, which depends on the content and strength of HS. To further elucidate the mechanism for the storage modulus, the normalized interaction energy, the order parameter, and the formation probability of the HS or SS phase are characterized with the shear strain amplitude, which reflects the deformation of the phase structure. Then, the energy dissipation is quantified, which can rationalize the loss modulus well. A parameter is introduced, which considers the relative slippage and the content of HS or SS. It can explain the change in the loss factor with the content and strength of HS. In summary, this work can help to further understand how the content and strength of hard segments affect the viscoelasticity of the soft-hard block PU and structure evolution at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ruibin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Haoxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shikai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiuying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
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Shojaei B, Najafi M, Yazdanbakhsh A, Abtahi M, Zhang C. A review on the applications of polyurea in the construction industry. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Shojaei
- Department of Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Najafi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Amirhosein Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Mojtaba Abtahi
- Centre for Infrastructure Engineering Western Sydney University Penrith New South Wales Australia
- Structural Vibration Control Group Qingdao University of Technology (QUT) Qingdao China
| | - Chunwei Zhang
- Centre for Infrastructure Engineering Western Sydney University Penrith New South Wales Australia
- Structural Vibration Control Group Qingdao University of Technology (QUT) Qingdao China
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7
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Li J, Yu N, Ding Y, Xu T, Zhang G, Jing Z, Shi X. Fabrication of rigid polyimide foams with overall enhancement of thermal and mechanical properties. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20956925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyimide (PI) foams have been developed for decades and widely used as thermal insulation materials. However, the limited mechanical and thermal properties continually being a serious problem that restrict their further applications. In this study, a series of rigid PI foams with excellent mechanical and thermal performance were fabricated by the reaction of benzophenone-3,3',4,4'-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) with two diamines of 2–(4-aminophenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole (BIA) and 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA) with various molar ratios, and the cis-5-norbornene-endo-2,3-dicarbox-ylic acid (NA) was introduced as end-capping and foaming agent. The results demonstrate that the foaming degree decreases with increasing the BIA molar ratio in the polymer chains owing to the elevated melt viscosity of precursor. Furthermore, the prepared rigid PI foams exhibit excellent thermal and mechanical properties. When the BIA contend up to 40 mol%, the glass transition temperature ( Tg) and the temperature at 10% of weight loss ( Td 10 %) of PI foam increased ∼80°C and ∼35°C in comparison with the pristine PI-0, respectively. In addition, the compressive strength and modulus at 10% strain of PI-4 reached to 5.48 MPa and 23.8 MPa, respectively. For the above-mentioned advantages, the prepared rigid PI foams are promising candidates as thermal insulation and structure support composite materials in the aerospace and aviation industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ni Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuanqing Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tianle Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guangcheng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhanxin Jing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuetao Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
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8
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9
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Bonattini VH, Paula LAL, Jesus NAM, Tavares DC, Nicolella HD, Magalhães LG, Molina EF. One‐step formation of polyurea gel as a multifunctional approach for biological and environmental applications. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas AL Paula
- Department of ChemistryUniversidade de Franca Franca Brazil
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10
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Ghosal K, Bhattacharjee U, Sarkar K. Facile green synthesis of bioresorbable polyester from soybean oil and recycled plastic waste for osteochondral tissue regeneration. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Sebastián N, Contal C, Sánchez-Ferrer A, Pieruccini M. Interplay between structure and relaxation in polyurea networks: the point of view from a novel method of cooperativity analysis of dielectric response. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:7839-7849. [PMID: 30209502 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01113c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The influence of structural constraints on the relaxation dynamics of three polyurea networks with a varying degree of crosslinking, has been studied by means of a thorough analysis of broadband dielectric spectroscopy measurements. Two different relaxation processes are observed, namely, a fast process involving the soft poly(propylene oxide) chains, and a slower and much broader process associated with the immediate surroundings of the hard crosslinkers. Microphase separation in soft and hard domains characterizes the systems in the presence of hydrogen bonding. In this case, different confinement conditions are explored by varying the soft chain length; overall, so called "adsorption" effects dominate. With respect to both cooperativity and the rearrangement energy threshold in fast relaxation, it is found that the enhancement of configurational constraints is similar to cooling, but only on qualitative grounds. An upper bound of the hard domains' interface thickness, in which the slow relaxation is believed to take place, is estimated from the analysis of the fast relaxation in the system characterized by the highest degree of confinement, taking into account the results of the structural analysis. Dropping the hydrogen bonding mechanism, phase separation does not occur anymore and the configurational constraints at the ends of the soft chains are reduced, leaving just those imposed by the rigid crosslinkers. This leads to a significant increase in cooperativity on approaching the glass transition, and to a complex behavior that is thoroughly discussed in comparison with those observed in the micro-segregated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Sebastián
- JoŽef Stefan Institute, Department of Complex Matter - F7, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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13
