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Gutiérrez-Capitán M, Baldi A, Merlos Á, Fernández-Sánchez C. Array of individually addressable two-electrode electrochemical cells sharing a single counter/reference electrode for multiplexed enzyme activity measurements. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 201:113952. [PMID: 34999523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on the fabrication and performance of a new on-chip array of gold thin-film electrodes arranged into five individually addressable miniaturized electrochemical cells. Each cell shows a two-electrode configuration comprising a single working electrode and a counter/pseudo-reference electrode that is compartmentalized to be shared among all the cells of the array. Using this configuration, just six contact pads are required, which significantly reduces the chip overall surface area. Electrochemical characterization studies are carried out in solutions containing the two species of reversible redox pairs. The concentration of one redox species can reliably be measured at the working electrode by applying potentiostatic techniques to record the current due to the corresponding electrochemical reaction. The redox counterpart in turn undergoes an electrochemical process at the counter/pseudo-reference electrode, which, under optimized experimental conditions, injects current and keeps the applied potential in the electrochemical cell without limiting the current being recorded at the working electrode. Under these conditions, the electrode array shows an excellent performance in electrochemical detection studies without any chemical or electrical cross-talk between cells. The enzymatic activity of horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase and myeloperoxidase enzymes is analyzed using different redox mediators. Quasi-simultaneous measurements with the five electrochemical cells of the array are carried out within 1 s time frame. This array layout can be suitable for multiplexed electrochemical immunoassays and immunosensor approaches and implementation in simplified electrochemical ELISA platforms that make use of enzyme labels. Moreover, the array reduced dimensions facilitate the integration into compact fluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gutiérrez-Capitán
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Baldi
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángel Merlos
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - César Fernández-Sánchez
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Chang JJ, Huang JW, Lin CF, Liu SW, Chen CH. Enhancing the signal contrast ratio and stability of liquid crystal-based sensors by using fine grids made by photolithography of photoresists. Analyst 2021; 146:3834-3840. [PMID: 33913955 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00332a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We prepared fine grid patterns on a glass substrate through photolithography of photoresists; we filled photoresist grids with liquid crystals (LCs) to construct LC-based sensors. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the photoresist grids were flat, smooth, and 3.0-8.0 μm thick. In contrast to conventional LC-based sensors, in which LCs are filled in metal grids placed on glass substrates, our results proved that LC-based sensors constructed using photoresist grids exhibited a larger signal contrast ratio, better signal stability in aqueous solutions and lower limit of detection for mercuric ions. All these characteristics enhanced the performance of the LC-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Jung Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan. and Department of Electronic Engineering and Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.
| | - Jhih-Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Feng Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.
| | - Shun-Wei Liu
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hsin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
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3
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Quintela IA, Wu VCH. A sandwich-type bacteriophage-based amperometric biosensor for the detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroups in complex matrices. RSC Adv 2020; 10:35765-35775. [PMID: 35517084 PMCID: PMC9056931 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06223e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immuno-based biosensors are a popular tool designed for pathogen screening and detection. The current antibody-based biosensors employ direct, indirect, or sandwich detection approaches; however, instability, cross-reactivity, and high-cost render them unreliable and impractical. To circumvent these drawbacks, here we report a portable sandwich-type bacteriophage-based amperometric biosensor, which is highly-specific to various Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups. Environmentally isolated and biotinylated bacteriophages were directly immobilized onto a streptavidin-coated screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE), which recognized and captured viable target cells. Samples (50 μL) were transferred to these bacteriophage-functionalized SPCEs (12 min, room temp) before sequentially adding a bacteriophage-gold nanoparticle solution (20 μL), H2O2 (40 mM), and 1,1'-ferrocenedicarboxylic acid for amperometric tests (100 mV s-1) and analysis (ANOVA and LSD, P < 0.05). The optimum biotin concentration (10 mM) retained 94.47% bacteriophage viability. Non-target bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium) had delta currents below the threshold of a positive detection. With less than 1 h turn-around time, the amperometric biosensor had a detection limit of 10-102 CFU mL-1 for STEC O157, O26, and O179 strains and R 2 values of 0.97, 0.99, and 0.87, respectively, and a similar detection limit was observed in complex matrices, 10-102 CFU g-1 or mL-1 with R 2 values of 0.98, 0.95, and 0.76, respectively. The newly developed portable amperometric biosensor was able to rapidly detect viable target cells at low inoculum levels, thus providing an inexpensive and improved alternative to the current immuno- and laboratory-based STEC screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin A Quintela
