1
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Vardaki MZ, Pavlou E, Simantiris N, Lampri E, Seretis K, Kourkoumelis N. Towards non-invasive monitoring of non-melanoma skin cancer using spatially offset Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2023; 148:4386-4395. [PMID: 37593769 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00684k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BCC (basal cell carcinoma) and SCC (squamous cell carcinoma) account for the vast majority of cases of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). The gold standard for the diagnosis remains biopsy, which, however, is an invasive and time-consuming procedure. In this study, we employed spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS), a non-invasive approach, allowing the assessment of deeper skin tissue levels and collection of Raman photons with a bias towards the different layers of epidermis, where the non-melanoma cancers are initially formed and expand. Ex vivo Raman measurements were acquired from 22 skin biopsies using conventional back-scattering and a defocused modality (with and without a spatial offset). The spectral data were assessed against corresponding histopathological data to determine potential prognostic factors for lesion detection. The results revealed a positive correlation of protein and lipid content with the SCC and BCC types, respectively. By further correlating with patient data, multiple factor analysis (MFA) demonstrated a strong clustering of variables based on sex and age in all modalities. Specifically for the defocused modality (zero and 2 mm offset), further clustering occurred based on pathology. This study demonstrates the utility of the SORS technology in NMSC diagnosis prior to histopathological examination on the same tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Z Vardaki
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Pavlou
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Evangeli Lampri
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Seretis
- Department of Plastic Surgery, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kourkoumelis
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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2
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Fernández-Galiana Á, Bibikova O, Vilms Pedersen S, Stevens MM. Fundamentals and Applications of Raman-Based Techniques for the Design and Development of Active Biomedical Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2210807. [PMID: 37001970 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is an analytical method based on light-matter interactions that can interrogate the vibrational modes of matter and provide representative molecular fingerprints. Mediated by its label-free, non-invasive nature, and high molecular specificity, Raman-based techniques have become ubiquitous tools for in situ characterization of materials. This review comprehensively describes the theoretical and practical background of Raman spectroscopy and its advanced variants. The numerous facets of material characterization that Raman scattering can reveal, including biomolecular identification, solid-to-solid phase transitions, and spatial mapping of biomolecular species in bioactive materials, are highlighted. The review illustrates the potential of these techniques in the context of active biomedical material design and development by highlighting representative studies from the literature. These studies cover the use of Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of both natural and synthetic biomaterials, including engineered tissue constructs, biopolymer systems, ceramics, and nanoparticle formulations, among others. To increase the accessibility and adoption of these techniques, the present review also provides the reader with practical recommendations on the integration of Raman techniques into the experimental laboratory toolbox. Finally, perspectives on how recent developments in plasmon- and coherently-enhanced Raman spectroscopy can propel Raman from underutilized to critical for biomaterial development are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Fernández-Galiana
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Olga Bibikova
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Simon Vilms Pedersen
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
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3
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Zhang Y, Chen R, Liu F, Miao P, Lin L, Ye J. In Vivo Surface-Enhanced Transmission Raman Spectroscopy under Maximum Permissible Exposure: Toward Photosafe Detection of Deep-Seated Tumors. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201334. [PMID: 36572635 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The detection of deep-seated lesions is of great significance for biomedical applications. However, due to the strong photon absorption and scattering of biological tissues, it is challenging to realize in vivo deep optical detections, particularly for those using the safe laser irradiance below clinical maximum permissible exposure (MPE). In this work, the combination of ultra-bright surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanotags and transmission Raman spectroscopy (TRS) is reported to achieve the non-invasive and photosafe detection of "phantom" lesions deeply hidden in biological tissues, under the guidance of theoretical calculations showing the importance of SERS nanotags' brightness and the expansion of laser beam size. Using a home-built TRS system with a laser power density of 0.264 W cm-2 (below the MPE criteria), we successfully demonstrated the detection of SERS nanotags through up to 14-cm-thick ex vivo porcine tissues, as well as in vivo imaging of "phantom" lesions labeled by SERS nanotags in a 1.5-cm-thick unshaved mouse under MPE. This work highlights the potential of transmission Raman-guided identification and non-invasive imaging toward clinically photosafe cancer diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Ruoyu Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Fugang Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Peng Miao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Jian Ye
