1
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Zeng Q, Qiu W, Li C, Sun Y, Hao J, Li Y. Hydrogen-bond-modulated negative linear compressibility in a V-shaped molecular crystal. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15286-15291. [PMID: 38757572 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01102c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
A material with the "hidden" negative linear compressibility (NLC) will expand along a specific crystal direction upon uniformly compression to a critical pressure; such materials are thought to be promising candidates for non-linear actuators, switches and sensors. Herein, we use density functional theory (DFT) calculations to uncover the hidden NLC in a V-shaped molecular crystal, bis(5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methane (BATZM). The calculations indicate that the crystal is normally compressed over the pressure range of 0-3 GPa while it expands along the b-axis when the external hydrostatic pressure exceeds 3 GPa. The compressive behavior of the BATZM crystal is modulated by inter-molecular hydrogen bonds, which act as highly compressible springs at low pressures but robust struts at high pressures. Hence, the crystal prefers to compress the hydrogen bonds coupled with PLC at first and flatten the molecules, coupled with later NLC to resist the increasing external pressure. The compressive behavior of BATZM provides a strategy to design more hidden NLC materials via the rational use of the hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Zeng
- Laboratory of Quantum Functional Materials Design and Application, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Wenbo Qiu
- Laboratory of Quantum Functional Materials Design and Application, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Chengxi Li
- Laboratory of Quantum Functional Materials Design and Application, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Yan Sun
- Laboratory of Quantum Functional Materials Design and Application, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Jian Hao
- Laboratory of Quantum Functional Materials Design and Application, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Yinwei Li
- Laboratory of Quantum Functional Materials Design and Application, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China.
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2
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Erriah B, Shtukenberg AG, Aronin R, McCarthy D, Brázda P, Ward MD, Kahr B. ROY Crystallization on Poly(ethylene) Fibers, a Model for Bed Net Crystallography. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:2432-2440. [PMID: 38495899 PMCID: PMC10938503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c03188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Many long-lasting insecticidal bed nets for protection against disease vectors consist of poly(ethylene) fibers in which insecticide is incorporated during manufacture. Insecticide molecules diffuse from within the supersaturated polymers to surfaces where they become bioavailable to insects and often crystallize, a process known as blooming. Recent studies revealed that contact insecticides can be highly polymorphic. Moreover, insecticidal activity is polymorph-dependent, with forms having a higher crystal free energy yielding faster insect knockdown and mortality. Consequently, the crystallographic characterization of insecticide crystals that form on fibers is critical to understanding net function and improving net performance. Structural characterization of insecticide crystals on bed net fiber surfaces, let alone their polymorphs, has been elusive owing to the minute size of the crystals, however. Using the highly polymorphous compound ROY (5-methyl-2-[(2-nitrophenyl)-amino]thiophene-3-carbonitrile) as a proxy for insecticide crystallization, we investigated blooming and crystal formation on the surface of extruded poly(ethylene) fibers containing ROY. The blooming rates, tracked from the time of extrusion, were determined by UV-vis spectroscopy after successive washes. Six crystalline polymorphs (of the 13 known) were observed on poly(ethylene) fiber surfaces, and they were identified and characterized by Raman microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and 3D electron diffraction. These observations reveal that the crystallization and phase behavior of polymorphs forming on poly(ethylene) fibers is complex and dynamic. The characterization of blooming and microcrystals underscores the importance of bed net crystallography for the optimization of bed net performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Erriah
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Alexander G. Shtukenberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Reese Aronin
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Derik McCarthy
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Petr Brázda
- Department
of Structure Analysis, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2/1999, Prague 8 18221, Czech Republic
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
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3
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Beran GJO. Frontiers of molecular crystal structure prediction for pharmaceuticals and functional organic materials. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13290-13312. [PMID: 38033897 PMCID: PMC10685338 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03903j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliability of organic molecular crystal structure prediction has improved tremendously in recent years. Crystal structure predictions for small, mostly rigid molecules are quickly becoming routine. Structure predictions for larger, highly flexible molecules are more challenging, but their crystal structures can also now be predicted with increasing rates of success. These advances are ushering in a new era where crystal structure prediction drives the experimental discovery of new solid forms. After briefly discussing the computational methods that enable successful crystal structure prediction, this perspective presents case studies from the literature that demonstrate how state-of-the-art crystal structure prediction can transform how scientists approach problems involving the organic solid state. Applications to pharmaceuticals, porous organic materials, photomechanical crystals, organic semi-conductors, and nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography are included. Finally, efforts to improve our understanding of which predicted crystal structures can actually be produced experimentally and other outstanding challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J O Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
