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Watts E, Thyer R, Ellington AD, Brodbelt JS. Integrated Top-Down and Bottom-Up Mass Spectrometry for Characterization of Diselenide Bridging Patterns of Synthetic Selenoproteins. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11175-11184. [PMID: 35930618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid acceleration in the design and development of new biotherapeutics, ensuring consistent quality and understanding degradation pathways remain paramount, requiring an array of analytical methods including mass spectrometry. The incorporation of non-canonical amino acids, such as for synthetic selenoproteins, creates additional challenges. A comprehensive strategy to characterize selenoproteins should serve dual purposes of providing sequence confirmation and mapping of selenocysteine bridge locations and the identification of unanticipated side products. In the present study, a combined approach exploiting the benefits of both top-down and bottom-up mass spectrometry was developed. Both electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation and 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation were utilized to provide complementary information, allowing high quality characterization, localization of diselenide bridges for complex proteins, and the identification of previously unreported selenoprotein dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Watts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ross Thyer
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Andrew D Ellington
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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2
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Yang X, Zhang L, Xia Y. Photochemical Disulfide-Ene Modification Enhances Protein Sequencing and Disulfide Mapping by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15231-15235. [PMID: 34751558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A new photochemical disulfide-ene reaction system capable of alkylating protein disulfide bonds in seconds has been established. The system is simple, containing acetone and isopropanol for disulfide reduction under 254 nm UV irradiation and norbornene as a highly efficient alkylation reagent. Enhanced characterization of disulfide-rich proteins with significantly shortened analysis time is demonstrated by coupling the reaction online with mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Longfei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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3
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Lavanya MN, Preethi R, Moses JA, Anandharamakrishnan C. Aerosol-based Pulmonary Delivery of Therapeutic Molecules from Food Sources: Delivery Mechanism, Research Trends, and the Way Forward. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1888971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. N. Lavanya
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit, Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology (IIFPT), Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Govt. Of India, India
| | - R. Preethi
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit, Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology (IIFPT), Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Govt. Of India, India
| | - J. A. Moses
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit, Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology (IIFPT), Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Govt. Of India, India
| | - C. Anandharamakrishnan
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit, Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology (IIFPT), Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Govt. Of India, India
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4
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Li G, Delafield DG, Li L. Improved structural elucidation of peptide isomers and their receptors using advanced ion mobility-mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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5
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Zhuang M, Li H, Jiang J, Huang G. Reagent-free and pH-independent degradation of N-nitrosamines using electrons generated via corona discharge at ambient pressure. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:141-147. [PMID: 30536522 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditional degradation methods for N-nitrosamines are either confined with acid solution or required for additional chemical reagents to guarantee high reaction efficiency. Herein, we demonstrate a facile and effective way for reagent-free and pH-independent degradation of N-nitrosamines, which was induced by free electrons generated via corona discharge at ambient pressure. The highly reactive free electron is produced in situ and responsible for degradation of three N-nitrosamines, which was also theoretically confirmed. N-nitrosamines were believed to be reduced by electrons and to form the radical anion, which underwent a selectively heterolytic cleavage of the N-NO bonds to form the corresponding secondary amines as the degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Zhuang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Hongbao Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Guangming Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, PR China
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6
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Corona discharge electrospray ionization of formate-containing solutions enables in-source reduction of disulfide bonds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:4729-4737. [PMID: 30397758 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are critical linkages for maintaining protein structure and enzyme activity. These linkages, however, can limit peptide sequencing efforts by mass spectrometry (MS) and often require chemical reduction and alkylation. Under such conditions, information regarding cysteine connectivity is lost. Online partial disulfide reduction within the electrospray (ESI) source has recently been established as a means to identify complex cysteine linkage patterns in a liquid chromatography-MS experiment without the need for sample pre-treatment. Corona discharge (CD) is invoked as the causative factor of this in-source reduction (ISR); however, evidence remains largely circumstantial. In this study, we demonstrate that instrumental factors-nebulizing gas, ESI capillary material, organic solvent content, ESI spray needle-to-MS distance-all modulate the degree of reduction observed for the single disulfide in oxytocin, further implicating CD in ISR. Rigorous analysis of solution conditions, however, reveals that corona discharge alone can induce only minor disulfide reduction. We establish that CD-ESI of peptide solutions containing formic acid or its conjugate base results in a dramatic increase in disulfide reduction. It is also determined that ISR is exacerbated at low pH for complex peptides containing multiple disulfide bonds and possessing higher-order structure, as well as for a small protein. Overall, our results demonstrate that ESI of formate/formic acid-containing solutions under corona discharge conditions facilitates disulfide ISR, likely by a similar reduction pathway measured in γ-radiolysis studies nearly three decades ago.