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
- Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
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4
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Vardaki MZ, Georg Schulze H, Serrano K, Blades MW, Devine DV, F B Turner R. Assessing the quality of stored red blood cells using handheld Spatially Offset Raman spectroscopy with multisource correlation analysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 276:121220. [PMID: 35395462 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work we employ Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) to non-invasively identify storage-related changes in red blood cell concentrate (RCC) in-situ within standard plastic transfusion bags. To validate the measurements, we set up a parallel study comparing both bioanalytical data (obtained by blood-gas analysis, hematology analysis and spectrophotometric assays), and Raman spectrometry data from the same blood samples. We then employ Multisource Correlation Analysis (MuSCA) to correlate the different types of data in RCC. Our analysis confirmed a strong correlation of glucose, methemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin with their respective bioassay values in RCC units. Finally, by combining MuSCA with k-means clustering, we assessed changes in all Raman wavenumbers during cold storage in both RCC Raman data from the current study and parallel RCC supernatant Raman data previously acquired from the same units. Direct RCC quality monitoring during storage, would help to establish a basis for improved inventory management of blood products in blood banks and hospitals based on analytical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Z Vardaki
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - H Georg Schulze
- Monte do Tojal, Caixa Postal 128, Hortinhas, Terena 7250-069, Portugal
| | - Katherine Serrano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6 T 2B5, Canada; Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z3, Canada; Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services
| | - Michael W Blades
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Dana V Devine
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6 T 2B5, Canada; Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z3, Canada; Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services
| | - Robin F B Turner
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z1, Canada; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
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5
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Moran LJ, Wordingham F, Gardner B, Stone N, Harries TJ. An experimental and numerical modelling investigation of the optical properties of Intralipid using deep Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2021; 146:7601-7610. [PMID: 34783335 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01801a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Monte Carlo simulations were created to investigate the distribution of Raman signals in tissue phantoms and to validate the arctk code that was used. The aim was to show our code is capable of replicating experimental results in order to use it to advise similar future studies and to predict the outcomes. The experiment performed to benchmark our code used large volume liquid tissue phantoms to simulate the scattering properties of human tissue. The scattering agent used was Intralipid (IL), of various concentrations, filling a small quartz tank. A thin sample of PTFE was made to act as a distinct layer in the tank; this was our Raman signal source. We studied experimentally, and then reproduced via simulations, the variation in Raman signal strength in a transmission geometry as a function of the optical properties of the scattering agent and the location of the Raman material in the volume. We have also found that a direct linear extrapolation of scattering coefficients between concentrations of Intralipid is an incorrect assumption at lower concentrations when determining the optical properties. By combining experimental and simulation results, we have calculated different estimates of these scattering coefficients. The results of this study give insight into light propagation and Raman transport in scattering media and show how the location of maximum Raman signal varies as the optical properties change. The success of arctk in reproducing observed experimental signal behaviour will allow us in future to inform the development of noninvasive cancer screening applications (such as breast and prostate cancers) in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Moran
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Freddy Wordingham
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Benjamin Gardner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Nicholas Stone
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Tim J Harries
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK.
