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Varga V, Pokorná K, Lamač M, Horáček M, Pinkas J. Preparation of silyl-terminated branched polyethylenes catalyzed by Brookhart's nickel diimine complex activated with hydrosilane/B(C 6F 5) 3. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5249-5257. [PMID: 38406967 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04200f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Brookhart's nickel α-diimine complex [(κ2-N,N-BIAN)NiCl2] (1) (where BIAN = {Ar-NAceN-Ar}, Ace = acenaphthen-1,2-diyl, and Ar = 2,6-(iPr)2-C6H3) activated with a hydrosilane/B(C6F5)3 (SiHB) adduct forms a highly active catalytic system for ethylene polymerization. Under optimal conditions, the activity of the system depends on the nature of hydrosilane and decreases in the order R3SiH > Ph2SiH2 > PhSiH3. The decrease in system activity within the hydrosilane series is correlated with increasing formation of Ni(I) species. In addition to their activation effect, hydrosilanes act as efficient chain termination/chain transfer agents, with the Si/Ni ratio controlling the molecular weight of the resulting polyethylene (PE). The use of Et3SiH generated elastomeric, highly branched polymers with a saturated chain-end, while systems using Ph2SiH2 and PhSiH3 led to branched end-functionalized PEs terminated with the hydrosilyl functionality (i.e. br-PE-SiPh2H or br-PE-SiPhH2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Varga
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Kristýna Pokorná
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Lamač
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Horáček
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Pinkas
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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2
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Jiang S, Zheng Y, Oleynik IV, Yu Z, Solan GA, Oleynik II, Liu M, Ma Y, Liang T, Sun WH. N, N-Bis(2,4-Dibenzhydryl-6-cycloalkylphenyl)butane-2,3-diimine-Nickel Complexes as Tunable and Effective Catalysts for High-Molecular-Weight PE Elastomers. Molecules 2023; 28:4852. [PMID: 37375408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Four examples of N,N-bis(aryl)butane-2,3-diimine-nickel(II) bromide complexes, [ArN=C(Me)-C(Me)=NAr]NiBr2 (where Ar = 2-(C5H9)-4,6-(CHPh2)2C6H2 (Ni1), Ar = 2-(C6H11)-4,6-(CHPh2)2C6H2 (Ni2), 2-(C8H15)-4,6-(CHPh2)2C6H2 (Ni3) and 2-(C12H23)-4,6-(CHPh2)2C6H2 (Ni4)), disparate in the ring size of the ortho-cycloalkyl substituents, were prepared using a straightforward one-pot synthetic method. The molecular structures of Ni2 and Ni4 highlight the variation in the steric hindrance of the ortho-cyclohexyl and -cyclododecyl rings exerted on the nickel center, respectively. By employing EtAlCl2, Et2AlCl or MAO as activators, Ni1-Ni4 displayed moderate to high activity as catalysts for ethylene polymerization, with levels falling in the order Ni2 (cyclohexyl) > Ni1 (cyclopentyl) > Ni4 (cyclododecyl) > Ni3 (cyclooctyl). Notably, cyclohexyl-containing Ni2/MAO reached a peak level of 13.2 × 106 g(PE) of (mol of Ni)-1 h-1 at 40 °C, yielding high-molecular-weight (ca. 1 million g mol-1) and highly branched polyethylene elastomers with generally narrow dispersity. The analysis of polyethylenes with 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed branching density between 73 and 104 per 1000 carbon atoms, with the run temperature and the nature of the aluminum activator being influential; selectivity for short-chain methyl branches (81.8% (EtAlCl2); 81.1% (Et2AlCl); 82.9% (MAO)) was a notable feature. The mechanical properties of these polyethylene samples measured at either 30 °C or 60 °C were also evaluated and confirmed that crystallinity (Xc) and molecular weight (Mw) were the main factors affecting tensile strength and strain at break (εb = 353-861%). In addition, the stress-strain recovery tests indicated that these polyethylenes possessed good elastic recovery (47.4-71.2%), properties that align with thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuting Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Irina V Oleynik
- Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Pr. Lavrentjeva 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Zhixin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Gregory A Solan
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Ivan I Oleynik
- Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Pr. Lavrentjeva 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yanping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Tongling Liang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wen-Hua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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3
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Titova YY. Dynamic EPR Studies of the Formation of Catalytically Active Centres in Multicomponent Hydrogenation Systems. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13040653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of catalytically active nano-sized cobalt-containing structures in multicomponent hydrogenation systems based on Co(acac)2 complex and various cocatalysts, namely, AlEt3, AlEt2(OEt), Li-n-Bu, and (PhCH2)MgCl, has been studied for the first time in detail using dynamic EPR spectroscopy. It is shown that after mixing the initial components, paramagnetic structures are formed, which include a fragment containing Co(0) with the electronic configuration 3d9, as well as a fragment bearing an aluminium, lithium, or magnesium atom, depending on the nature of the used cocatalyst. Such bimetallic paramagnetic sites are stabilized by acetylacetonate ligands. In addition, the paramagnetic complex contains the arene molecule(s), and the cobalt atom is bonded with the atom of the corresponding non-transition through the alkyl group of the co-catalyst, in particular through the carbon atom in the α-position with respect to the atom of the non-transition element. Due to the high reactivity of the described intermediates, they, under the conditions of hydrogenation catalysis, are transformed into nano-sized cobalt-containing structures that act as carriers of the catalytically active sites. Furthermore, because of the high reactivity and paramagnetism, such intermediates can be detected only by the EPR technique. The paper describes the whole experimental way of interpreting the EPR signals corresponding to the intermediates, precursors of catalytically active structures. In addition, a possible mathematical model based on the obtained experimental EPR data is presented.