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, Western Regional Research Center Albany California USA
| | - Vivian C H Wu
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, Western Regional Research Center Albany California USA
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Huang M, Delacruz JB, Ruelas JC, Rathore SS, Lindau M. Surface-modified CMOS IC electrochemical sensor array targeting single chromaffin cells for highly parallel amperometry measurements. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:113-123. [PMID: 28889250 PMCID: PMC5750066 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amperometry is a powerful method to record quantal release events from chromaffin cells and is widely used to assess how specific drugs modify quantal size, kinetics of release, and early fusion pore properties. Surface-modified CMOS-based electrochemical sensor arrays allow simultaneous recordings from multiple cells. A reliable, low-cost technique is presented here for efficient targeting of single cells specifically to the electrode sites. An SU-8 microwell structure is patterned on the chip surface to provide insulation for the circuitry as well as cell trapping at the electrode sites. A shifted electrode design is also incorporated to increase the flexibility of the dimension and shape of the microwells. The sensitivity of the electrodes is validated by a dopamine injection experiment. Microwells with dimensions slightly larger than the cells to be trapped ensure excellent single-cell targeting efficiency, increasing the reliability and efficiency for on-chip single-cell amperometry measurements. The surface-modified device was validated with parallel recordings of live chromaffin cells trapped in the microwells. Rapid amperometric spikes with no diffusional broadening were observed, indicating that the trapped and recorded cells were in very close contact with the electrodes. The live cell recording confirms in a single experiment that spike parameters vary significantly from cell to cell but the large number of cells recorded simultaneously provides the statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Huang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Joannalyn B Delacruz
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - John C Ruelas
- ExoCytronics LLC, 1601 S Providence Rd, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shailendra S Rathore
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Manfred Lindau
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Kanno Y, Ino K, Abe H, Sakamoto C, Onodera T, Inoue KY, Suda A, Kunikata R, Matsudaira M, Shiku H, Matsue T. Electrochemicolor Imaging Using an LSI-Based Device for Multiplexed Cell Assays. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12778-12786. [PMID: 29090905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexed bioimaging systems have triggered the development of effective assays, contributing new biological information. Although electrochemical imaging is beneficial for quantitative analysis in real time, monitoring multiple cell functions is difficult. We have developed a novel electrochemical imaging system, herein, using a large-scale integration (LSI)-based amperometric device for detecting multiple biomolecules simultaneously. This system is designated as an electrochemicolor imaging system in which the current signals from two different types of biomolecules are depicted as a multicolor electrochemical image. The mode-selectable function of the 400-electrode device enables the imaging system and two different potentials can be independently applied to the selected electrodes. The imaging system is successfully applied for detecting multiple cell functions of the embryonic stem (ES) cell and the rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell aggregates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a real-time electrochemical mapping technique for multiple electroactive species, simultaneously, has been reported. The imaging system is a promising bioanalytical method for exploring complex biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kanno
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroya Abe
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Chika Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takehiro Onodera
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kumi Y Inoue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suda
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd. , 1-1 Musashino 3-chome, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-8555, Japan
| | - Ryota Kunikata
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd. , 1-1 Musashino 3-chome, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-8555, Japan
| | - Masahki Matsudaira
- Micro System Integration Center, Tohoku University , 519-1176 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Gillis KD, Liu XA, Marcantoni A, Carabelli V. Electrochemical measurement of quantal exocytosis using microchips. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:97-112. [PMID: 28866728 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fiber electrodes (CFEs) are the gold standard for quantifying the release of oxidizable neurotransmitters from single vesicles and single cells. Over the last 15 years, microfabricated devices have emerged as alternatives to CFEs that offer the possibility of higher throughput, subcellular spatial resolution of exocytosis, and integration with other techniques for probing exocytosis including microfluidic cell handling and solution exchange, optical imaging and stimulation, and electrophysiological recording and stimulation. Here we review progress in developing electrochemical electrode devices capable of resolving quantal exocytosis that are fabricated using photolithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Gillis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Xin A Liu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Department of Drug Science and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Department of Drug Science and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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