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6
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Gao T, Boys AJ, Zhao C, Chan K, Estroff LA, Bonassar LJ. Non-Destructive Spatial Mapping of Glycosaminoglycan Loss in Native and Degraded Articular Cartilage Using Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:744197. [PMID: 34778225 PMCID: PMC8581176 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.744197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a collagen-rich tissue that provides a smooth, lubricated surface for joints and is also responsible for load bearing during movements. The major components of cartilage are water, collagen, and proteoglycans. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease of articular cartilage, in which an early-stage indicator is the loss of proteoglycans from the collagen matrix. In this study, confocal Raman microspectroscopy was applied to study the degradation of articular cartilage, specifically focused on spatially mapping the loss of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Trypsin digestion was used as a model for cartilage degradation. Two different scanning geometries for confocal Raman mapping, cross-sectional and depth scans, were applied. The chondroitin sulfate coefficient maps derived from Raman spectra provide spatial distributions similar to histological staining for glycosaminoglycans. The depth scans, during which subsurface data were collected without sectioning the samples, can also generate spectra and GAG distributions consistent with Raman scans of the surface-to-bone cross sections. In native tissue, both scanning geometries demonstrated higher GAG content at the deeper zone beneath the articular surface and negligible GAG content after trypsin degradation. On partially digested samples, both scanning geometries detected an ∼100 μm layer of GAG depletion. Overall, this research provides a technique with high spatial resolution (25 μm pixel size) to measure cartilage degradation without tissue sections using confocal Raman microspectroscopy, laying a foundation for potential in vivo measurements and osteoarthritis diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Crystal Zhao
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Kiara Chan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lara A Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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7
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Assessment of Skin Deep Layer Biochemical Profile Using Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11209498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer is currently the most common type of cancer with millions of cases diagnosed worldwide yearly. The current gold standard for clinical diagnosis of skin cancer is an invasive and relatively time-consuming procedure, consisting of visual examination followed by biopsy collection and histopathological analysis. Raman spectroscopy has been shown to efficiently aid the non-invasive diagnosis of skin cancer when probing the surface of the skin. In this study, we employ a recent development of Raman spectroscopy (Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy, SORS) which is able to look deeper in tissue and create a deep layer biochemical profile of the skin in areas where cancer lesions subtly evolve. After optimizing the measurement parameters on skin tissue phantoms, we then adopted SORS on human skin tissue from different anatomical areas to investigate the contribution of the different skin layers to the recorded Raman signal. Our results show that using a diffuse beam with zero offset to probe a sampling volume where the lesion is typically included (surface to epidermis-dermis junction), provides the optimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and may be employed in future skin cancer screening applications.
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8
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Fales AM, Ilev IK, Pfefer TJ. Evaluation of standardized performance test methods for biomedical Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 27:JBO-210201SSR. [PMID: 34713648 PMCID: PMC8551908 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.7.074705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Raman spectroscopy has emerged as a promising technique for a variety of biomedical applications. The unique ability to provide molecular specific information offers insight to the underlying biochemical changes that result in disease states such as cancer. However, one of the hurdles to successful clinical translation is a lack of international standards for calibration and performance assessment of modern Raman systems used to interrogate biological tissue. AIM To facilitate progress in the clinical translation of Raman-based devices and assist the scientific community in reaching a consensus regarding best practices for performance testing. APPROACH We reviewed the current literature and available standards documents to identify methods commonly used for bench testing of Raman devices (e.g., relative intensity correction, wavenumber calibration, noise, resolution, and sensitivity). Additionally, a novel 3D-printed turbid phantom was used to assess depth sensitivity. These approaches were implemented on three fiberoptic-probe-based Raman systems with different technical specifications. RESULTS While traditional approaches demonstrated fundamental differences due to detectors, spectrometers, and data processing routines, results from the turbid phantom illustrated the impact of illumination-collection geometry on measurement quality. CONCLUSIONS Specifications alone are necessary but not sufficient to predict in vivo performance, highlighting the need for phantom-based test methods in the standardized evaluation of Raman devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Fales
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
- Address all correspondence to Andrew M. Fales,
| | - Ilko K. Ilev
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - T. Joshua Pfefer
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
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9