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4
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New Ni(II)-Ni(II) Dinuclear Complex, a Resting State of the (α-diimine)NiBr2/AlMe3 Catalyst System for Ethylene Polymerization. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel room-temperature stable diamagnetic nickel complex 2 was detected upon activation of Brookhart-type ethylene polymerization pre-catalyst LNiBr2 (1, L = 1,4-bis-2,4,6-trimethylphenyl-2,3-dimethyl-1,4-diazabuta-1,3-diene) with AlMe3. Using in situ 1H, 2H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy, as well as DFT calculations, this species has been identified as an antiferromagnetically coupled homodinuclear complex [LNiII(μ-Me)(μ-CH2)NiIIL]+Br−. Its behavior in the reaction solution is characteristic of the resting state of nickel catalyzed ethylene polymerization.
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5
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Tanaka R, Sogo K, Komaguchi K, Ae K, Nakayama Y, Shiono T. Impact of Methylaluminoxane Oxidation on Ethylene Polymerization Using Ni Catalysts. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tanaka
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Kenji Sogo
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Kenji Komaguchi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ae
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Yuushou Nakayama
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shiono
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
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6
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Jiang S, Zheng Y, Liu M, Yu Z, Ma Y, Solan GA, Zhang W, Liang T, Sun WH. Polyethylene Waxes with Short Chain Branching via Steric and Electronic Tuning of an 8-(Arylimino)-5,6,7-trihydroquinoline-nickel Catalyst. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuting Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhixin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yanping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - Gregory A. Solan
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tongling Liang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wen-Hua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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7
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Soshnikov IE, Semikolenova NV, Bryliakov KP, Antonov AA, Talsi EP. Ni(I) Intermediates Formed upon Activation of a Ni(II) α-Diimine Ethylene Polymerization Precatalyst with AlR 3 (R = Me, Et, and iBu), AlR 2Cl (R = Me, Et), and MMAO: A Comparative Study. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor E. Soshnikov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nina V. Semikolenova
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin P. Bryliakov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Artem A. Antonov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenii P. Talsi
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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8
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Abstract
Nickel(II) complexes with bidentate N,N-α-diimine ligands constitute a broad class of promising catalysts for the synthesis of branched polyethylenes via ethylene homopolymerization. Despite extensive studies devoted to the rational design of new Ni(II) α-diimines with desired catalytic properties, the polymerization mechanism has not been fully rationalized. In contrast to the well-characterized cationic Ni(II) active sites of ethylene polymerization and their precursors, the structure and role of Ni(I) species in the polymerization process continues to be a “black box”. This perspective discusses recent advances in the understanding of the nature and role of monovalent nickel complexes formed in Ni(II) α-diimine-based ethylene polymerization catalyst systems.
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9
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Xing Y, Yu H, Wang L, Wang N, Zhu L, Liang R. The Formation of Polyethylene Using
α
‐Diiminonickel Precatalyst in the Presence of CoCp
2
and AgOTf. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P.R. China
| | - Haojie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P.R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P.R. China
| | - Ruixue Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P.R. China
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10
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Zhu L, Yu H, Wang L, Xing Y, Bilal Ul Amin. Advances in the Synthesis of Polyolefin Elastomers with “Chain-walking” Catalysts and Electron Spin Resonance Research of Related Catalytic Systems. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272825666210126100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, polyolefin elastomers play an increasingly important role in industry.