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Jamalpour S, Ghaffarian SR, Jangizehi A. Effect of matrix−nanoparticle supramolecular interactions on the morphology and mechanical properties of polymer foams. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seifollah Jamalpour
- Department of Polymer Engineering; Amirkabir University of Technology; Tehran Iran
| | | | - Amir Jangizehi
- Department of Polymer Engineering; Amirkabir University of Technology; Tehran Iran
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14
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Iqbal N, Tripathi M, Parthasarathy S, Kumar D, Roy PK. Tuning the properties of segmented polyurea by regulating soft-segment length. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Iqbal
- Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety; DRDO; Timarpur Delhi 110054 India
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Polymer Technology; Delhi Technological University; Delhi 110042 India
| | - Manorama Tripathi
- Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety; DRDO; Timarpur Delhi 110054 India
| | - Surekha Parthasarathy
- Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety; DRDO; Timarpur Delhi 110054 India
| | - Devendra Kumar
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Polymer Technology; Delhi Technological University; Delhi 110042 India
| | - Prasun Kumar Roy
- Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety; DRDO; Timarpur Delhi 110054 India
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15
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Jamalpour S, Ghaffarian SR, Goldansaz H. Using supramolecular associations to create stable cellular structures in amorphous soft polymers. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seifollah Jamalpour
- Department of Polymer Engineering; Amirkabir University of Technology; Tehran Iran
| | | | - Hadi Goldansaz
- Department of Polymer Engineering; Amirkabir University of Technology; Tehran Iran
- Bio and Soft Matter Division (BSMA), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
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16
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Li J, Zhang G, Jing Z, Li J, Zhou L, Zhang H. Synthesis and characterization of porous polyimide films containing benzimidazole moieties. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008317697803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a series of porous polyimide films containing benzimidazole units were prepared through a phase separation process. The dibutyl phthalate was selected as porogen. The copolyimides were prepared by the reaction of 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride with two diamines of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole (BIA) and 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether with various molar ratios. The resultant porous polyimide films exhibit optimum cell-size distributions. The effects of BIA on morphology, mechanical, and thermal properties of the porous films were explored. It was found that as the BIA content reached up to 30 mol%, the porous copolyimide film demonstrates remarkable thermal stability and admirable mechanical properties with the glass transition temperature of 294°C, 5% weight loss temperature in argon flow up to 545°C, and a tensile strength of 48 MPa. The incorporation of BIA into the polyimide chains brought the highly rigid structures and strong intermolecular interactions, resulting in the enhancement in the thermal stability and the mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guangcheng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhanxin Jing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiantong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lisheng Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hongming Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
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17
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Tombari E, Pieruccini M. Cooperativity at the glass transition: A perspective from facilitation on the analysis of relaxation in modulated calorimetry. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:052504. [PMID: 27967068 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.052504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The glass transition region in nonconfined polymeric and low-molecular-weight supercooled liquids is probed by temperature-modulated calorimetry at a frequency of 3.3 mHz. From the distribution of relaxation times derived by analyzing the complex heat capacity, the number N_{α} of cooperatively rearranging units is estimated. This is done by resorting to a method in which cooperative motion is viewed as a result of a spontaneous regression of energy fluctuations. After a first, local, structural transition occurs, the energy threshold for the rearrangement of adjacent molecular units decreases progressively. This facilitation process is associated to a corresponding evolution of the density of states in a canonical representation and may be considered as a continuous spanning through different dynamic states toward a condition in which configurational constraints disappear. A good agreement is found with the N_{α} values obtained from the same calorimetric data within the framework of Donth's fluctuation theory. It is shown that, at variance from previous treatments, N_{α} can be estimated from just the relaxation function, without resorting to the knowledge of the configurational entropy. Examples point to a modest dependence of the N_{α} estimates on the experimental method used to derive the relaxation function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elpidio Tombari
- CNR, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, v. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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18
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Toader G, Rusen E, Teodorescu M, Diacon A, Stanescu PO, Rotariu T, Rotariu A. Novel polyurea polymers with enhanced mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Toader
- Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science; Polytechnic University of Bucharest; 1-7 Polizu Street Bucharest 011061 Romania
- Military Technical Academy; 39-49 George Cosbuc Boulevard Bucharest 050141 Romania
| | - Edina Rusen
- Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science; Polytechnic University of Bucharest; 1-7 Polizu Street Bucharest 011061 Romania
| | - Mircea Teodorescu
- Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science; Polytechnic University of Bucharest; 1-7 Polizu Street Bucharest 011061 Romania
| | - Aurel Diacon
- Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science; Polytechnic University of Bucharest; 1-7 Polizu Street Bucharest 011061 Romania
| | - Paul O. Stanescu
- Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science; Polytechnic University of Bucharest; 1-7 Polizu Street Bucharest 011061 Romania
| | - Traian Rotariu
- Military Technical Academy; 39-49 George Cosbuc Boulevard Bucharest 050141 Romania
| | - Adrian Rotariu
- Military Technical Academy; 39-49 George Cosbuc Boulevard Bucharest 050141 Romania
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19
