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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Wallace H, Benford D, Fürst P, Rose M, Ioannidou S, Nikolič M, Bordajandi LR, Vleminckx C. Update of the risk assessment of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06421. [PMID: 33732387 PMCID: PMC7938899 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2011 risk assessment on hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food. HBCDDs, predominantly mixtures of the stereoisomers α-, β- and γ-HBCDD, were widely used additive flame retardants. Concern has been raised because of the occurrence of HBCDDs in the environment, food and in humans. Main targets for toxicity are neurodevelopment, the liver, thyroid hormone homeostasis and the reproductive and immune systems. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the neurodevelopmental effects on behaviour in mice can be considered the critical effects. Based on effects on spontaneous behaviour in mice, the Panel identified a lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 0.9 mg/kg body weight (bw) as the Reference Point, corresponding to a body burden of 0.75 mg/kg bw. The chronic intake that would lead to the same body burden in humans was calculated to be 2.35 μg/kg bw per day. The derivation of a health-based guidance value (HBGV) was not considered appropriate. Instead, the margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied to assess possible health concerns. Over 6,000 analytical results for HBCDDs in food were used to estimate the exposure across dietary surveys and age groups of the European population. The most important contributors to the chronic dietary LB exposure to HBCDDs were fish meat, eggs, livestock meat and poultry. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the resulting MOE values support the conclusion that current dietary exposure to HBCDDs across European countries does not raise a health concern. An exception is breastfed infants with high milk consumption, for which the lowest MOE values may raise a health concern.
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Miller I, Diepenbroek C, Rijntjes E, Renaut J, Teerds KJ, Kwadijk C, Cambier S, Murk AJ, Gutleb AC, Serchi T. Gender specific differences in the liver proteome of rats exposed to short term and low-concentration hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:1273-1283. [PMID: 30090431 PMCID: PMC6062380 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of short term (7-day) exposure of male rats to the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was studied by investigation of the liver proteome, both in euthyroid and hypothyroid rats and by comparing results with general data on animal physiology and thyroid hormone, leptin, insulin and gonadotropin concentrations determined in parallel. Proteome analysis of liver tissue by two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) revealed that only small protein pattern changes were induced by exposure in males, on just a few proteins with different functions and not involved in pathways in common. This is in contrast to previous findings in similarly exposed eu- and hypothyroid female rats, where general metabolic pathways had been shown to be affected. The largest gender-dependent effects concerned basal concentrations of liver proteins already in control and hypothyroid animals, involving mainly the pathways which were also differently affected by HBCD exposure. Among them were differences in lipid metabolism, which - upon exposure to HBCD - may also be the reason for the considerably higher ratio of γ-HBCD accumulated in white adipose tissue of exposed female rats compared to males. The results further elucidate the already suggested different sensitivity of genders towards HBCD exposure on the protein level, and confirm the need for undertaking toxicological animal experiments in both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Miller
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry , Department for Biomedical Sciences , University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Veterinaerplatz 1 , A-1210 Vienna , Austria .
| | - C Diepenbroek
- Wageningen University , Human and Animal Physiology , P.O. Box 338 , 6700 AH Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - E Rijntjes
- Wageningen University , Human and Animal Physiology , P.O. Box 338 , 6700 AH Wageningen , The Netherlands
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Institute of Experimental Endocrinology , Augustenburger Platz 1 , 13353, Berlin , Germany
| | - J Renaut
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department , Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , 5 , avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux , L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette , Grand-duchy of Luxembourg . ; Tel: +352-470 261
| | - K J Teerds
- Wageningen University , Human and Animal Physiology , P.O. Box 338 , 6700 AH Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - C Kwadijk
- Wageningen Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies , IMARES , IJmuiden , The Netherlands
| | - S Cambier
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department , Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , 5 , avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux , L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette , Grand-duchy of Luxembourg . ; Tel: +352-470 261
| | - A J Murk
- Wageningen University , Marine Animal Ecology Group , De Elst 1 , 6708 WD Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - A C Gutleb
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department , Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , 5 , avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux , L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette , Grand-duchy of Luxembourg . ; Tel: +352-470 261
| | - T Serchi
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department , Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , 5 , avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux , L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette , Grand-duchy of Luxembourg . ; Tel: +352-470 261
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