The late transition metal complex catalysts, especially α-diimine Ni(II) and α-diimine
Pd(II) complex catalysts, are popular “chain-walking” catalysts. They can prepare polyolefin
with various structures, ranging from linear configuration to highly branched configuration.
Combining the “chain-walking” characteristic with different polymerization strategies, polyolefins
with good elasticity can be obtained. Among them, olefin copolymer is a common
way to produce polyolefin elastomers. For instance, strictly defined diblock or triblock copolymers
with excellent elastic properties were synthesized by adding ethylene and α-olefin
in sequence. As well as the incorporation of polar monomers may lead to some unexpected
improvement. Chain shuttling polymerization can generate multiblock copolymers in one pot
due to the interaction of the catalysts with chain shuttling agent. Furthermore, when regarding ethylene as the sole
feedstock, owing to the “oscillation” of the ligands of the asymmetric catalysts, polymers with stereo-block structures
can be generated. Generally, the elasticity of these polyolefins mainly comes from the alternately crystallineamorphous
block structures, which is closely related to the characteristic of the catalytic system. To improve performance
of the catalysts and develop excellent polyolefin elastomers, research on the catalytic mechanism is of great
significance. Electron spin resonance (ESR), as a precise method to detect unpaired electron, can be applied to study
transition metal active center. Therefore, the progress on the exploration of the valence and the proposed configuration
of catalyst active center in the catalytic process by ESR is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Haojie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yusheng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bilal Ul Amin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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11
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Soshnikov IE, Semikolenova NV, Bryliakov KP, Antonov AA, Sun WH, Talsi EP. Nature of Heterobinuclear Ni(I) Complexes Formed upon the Activation of the α-Diimine Complex LNi IIBr 2 with AlMe 3 and MMAO. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor E. Soshnikov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Artem A. Antonov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Wen-Hua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Evgenii P. Talsi
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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12
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Xu S, Chen X, Luo G, Gao W. Nickel complexes based on BIAN ligands: transformation and catalysis on ethylene polymerization. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7356-7363. [PMID: 33960360 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00649e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of bis(arylimino)acenaphthene (ArBIAN) with Ni(COD)2 in toluene afforded dmpBIANNi(COD) (2a, dmp = 2,6-Me2C6H3) and dippBIANNi(COD) (2b, dipp = 2,6-iPrC6H3), respectively, in moderate yields. Complexes 2a and 2b can be oxidized by a small amount of oxygen at low temperature leading to oxygen-bridged dinuclear Ni(ii) complexes (dmpBIANNi)2(μ-O)2 (4a) and (dippBIANNi)2(μ-O)2 (4b), respectively, as a purple powder. The reaction of ArBIAN with 0.5 equiv of Ni(COD)2 or Ni(Ph3P)4 gave bisligated complexes (dmpBIAN)2Ni (3a) and (dippBIAN)2Ni (3b), which can be considered as Ni(0) complexes supported by two neutral BIAN ligands. Oxidation of the bisligated nickel complexes 3a and 3b with [Cp2Fe][B(C6F5)4] afforded cationic Ni(i) complexes [(dmpBIAN)2Ni][B(C6F5)4] (5a) and [(dippBIAN)2Ni][B(C6F5)4] (5b), respectively, in which the Ni(i) centre is chelated by two neutral Ar-BIAN ligands. These complexes were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy and DFT calculation, and the molecular structures of 3b, 4b, and 5b were well established by X-ray diffraction analysis. These complexes were evaluated as catalysts for ethylene polymerization in which 2b showed high activity in the presence of AlMe3. 13C NMR analysis of polymers showed that the 2b/AlMe3 catalytic system gave less-branched polymers when compared to that obtained with dippBIANNiBr2 under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Xu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Xuemeng Chen
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Gen Luo
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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13
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Soshnikov IE, Semikolenova NV, Bryliakov KP, Antonov AA, Sun WH, Talsi EP. Activation of an α-Diimine Ni(II) Precatalyst with AlMe3 and AliBu3: Catalytic and NMR and EPR Spectroscopy Studies. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor E. Soshnikov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogova 1, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nina V. Semikolenova
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin P. Bryliakov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogova 1, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Artem A. Antonov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogova 1, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Wen-Hua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Evgenii P. Talsi
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogova 1, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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14
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Yuan S, Fan Z, Zhang Q, Flisak Z, Ma Y, Sun Y, Sun W. Enhancing performance of α‐diiminonickel precatalyst for ethylene polymerization by substitution with the 2,4‐bis(4,4'‐dimethoxybenzhydryl)‐6‐methylphenyl group. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi‐Fang Yuan
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and The School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesInstitute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zhe Fan
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and The School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesInstitute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesInstitute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zygmunt Flisak
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Opole Oleska 48 45‐052 Opole Poland
| | - Yanping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesInstitute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesInstitute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Wen‐Hua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesInstitute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- Key Laboratory of High‐Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 China
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15
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Chapleski RC, Kern JL, Anderson WC, Long BK, Roy S. A mechanistic study of microstructure modulation in olefin polymerizations using a redox-active Ni(ii) α-diimine catalyst. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy02538c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory and experimental evidence provide insight into the mechanism of polyolefin microstructure modulation using redox-active Ni(ii) α-diimine catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brian K. Long
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- USA