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McMillan L, Reidt S, McNicol C, Barnard IRM, MacDonald M, Brown CTA, Wood K. Imaging in thick samples, a phased Monte Carlo radiation transfer algorithm. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210166R. [PMID: 34490761 PMCID: PMC8421375 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.9.096004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Optical microscopy is characterized by the ability to get high resolution, below 1 μm, high contrast, functional and quantitative images. The use of shaped illumination, such as with lightsheet microscopy, has led to greater three-dimensional isotropic resolution with low phototoxicity. However, in most complex samples and tissues, optical imaging is limited by scattering. Many solutions to this issue have been proposed, from using passive approaches such as Bessel beam illumination to active methods incorporating aberration correction, but making fair comparisons between different approaches has proven to be challenging. AIM We present a phase-encoded Monte Carlo radiation transfer algorithm (φMC) capable of comparing the merits of different illumination strategies or predicting the performance of an individual approach. APPROACH We show that φMC is capable of modeling interference phenomena such as Gaussian or Bessel beams and compare the model with experiment. RESULTS Using this verified model, we show that, for a sample with homogeneously distributed scatterers, there is no inherent advantage to illuminating a sample with a conical wave (Bessel beam) instead of a spherical wave (Gaussian beam), except for maintaining a greater depth of focus. CONCLUSION φMC is adaptable to any illumination geometry, sample property, or beam type (such as fractal or layered scatterer distribution) and as such provides a powerful predictive tool for optical imaging in thick samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis McMillan
- University of St. Andrews, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Sascha Reidt
- University of Dundee, School of Science and Engineering, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron McNicol
- University of St. Andrews, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Isla R. M. Barnard
- University of St. Andrews, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Michael MacDonald
- University of Dundee, School of Science and Engineering, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Christian T. A. Brown
- University of St. Andrews, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Wood
- University of St. Andrews, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
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10
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Fales AM, Strobbia P, Vo-Dinh T, Ilev IK, Pfefer TJ. 3D-printed phantoms for characterizing SERS nanoparticle detectability in turbid media. Analyst 2021; 145:6045-6053. [PMID: 32766656 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01295e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in plasmonic nanoparticle synthesis have enabled extremely high per-particle surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) efficiencies. This has led to the development of SERS tags for in vivo applications (e.g. tumor targeting and detection), providing high sensitivity and fingerprint-like molecular specificity. While the SERS enhancement factor is a major contributor to SERS tag performance, in practice the throughput and excitation-collection geometry of the optical system can significantly impact detectability. Test methods to objectively quantify SERS particle performance under realistic conditions are necessary to facilitate clinical translation. Towards this goal, we have developed 3D-printed phantoms with tunable, biologically-relevant optical properties. Phantoms were designed to include 1 mm-diameter channels at different depths, which can be filled with SERS tag solutions. The effects of channel depth and particle concentration on the detectability of three different SERS tags were evaluated using 785 nm laser excitation at the maximum permissible exposure for skin. Two of these tags were commercially available, featuring gold nanorods as the SERS particle, while the third tag was prepared in-house using silver-coated gold nanostars. Our findings revealed that the measured SERS intensity of tags in solution is not always a reliable predictor of detectability when applied in a turbid medium such as tissue. The phantoms developed in this work can be used to assess the suitability of specific SERS tags and instruments for their intended clinical applications and provide a means of optimizing new SERS device-tag combination products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Fales
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA.
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11
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Vardaki MZ, Schulze HG, Serrano K, Blades MW, Devine DV, Turner RFB. Non-invasive monitoring of red blood cells during cold storage using handheld Raman spectroscopy. Transfusion 2021; 61:2159-2168. [PMID: 33969894 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current best practices allow for the red blood cells (RBCs) to be stored for prolonged periods in blood banks worldwide. However, due to the individual-related variability in donated blood and RBCs continual degradation within transfusion bags, the quality of stored blood varies considerably. There is currently no method for assessing the blood product quality without compromising the sterility of the unit. This study demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring storage lesion of RBCs in situ while maintaining sterility using an optical approach. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A handheld spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (RS) device was employed to non-invasively monitor hemolysis and metabolic changes in 12 red cell concentrate (RCC) units within standard sealed transfusion bags over 7 weeks of cold storage. The donated blood was analyzed in parallel by biochemical (chemical analysis, spectrophotometry, hematology analysis) and RS measurements, which were then correlated through multisource correlation analysis. RESULTS Raman bands of lactate (857 cm-1 ), glucose (787 cm-1 ), and hemolysis (1003 cm-1 ) were found to correlate strongly with bioanalytical data over the length of storage, with correlation values 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.86-1.00; p = .0001), 0.95 (95% CI: 0.71-0.99; p = .0008) and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.79-1.00; p = .0004) respectively. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates the potential of collecting information on the clinical quality of blood units without breaching the sterility using Raman technology. This could significantly benefit quality control of RCC units, patient safety and inventory management in blood banks and hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Z Vardaki
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hans Georg Schulze
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katherine Serrano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael W Blades
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dana V Devine
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin F B Turner
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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12
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Gardner B, Matousek P, Stone N. Self-absorption corrected non-invasive transmission Raman spectroscopy (of biological tissue). Analyst 2021; 146:1260-1267. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01940b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Higher contrast of subsurface Raman spectra is achievable with self-absorption corrected transmission Raman spectroscopy. (Desired signal in red, interfering matrix artefacts in blue.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gardner