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4
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Riaz M, Ali A, Ashfaq M, Ibrahim M, Akram N, Tahir MN, Kuznetsov A, Rodríguez L, Sameeh MY, Assiri MA, Torre AFDL. Polymorphs of Substituted p-Toluenesulfonanilide: Synthesis, Single-Crystal Analysis, Hirshfeld Surface Exploration, and Theoretical Investigation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:35307-35320. [PMID: 37779999 PMCID: PMC10536877 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism is an exciting feature of chemical systems where a compound can exist in different crystal forms. The present investigation is focused on the two polymorphic forms, triclinic (MSBT) and monoclinic (MSBM), of ethyl 3-iodo-4-((4-methylphenyl)sulfonamido)benzoate prepared from ethyl 4-amino-3-iodobenzoate. The prepared polymorphs were unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) analysis. According to the SC-XRD results, the molecular configurations of both structures are stabilized by intramolecular N-H···I and C-H···O bonding. The crystal packing of MSBT is different as compared to the crystal packing of MSBM because MSBT is crystallized in the triclinic crystal system with the space group P1̅, whereas MSBM is crystallized in the monoclinic crystal system with the space group P21/c. The molecules of MSBT are interlinked in the form of dimers through N-H···O bonding to form R22(8) loops, while the MSBM molecules are connected with each other in the form of an infinite chain through C-H···O bonding. The crystal packing of both compounds is further stabilized by off-set π···π stacking interactions between phenyl rings, which is found stronger in MSBM as compared to in MSBT. Moreover, Hirshfeld surface exploration of the polymorphs was carried out, and the results were compared with the closely related literature structure. Accordingly, the supramolecular assembly of these polymorphs is mainly stabilized by noncovalent interactions or intermolecular interactions. Furthermore, a density functional theory (DFT) study was also carried out, which provided good support for the SC-XRD and Hirshfeld studies, suggesting the formation of both intramolecular and intermolecular interactions for both compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehreen Riaz
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Government College
University Faisalabad, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department
of Chemistry, Government College University
Faisalabad, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- Department
of Physics, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Government College
University Faisalabad, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Akram
- Department
of Chemistry, Government College University
Faisalabad, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Aleksey Kuznetsov
- Departamento
de Química, Campus Santiago Vitacura, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Vitacura 7660251, Chile
| | - Lyanne Rodríguez
- Department
of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohaematology, Thrombosis Research
Center, Medical Technology School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Manal Y. Sameeh
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Al-Leith University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Assiri
- Research
center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61514, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid
University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Wilson CG, Cervenka T, Wood PA, Parsons S. Behavior of Occupied and Void Space in Molecular Crystal Structures at High Pressure. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:2328-2341. [PMID: 35431662 PMCID: PMC9007411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a Monte Carlo algorithm for calculation of occupied ("network") and unoccupied ("void") space in crystal structures. The variation of the volumes of the voids and the network of intermolecular contacts with pressure sensitively reveals discontinuities associated with first- and second-order phase transitions, providing insights into the effect of compression (and, in principle, other external stimuli) at a level between those observed in individual contact distances and the overall unit cell dimensions. The method is shown to be especially useful for the correlation of high-pressure crystallographic and spectroscopic data, illustrated for naphthalene, where a phase transition previously detected by vibrational spectroscopy, and debated in the literature for over 80 years, has been revealed unambiguously in crystallographic data for the first time. Premonitory behavior before a phase transition and crystal collapse at the end of a compression series has also been detected. The network and void volumes for 129 high-pressure studies taken from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) were fitted to equation of state to show that networks typically have bulk moduli between 40 and 150 GPa, while those of voids fall into a much smaller range, 2-5 GPa. These figures are shown to reproduce the narrow range of overall bulk moduli of molecular solids (ca. 5-20 GPa). The program, called CellVol, has been written in Python using the CSD Python API and can be run through the command line or through the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre's Mercury interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron
J. G. Wilson
- Centre
for Science at Extreme Conditions, School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains
Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Tomas Cervenka
- Centre
for Science at Extreme Conditions, School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains
Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Peter A. Wood
- The
Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, U.K.