| | - Sharani Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- USA
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16
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Khrizanforova VV, Fayzullin RR, Morozov VI, Gilmutdinov IF, Lukoyanov AN, Kataeva ON, Gerasimova TP, Katsyuba SA, Fedushkin IL, Lyssenko KA, Budnikova YH. One-Electron Reduction of Acenaphthene-1,2-Diimine Nickel(II) Complexes. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2979-2987. [PMID: 31298502 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
New nickel-based complexes of 1,2-bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene (dpp-bian) with BF4 - counterion or halide co-ligands were synthesized in THF and MeCN. The nickel(I) complexes were obtained by using two approaches: 1) electrochemical reduction of the corresponding nickel(II) precursors; and 2) a chemical comproportionation reaction. The structural features and redox properties of these complexes were investigated by using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The influence of temperature and solvent on the structure of the nickel(I) complexes was studied in detail, and an uncommon reversible solvent-induced monomer/dimer transformation was observed. In the case of the fluoride complex, the unpaired electron was found to be localized on the dpp-bian ligand, whereas all of the other nickel complexes contained neutral dpp-bian moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera V Khrizanforova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street, 8, 420088, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Robert R Fayzullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street, 8, 420088, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir I Morozov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street, 8, 420088, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Ildar F Gilmutdinov
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street, 18, 420008, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Anton N Lukoyanov
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinin Street, 49, 603137, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Olga N Kataeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street, 8, 420088, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana P Gerasimova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street, 8, 420088, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A Katsyuba
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street, 8, 420088, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Igor L Fedushkin
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinin Street, 49, 603137, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A Lyssenko
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 28, 119334, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia H Budnikova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street, 8, 420088, Kazan, Russian Federation.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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17
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Soshnikov IE, Bryliakov KP, Antonov AA, Sun WH, Talsi EP. Ethylene polymerization of nickel catalysts with α-diimine ligands: factors controlling the structure of active species and polymer properties. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:7974-7984. [PMID: 31070205 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01297d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
α-Diimine and related complexes of late transition metals such as palladium and nickel have been attracting continuing interest as single-site catalysts of ethylene homopolymerization to branched polyolefins, having challenging mechanical properties. The state-of-the art catalysts demonstrate promising catalytic activities, and enhanced thermal stabilities, affording polyethylenes with a variable degree of branching and, in addition, are able to incorporate polar co-monomers into polyethylene structures. At the same time, fundamental understanding of the structure-reactivity relationships of such catalysts mostly remains at the phenomenological level, due to the lack of experimental data on the solution structures of intermediates that drive the polymerization process. In this perspective, we discuss recent advances of α-diimine nickel based catalysts of ethylene polymerization, focusing on the relationships between the catalyst structures on the one hand, and their thermal stabilities and properties of the resulting polyethylene, on the other hand. In addition, some intriguing novel mechanistic findings of these catalyst systems are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor E Soshnikov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 630090, Novosibirsk, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, Russian Federation. and Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Pirogova street, 2, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin P Bryliakov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 630090, Novosibirsk, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, Russian Federation. and Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Pirogova street, 2, Russian Federation
| | - Artem A Antonov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 630090, Novosibirsk, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, Russian Federation. and Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Pirogova street, 2, Russian Federation
| | - Wen-Hua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China and CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Evgenii P Talsi
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 630090, Novosibirsk, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, Russian Federation. and Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Pirogova street, 2, Russian Federation
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18
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Xu SY, Chen XM, Huang LC, Li F, Gao W. Vanadium chlorides supported by BIAN (BIAN = bis(arylimo)-acenaphthene) ligands: Synthesis, characterization, and catalysis on ethylene polymerization. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Anguo X, Shibiao Z, Fei L, Pan L, Hao L. Active site selectivity of 2,3-Bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)butane] nickel/MAO/ZnEt2 system toward ethylene polymerization for modulating polyethylene microstructure. CATAL COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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20
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Saini A, Smith CR, Wekesa FS, Helms AK, Findlater M. Conversion of aldimines to secondary amines using iron-catalysed hydrosilylation. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:9368-9372. [PMID: 30516772 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01262h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron-catalyzed hydrosilylation of imines to amines using a well-defined iron complex is reported. This method employs relatively mild conditions, by reaction of imine, (EtO)3SiH in a 1 : 2 ratio in the presence of 1 mol% precatalyst ([BIAN]Fe(η6-toluene), 3, BIAN = bis(2,6-diisopropylaniline)acenaphthene) at 70 °C. A broad scope of imines was readily converted into the corresponding secondary amines without the need for precatalyst activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Saini
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, USA.