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Exeter
- Exeter
- UK
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility
- Research Complex at Harwell
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Harwell Oxford
- UK
| | - Nicholas Stone
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Exeter
- Exeter
- UK
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust
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13
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Vardaki MZ, Kourkoumelis N. Tissue Phantoms for Biomedical Applications in Raman Spectroscopy: A Review. Biomed Eng Comput Biol 2020; 11:1179597220948100. [PMID: 32884391 PMCID: PMC7440735 DOI: 10.1177/1179597220948100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a group of analytical techniques, currently applied in several research fields, including clinical diagnostics. Tissue-mimicking optical phantoms have been established as an essential intermediate stage for medical applications with their employment from spectroscopic techniques to be constantly growing. This review outlines the types of tissue phantoms currently employed in different biomedical applications of Raman spectroscopy, focusing on their composition and optical properties. It is therefore an attempt to present an informed range of options for potential use to the researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Z Vardaki
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kourkoumelis
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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14
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Mosca S, Lanka P, Stone N, Konugolu Venkata Sekar S, Matousek P, Valentini G, Pifferi A. Optical characterization of porcine tissues from various organs in the 650-1100 nm range using time-domain diffuse spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:1697-1706. [PMID: 32206436 PMCID: PMC7075607 DOI: 10.1364/boe.386349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a systematic characterization of the optical properties (µa and µs') of nine representative ex vivo porcine tissues over a broadband spectrum (650-1100 nm). We applied time-resolved diffuse optical spectroscopy measurements for recovering the optical properties of porcine tissues depicting a realistic representation of the tissue heterogeneity and morphology likely to be found in different ex vivo tissues. The results demonstrate a large spectral and inter-tissue variation of optical properties. The data can be exploited for planning or simulating ex vivo experiments with various biophotonics techniques, or even to construct artificial structures mimicking specific pathologies exploiting the wide assortment in optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mosca
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK Research and Innovation, Harwell Campus, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- These authors contributed equally to this research
| | - Pranav Lanka
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
- These authors contributed equally to this research
| | - Nick Stone
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK Research and Innovation, Harwell Campus, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Valentini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Pifferi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Milano, Italy
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15
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Vardaki MZ, Devine DV, Serrano K, Simantiris N, Blades MW, Piret JM, Turner RFB. Defocused Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy in Media of Different Optical Properties for Biomedical Applications Using a Commercial Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy Device. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:223-232. [PMID: 31617382 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819884625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we show how defocused spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) can be employed to recover chemical information from media of biomedical significance within sealed plastic transfusion and culture bags using a commercial SORS instrument. We demonstrate a simple approach to recover subsurface spectral information through a transparent barrier by optimizing the spatial offset of the defocused beam. The efficiency of the measurements is assessed in terms of the SORS ratio and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) through a simple manual approach and an ordinary least squares model. By comparing the results for three different biological samples (red blood cell concentrate, pooled red cell supernatant and a suspension of Jurkat cells), we show that there is an optimum value of the offset parameter which yields the maximum S/N depending on the barrier material and optical properties of the ensemble contents. The approach was developed in the context of biomedical applications but is generally applicable to any three-layer system consisting of turbid content between transparent thin plastic barriers (i.e., front and back bag surfaces), particularly where the analyte of interest is dilute or not a strong scatterer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Z Vardaki
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dana V Devine
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katherine Serrano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nikolaos Simantiris
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael W Blades
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James M Piret
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robin F B Turner
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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16
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Gardner B, Matousek P, Stone N. Subsurface Chemically Specific Measurement of pH Levels in Biological Tissues Using Combined Surface-Enhanced and Deep Raman. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10984-10987. [PMID: 31322859 PMCID: PMC7006966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
![]()
There
is much interest in using nanosensors to monitor biologically
relevant species such as glucose, or cellular pH, as these often become
dysregulated in diseases such as cancer. This information is often
inaccessible at depth in biological tissue, due to the highly scattering
nature of tissue. Here we show that gold nanoparticles labeled with
pH-sensitive reporter molecules can monitor pH at depth in biological
tissues. This was achieved using deep Raman spectroscopy (spatially
offset Raman and transmission Raman) in combination with surface-enhanced
Raman spectroscopy, allowing chemical information to be retrieved
significantly deeper than conventional Raman spectroscopy permits.