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Goldansaz H, Fustin CA, Wübbenhorst M, van Ruymbeke E. How Supramolecular Assemblies Control Dynamics of Associative Polymers: Toward a General Picture. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles-André Fustin
- Bio
and Soft Matter Division (BSMA), Institut de la Matière Condensée
et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, Place Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Michael Wübbenhorst
- Soft
Matter and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200d, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Li J, Zhang G, Yao Y, Jing Z, Zhou L, Ma Z. Synthesis and properties of polyimide foams containing benzimidazole units. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08271h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel polyimide foams containing benzimidazole units were prepared from polyester ammonium salt (PEAS) precursor powders, which were synthesized by co-polymerization of BTDA with two diamines, BIA and ODA, in various molar ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Guangcheng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Yao Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Zhanxin Jing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Lisheng Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Zhonglei Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
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21
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Iqbal N, Tripathi M, Parthasarathy S, Kumar D, Roy PK. Polyurea coatings for enhanced blast-mitigation: a review. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23866a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Major developments in the area of blast mitigation using polyurea coatings as retrofit or existing structures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Iqbal
- Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety
- DRDO
- Delhi 110054
- India
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Polymer Technology
| | - M. Tripathi
- Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety
- DRDO
- Delhi 110054
- India
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Polymer Technology
| | - S. Parthasarathy
- Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety
- DRDO
- Delhi 110054
- India
| | - D. Kumar
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Polymer Technology
- Delhi Technological University
- Delhi 110042
- India
| | - P. K. Roy
- Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety
- DRDO
- Delhi 110054
- India
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22
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Li B, Yao W, Shao H, Huang B, He A. Composition-properties relationship in epoxidized trans-1,4-polyisoprene obtained by heterogeneous method. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x15050132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Diez-Berart S, López DO, Salud J, Diego JA, Sellarès J, Robles-Hernández B, de la Fuente MR, Ros MB. Two Glass Transitions Associated to Different Dynamic Disorders in the Nematic Glassy State of a Non-Symmetric Liquid Crystal Dimer Dopped with g-Alumina Nanoparticles. MATERIALS 2015. [PMCID: PMC5455711 DOI: 10.3390/ma8063334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, the nematic glassy state of the non-symmetric LC dimer α-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4′-yloxy)-ω-(1-pyrenimine-benzylidene-4′-oxy) undecane is studied by means of calorimetric and dielectric measurements. The most striking result of the work is the presence of two different glass transition temperatures: one due to the freezing of the flip-flop motions of the bulkier unit of the dimer and the other, at a lower temperature, related to the freezing of the flip-flop and precessional motions of the cyanobiphenyl unit. This result shows the fact that glass transition is the consequence of the freezing of one or more coupled dynamic disorders and not of the disordered phase itself. In order to avoid crystallization when the bulk sample is cooled down, the LC dimer has been confined via the dispersion of γ-alumina nanoparticles, in several concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Diez-Berart
- Grup de Propietas Físiques dels Materials (GRPFM), Departament de Física i Enginyeria Nuclear, E.T.S.E.I.B. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain; E-Mails: (D.O.L.); (J.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-934-054-107; Fax: +34-934-011-839
| | - David O. López
- Grup de Propietas Físiques dels Materials (GRPFM), Departament de Física i Enginyeria Nuclear, E.T.S.E.I.B. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain; E-Mails: (D.O.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Josep Salud
- Grup de Propietas Físiques dels Materials (GRPFM), Departament de Física i Enginyeria Nuclear, E.T.S.E.I.B. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain; E-Mails: (D.O.L.); (J.S.)
| | - José Antonio Diego
- Dielectric Materials Physics Laboratory (DILAB), Departament de Física i Enginyeria Nuclear, E.T.S.E.I.B. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Colom 11, Terrassa 08222, Spain; E-Mails: (J.A.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Jordi Sellarès
- Dielectric Materials Physics Laboratory (DILAB), Departament de Física i Enginyeria Nuclear, E.T.S.E.I.B. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Colom 11, Terrassa 08222, Spain; E-Mails: (J.A.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Beatriz Robles-Hernández
- Departamento de Física Aplicada II, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV-EHU, Apartado 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain; E-Mails: (B.R.-H.); (M.R.F.)
| | - María Rosario de la Fuente
- Departamento de Física Aplicada II, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV-EHU, Apartado 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain; E-Mails: (B.R.-H.); (M.R.F.)
| | - María Blanca Ros
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Departamento de Química Orgánica-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Zaragoza 50009, Spain; E-Mail:
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24
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Sánchez-Ferrer A, Rogez D, Martinoty P. Influence of the degree of polymerisation and of the architecture on the elastic properties of new polyurea elastomers. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09879j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The elastic properties of new polyurea elastomers have been studied by varying the segmental molecular weight and the chemical nature of the polymer end groups showing up to two plateaus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Sánchez-Ferrer
- Institute of Supramolecular Science and Engineering
- University Louis Pasteur
- Strasbourg
- France
| | - Daniel Rogez
- Institute Charles Sadron
- UPR 22 CNRS
- Strasbourg Cedex
- France
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25
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Yin C, Zhang Z, Dong J, Zhang Q. Structure and properties of aromatic poly(benzimidazole-imide) copolymer fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqing Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Zixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
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