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7
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Time-resolved method to distinguish protein/peptide oxidation during electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1011:59-67. [PMID: 29475486 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is one of the most prevalent techniques used to monitor protein/peptide oxidation induced by reactive oxygen species (ROSs). However, both corona discharge (CD) and electrochemistry (EC) can also lead to protein/peptide oxidation during ESI. Because the two types of oxidation occur almost simultaneously, determining the extent to which the two pathways contribute to protein/peptide oxidation is difficult. Herein, a time-resolved method was introduced to identify and differentiate CD- and EC-induced oxidation. Using this approach, we separated the instantaneous CD-induced oxidation from the hysteretic EC-induced oxidation, and the effects of the spray voltage and flow rate of the ESI source on both oxidation types were investigated with a homemade ESI source. For angiotensin II analogue (b-DRVYVHPF-y), the dehydrogenation and oxygenation species were the detected EC-induced oxidation products, while the oxygenation species were the major CD-induced oxidation products. This time-resolved approach was also applicable to a commercial HESI source, in which both CD and EC were responsible for hemoglobin and cytochrome c oxidation with upstream grounding while CD dominated the oxidation without upstream grounding.
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Stocks BB, Melanson JE. In-Source Reduction of Disulfide-Bonded Peptides Monitored by Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:742-751. [PMID: 29450858 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many peptides with antimicrobial activity and/or therapeutic potential contain disulfide bonds as a means to enhance stability, and their quantitation is often performed using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Disulfides can be reduced during ESI under commonly used instrument conditions, which has the potential to hinder accurate peptide quantitation. We demonstrate that this in-source reduction (ISR) is predominantly observed for peptides infused from acidic solutions and subjected to elevated ESI voltages (3-4 kV). ISR is readily apparent in the mass spectrum of oxytocin-a small, single disulfide-containing peptide. However, subtle m/z shifts due to partial ISR of highly charged (z ≥ 3) peptides with multiple disulfide linkages may proceed unnoticed. Ion mobility (IM)-MS separates ions on the basis of charge and shape in the gas phase, and using insulin as a model system, we show that IM-MS arrival time distributions (ATDs) are particularly sensitive to partial ISR of large peptides. Isotope modeling allows for the relative quantitation of disulfide-intact and partially reduced states of the mobility-separated peptide conformers. Interestingly, hepcidin peptides ionized from acidic solutions at elevated ESI voltages undergo gas-phase compaction, ostensibly due to partial disulfide ISR. Our IM-MS results lead us to propose that residual acid is the likely cause of disparate ATDs recently measured for hepcidin from different suppliers [Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 409, 2559-2567 (2017)]. Overall, our results demonstrate the utility of IM-MS to detect partial ISR of disulfide-bonded peptides and reinforce the notion that peptide/protein measurements should be carried out using minimally activating instrument conditions. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley B Stocks
- National Research Council of Canada, Measurement Science and Standards, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- National Research Council of Canada, Measurement Science and Standards, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
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9
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Xie X, Wang Z, Li Y, Zhan L, Nie Z. Investigation and Applications of In-Source Oxidation in Liquid Sampling-Atmospheric Pressure Afterglow Microplasma Ionization (LS-APAG) Source. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1036-1047. [PMID: 27995501 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure afterglow microplasma ionization (LS-APAG) source is presented for the first time, which is embedded with both electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure afterglow microplasma ionization (APAG) techniques. This ion source is capable of analyzing compounds with diverse molecule weights and polarities. An unseparated mixture sample was detected as a proof-of-concept, giving complementary information (both polarities and non-polarities) with the two ionization modes. It should also be noted that molecular mass can be quickly identified by ESI with clean and simple spectra, while the structure can be directly studied using APAG with in-source oxidation. The ionization/oxidation mechanism and applications of the LS-APAG source have been further explored in the analysis of nonpolar alkanes and unsaturated fatty acids/esters. A unique [M + O - 3H]+ was observed in the case of individual alkanes (C5-C19) and complex hydrocarbons mixture under optimized conditions. Moreover, branched alkanes generated significant in-source fragments, which could be further applied to the discrimination of isomeric alkanes. The technique also facilitates facile determination of double bond positions in unsaturated fatty acids/esters due to diagnostic fragments (the acid/ester-containing aldehyde and acid oxidation products) generated by on-line ozonolysis in APAG mode. Finally, some examples of in situ APAG analysis by gas sampling and surface sampling were given as well. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Xie
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhenpeng Wang
- National Center for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yafeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lingpeng Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- National Center for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing, Beijing, 100190, China.
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10
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Cramer CN, Kelstrup CD, Olsen JV, Haselmann KF, Nielsen PK. Complete Mapping of Complex Disulfide Patterns with Closely-Spaced Cysteines by In-Source Reduction and Data-Dependent Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5949-5957. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian N. Cramer
- Protein
Engineering, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
- Proteomics
Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research,
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian D. Kelstrup
- Proteomics
Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research,
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper V. Olsen
- Proteomics
Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research,
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim F. Haselmann
- Protein
Engineering, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Peter Kresten Nielsen
- Protein
Engineering, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
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11
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Pei J, Hsu CC, Wang Y, Yu K. Corona discharge-induced reduction of quinones in negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08523k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinone reduction during negative ESI MS was illustrated to be closely related to corona discharge (CD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Pei
- School of Marine Sciences
- Guangxi University
- Nanning
- P. R. China
- Coral Reef Research Center of China
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsu
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Yinghui Wang
- School of Marine Sciences
- Guangxi University
- Nanning
- P. R. China
- Coral Reef Research Center of China
| | - Kefu Yu
- School of Marine Sciences
- Guangxi University
- Nanning
- P. R. China
- Coral Reef Research Center of China
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