Combining these approaches with chemometrics enabled pH changes to
be monitored with an error of ±∼0.1 pH units noninvasively
through 22 mm of soft tissue. This development opens the opportunity
for the next generation of light-based medical diagnostic methods,
such as monitoring of cancers, known to significantly alter pH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gardner
- Biomedical Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , EX4 4QL , United Kingdom
| | - Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell , STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Harwell Oxford , OX11 0QX , United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Stone
- Biomedical Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , EX4 4QL , United Kingdom
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17
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Paniagua-Diaz AM, Ghita A, Vettenburg T, Stone N, Bertolotti J. Enhanced deep detection of Raman scattered light by wavefront shaping. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:33565-33574. [PMID: 30650789 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.033565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Light scattering limits the penetration depth of non-invasive Raman spectroscopy in biological media. While safe levels of irradiation may be adequate to analyze superficial tissue, scattering of the pump beam reduces the Raman signal to undetectable levels deeper within the tissue. Here we demonstrate how wavefront shaping techniques can significantly increase the Raman signal at depth, while keeping the total irradiance constant, thus increasing the amount of Raman signal available for detection.
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18
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Gardner B, Stone N, Matousek P. Noninvasive Determination of Depth in Transmission Raman Spectroscopy in Turbid Media Based on Sample Differential Transmittance. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9730-9733. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gardner
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Stone
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Pavel Matousek
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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19
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Vardaki MZ, Sheridan H, Stone N, Matousek P. Determination of Depth in Transmission Raman Spectroscopy in Turbid Media Using a Beam Enhancing Element. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:1849-1855. [PMID: 28756706 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817691540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates experimentally a method to enable prediction of depth of a chemical species buried in a turbid medium by using transmission Raman spectroscopy alone. The method allows the prediction of the depth of a single, chemically distinct layer within a turbid matrix by performing two measurements, with and without a beam enhancing element, or "photon diode." The samples employed consisted of two different polymers, of total thickness 3.6 mm, whose optical properties are loosely relevant to pharmaceutical applications. A polymer layer of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was placed at different positions within multiple layers of the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) matrix and Raman spectra were recorded in each case. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were utilized to determine whether the depth of the LDPE layer could be predicted using the obtained data. The best-achieved RMSE of prediction was 4.2% of the total sample size (i.e., +/- 0.15 mm) with the multivariate approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Z Vardaki
- 1 School of Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Hannah Sheridan
- 2 Natural Sciences, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicholas Stone
- 1 School of Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Pavel Matousek
- 3 Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, UK
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20
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Shynkarenko OV, Tril O, Wojnarowska R, Prohorenko S, Shergii EM. Influence of calcium blockers on the SPR of erythrocytes. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201713305002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Vardaki MZ, Matousek P, Stone N. Characterisation of signal enhancements achieved when utilizing a photon diode in deep Raman spectroscopy of tissue. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:2130-2141. [PMID: 27375932 PMCID: PMC4918570 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.002130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We characterise the performance of a beam enhancing element ('photon diode') for use in deep Raman spectroscopy (DRS) of biological tissues. The optical component enhances the number of laser photons coupled into a tissue sample by returning escaping photons back into it at the illumination zone. The method is compatible with transmission Raman spectroscopy, a deep Raman spectroscopy concept, and its implementation leads to considerable enhancement of detected Raman photon rates. In the past, the enhancement concept was demonstrated with a variety of samples (pharmaceutical tablets, tissue, etc) but it was not systematically characterized with biological tissues. In this study, we investigate the enhancing properties of the photon diode in the transmission Raman geometry as a function of: a) the depth and b) the optical properties of tissue samples. Liquid tissue phantoms were employed to facilitate systematic variation of optical properties. These were chosen to mimic optical properties of human tissues, including breast and prostate. The obtained results evidence that a photon diode can enhance Raman signals of tissues by a maximum of × 2.4, although it can also decrease the signals created towards the back of samples that exhibit high scattering or absorption properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Z Vardaki
- School of Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, OX11 0QX, UK;
| | - Nicholas Stone
- School of Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK;
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22
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Stevens O, Iping Petterson IE, Day JCC, Stone N. Developing fibre optic Raman probes for applications in clinical spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:1919-34. [PMID: 26956027 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00850f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has been shown by various groups over the last two decades to have significant capability in discriminating disease states in bodily fluids, cells and tissues. Recent development in instrumentation, optics and manufacturing approaches has facilitated the design and demonstration of various novel in vivo probes, which have applicability for myriad of applications. This review focusses on key considerations and recommendations for application specific clinical Raman probe design and construction. Raman probes can be utilised as clinical tools able to provide rapid, non-invasive, real-time molecular analysis of disease specific changes in tissues. Clearly the target tissue location, the significance of spectral changes with disease and the possible access routes to the region of interest will vary for each clinical application considered. This review provides insight into design and construction considerations, including suitable probe designs and manufacturing materials compatible with Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Stevens
- Biomedical Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QL, UK.