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21
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Soshnikov IE, Semikolenova NV, Bryliakov KP, Antonov AA, Sun WH, Talsi EP. EPR spectroscopic study of Ni(I) species in the catalyst system for ethylene polymerization based on α-diimine Ni(II) complex activated by MMAO. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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23
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Zhou M, Li X, Bu D, Lei H. Synthesis, crystal structures and electrochemical properties of Co(II) and Mn(II) complexes with asymmetric bulky BIAN ligands. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Wang J, Wang L, Yu H, Ullah RS, Haroon M, Zain‐ul‐Abdin, Xia X, Khan RU. Recent Progress in Ethylene Polymerization Catalyzed by Ni and Pd Catalysts. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201701336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University 310027 Hangzhou China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University 310027 Hangzhou China
| | - Haojie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University 310027 Hangzhou China
| | - Raja Summe Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University 310027 Hangzhou China
| | - Muhammad Haroon
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University 310027 Hangzhou China
| | - Zain‐ul‐Abdin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University 310027 Hangzhou China
| | - Xia Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University 310027 Hangzhou China
| | - Rizwan Ullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University 310027 Hangzhou China
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25
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Fang J, Sui X, Li Y, Chen C. Synthesis of polyolefin elastomers from unsymmetrical α-diimine nickel catalyzed olefin polymerization. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00725j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to a unique chain walking process, α-diimine nickel catalysts produce variously branched polyolefins using only ethylene as the feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
- China
| | - Xuelin Sui
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
| | - Yougui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
- China
| | - Changle Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
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26
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Influence of a diimine ligand and an activator on the processes taking place in Brookhart-type nickel catalytic systems. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-017-3207-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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D’Auria I, Maggio M, Guerra G, Pellecchia C. Efficient Modulation of Polyethylene Microstructure by Proper Activation of (α-Diimine)Ni(II) Catalysts: Synthesis of Well-Performing Polyethylene Elastomers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria D’Auria
- Dipartimento di Chimica e
Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Mario Maggio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e
Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Gaetano Guerra
- Dipartimento di Chimica e
Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Claudio Pellecchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e
Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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28
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Hlil AR, Moncho S, Tuba R, Elsaid K, Szarka G, Brothers EN, Grubbs RH, Al-Hashimi M, Bazzi HS. Synthesis and catalytic activity of supported acenaphthoimidazolylidene N-heterocyclic carbene ruthenium complex for ring closing metathesis (RCM) and ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). J Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Anderson WC, Long BK. Modulating Polyolefin Copolymer Composition via Redox-Active Olefin Polymerization Catalysts. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:1029-1033. [PMID: 35614640 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability to precisely modulate polymer architecture and composition is a long-standing goal within the field of polymer synthesis. Herein, we demonstrate that redox-active olefin polymerization catalysts may be used to predictably tailor polyolefin comonomer incorporation levels for the copolymerization of ethylene and higher α-olefins. This ability is facilitated via the utilization of a redox-active olefin polymerization catalyst that once reduced via in situ addition of a chemical reductant results in a notable drop in α-olefin incorporation. We attribute this behavior to the reduced catalyst's increased electron density and its concomitant decreased rate of α-olefin consumption. These results are supported by investigations into propylene and 1-hexene homopolymerizations as well as detailed GPC, DSC, GC, and NMR analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Curtis Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Brian K. Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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30
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Singha Hazari A, Ray R, Hoque MA, Lahiri GK. Electronic Structure and Multicatalytic Features of Redox-Active Bis(arylimino)acenaphthene (BIAN)-Derived Ruthenium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:8160-73. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Singha Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Ritwika Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Md Asmaul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Goutam Kumar Lahiri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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31
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Anderson WC, Rhinehart JL, Tennyson AG, Long BK. Redox-Active Ligands: An Advanced Tool To Modulate Polyethylene Microstructure. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:774-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Curtis Anderson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Rhinehart
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Andrew G. Tennyson
- Department
of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Brian K. Long
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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