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23
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Gardner B, Stone N, Matousek P. Non-invasive chemically specific measurement of subsurface temperature in biological tissues using surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy. Faraday Discuss 2016; 187:329-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00154d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate for the first time the viability of characterising non-invasively the subsurface temperature of SERS nanoparticles embedded within biological tissues using spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS). The proposed analytical method (T-SESORS) is applicable in general to diffusely scattering (turbid) media and features high sensitivity and high chemical selectivity. The method relies on monitoring the Stokes and anti-Stokes bands of SERS nanoparticles in depth using SORS. The approach has been conceptually demonstrated using a SORS variant, transmission Raman spectroscopy (TRS), by measuring subsurface temperatures within a slab of porcine tissue (5 mm thick). Root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) of 0.20 °C were achieved when measuring temperatures over ranges between 25 and 44 °C. This unique capability complements the array of existing, predominantly surface-based, temperature monitoring techniques. It expands on a previously demonstrated SORS temperature monitoring capability by adding extra sensitivity stemming from SERS to low concentration analytes. The technique paves the way for a wide range of applications including subsurface, chemical-specific, non-invasive temperature analysis within turbid translucent media including: the human body, subsurface monitoring of chemical (e.g. catalytic) processes in manufacture quality and process control and research. Additionally, the method opens prospects for control of thermal treatment of cancer in vivo with direct non-invasive feedback on the temperature of mediating plasmonic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gardner
- Biomedical Physics
- School of Physics
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences
- University of Exeter
- Exeter
| | - Nicholas Stone
- Biomedical Physics
- School of Physics
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences
- University of Exeter
- Exeter
| | - Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility
- Research Complex at Harwell
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
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24
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Baker MJ, Hussain SR, Lovergne L, Untereiner V, Hughes C, Lukaszewski RA, Thiéfin G, Sockalingum GD. Developing and understanding biofluid vibrational spectroscopy: a critical review. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:1803-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00585j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Biofluid vibrational spectroscopy, a promising tool for rapid disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Baker
- WESTChem
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Technology and Innovation Centre
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
| | - Shawn R. Hussain
- Equipe MéDIAN-Biophotonique et Technologies pour la Santé
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- CNRS UMR 7369-MEDyC
- UFR de Pharmacie
- 51096 Reims Cedex
| | - Lila Lovergne
- WESTChem
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Technology and Innovation Centre
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
| | - Valérie Untereiner
- Equipe MéDIAN-Biophotonique et Technologies pour la Santé
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- CNRS UMR 7369-MEDyC
- UFR de Pharmacie
- 51096 Reims Cedex
| | - Caryn Hughes
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | | | - Gérard Thiéfin
- Equipe MéDIAN-Biophotonique et Technologies pour la Santé
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- CNRS UMR 7369-MEDyC
- UFR de Pharmacie
- 51096 Reims Cedex
| | - Ganesh D. Sockalingum
- Equipe MéDIAN-Biophotonique et Technologies pour la Santé
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- CNRS UMR 7369-MEDyC
- UFR de Pharmacie
- 51096 Reims Cedex
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25
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Matousek P, Stone N. Development of deep subsurface Raman spectroscopy for medical diagnosis and disease monitoring. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:1794-802. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00466g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of non-invasive deep Raman techniques heralds the emergence of novel diagnostic and disease monitoring methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility
- Research Complex at Harwell
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Harwell Oxford
- UK
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