| | - Simon Parsons
- Centre
for Science at Extreme Conditions, School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains
Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
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6
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Novelli G, Kamenev KV, Maynard-Casely HE, Parsons S, McIntyre GJ. Use of a miniature diamond-anvil cell in a joint X-ray and neutron high-pressure study on copper sulfate pentahydrate. IUCRJ 2022; 9:73-85. [PMID: 35059212 PMCID: PMC8733890 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252521010708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Single-crystal X-ray and neutron diffraction data are usually collected using separate samples. This is a disadvantage when the sample is studied at high pressure because it is very difficult to achieve exactly the same pressure in two separate experiments, especially if the neutron data are collected using Laue methods where precise absolute values of the unit-cell dimensions cannot be measured to check how close the pressures are. In this study, diffraction data have been collected under the same conditions on the same sample of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, using a conventional laboratory diffractometer and source for the X-ray measurements and the Koala single-crystal Laue diffractometer at the ANSTO facility for the neutron measurements. The sample, of dimensions 0.40 × 0.22 × 0.20 mm3 and held at a pressure of 0.71 GPa, was contained in a miniature Merrill-Bassett diamond-anvil cell. The highly penetrating diffracted neutron beams passing through the metal body of the miniature cell as well as through the diamonds yielded data suitable for structure refinement, and compensated for the low completeness of the X-ray measurements, which was only 24% on account of the triclinic symmetry of the sample and the shading of reciprocal space by the cell. The two data-sets were combined in a single 'XN' structure refinement in which all atoms, including H atoms, were refined with anisotropic displacement parameters. The precision of the structural parameters was improved by a factor of up to 50% in the XN refinement compared with refinements using the X-ray or neutron data separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Novelli
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantin V. Kamenev
- School of Engineering and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, Erskine Williamson Building, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E. Maynard-Casely
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Simon Parsons
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Garry J. McIntyre
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights NSW 2234, Australia
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7
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Beran GJO, Sugden IJ, Greenwell C, Bowskill DH, Pantelides CC, Adjiman CS. How many more polymorphs of ROY remain undiscovered. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1288-1297. [PMID: 35222912 PMCID: PMC8809489 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06074k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With 12 crystal forms, 5-methyl-2-[(2-nitrophenyl)amino]-3-thiophenecabonitrile (a.k.a. ROY) holds the current record for the largest number of fully characterized organic crystal polymorphs. Four of these polymorph structures have been reported since 2019, raising the question of how many more ROY polymorphs await future discovery. Employing crystal structure prediction and accurate energy rankings derived from conformational energy-corrected density functional theory, this study presents the first crystal energy landscape for ROY that agrees well with experiment. The lattice energies suggest that the seven most stable ROY polymorphs (and nine of the twelve lowest-energy forms) on the Z′ = 1 landscape have already been discovered experimentally. Discovering any new polymorphs at ambient pressure will likely require specialized crystallization techniques capable of trapping metastable forms. At pressures above 10 GPa, however, a new crystal form is predicted to become enthalpically more stable than all known polymorphs, suggesting that further high-pressure experiments on ROY may be warranted. This work highlights the value of high-accuracy crystal structure prediction for solid-form screening and demonstrates how pragmatic conformational energy corrections can overcome the limitations of conventional density functionals for conformational polymorphs. Crystal structure prediction suggests that the low-energy polymorphs of ROY have already been found, but a new high-pressure form is predicted.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. O. Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Isaac J. Sugden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Chandler Greenwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - David H. Bowskill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Constantinos C. Pantelides
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Claire S. Adjiman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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8
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Warren LR, McGowan E, Renton M, Morrison CA, Funnell NP. Direct evidence for distinct colour origins in ROY polymorphs. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12711-12718. [PMID: 34703557 PMCID: PMC8494124 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ROY is one of the most well-studied families of crystal structures owing to it being the most polymorphic organic material on record. The various red, orange, and yellow colours of its crystal structures are widely-believed to originate from molecular conformation, though the orange needle (ON) polymorph is thought to be an exception. We report high-pressure, single-crystal X-ray measurements which provide direct experimental evidence that the colour origin in ON is intermolecular, revealing that the molecule undergoes minimal deformation but still exhibits a pronounced, reversible, pale orange → dark red colour change between ambient pressure and 4.18 GPa. Our experimental data are rationalised with band structures, calculated using an accurate hybrid DFT approach, where we are able to account for the variation in colour for five polymorphs of ROY. We highlight the outlier behaviour of ON which shows marked π⋯π stacking interactions that are directly modified through application of pressure. Band structure calculations confirm these intermolecular interactions as the origin of the colour change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette R Warren
- University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK +44 (0)131 650 4725
| | - Evana McGowan
- University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK +44 (0)131 650 4725
| | - Margaret Renton
- University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK +44 (0)131 650 4725
| | - Carole A Morrison
- University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK +44 (0)131 650 4725
| | - Nicholas P Funnell
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot OX11 0QX UK +44 (0)1235 445385
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9
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Chen Z, Gui Y, Cui K, Schmit JR, Yu L. Prolific Polymorph Generator ROY in Its Liquid and Glass: Two Conformational Populations Mirroring the Crystalline-State Distribution. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:10304-10311. [PMID: 34464152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
5-Methyl-2-[(2-nitrophenyl)amino]-3-thiophenecarbonitrile, dubbed ROY for its numerous crystal polymorphs of red, orange, and yellow colors, has been studied in its liquid and glassy state by infrared spectroscopy. Two populations of conformers are observed, whose equilibrium is characterized by ΔH = 2.4 kJ/mol and ΔS = 8.0 J/K/mol. The two populations correspond to the global and local minima of the torsional energy surface and to the conformational preference of the 13 crystal polymorphs. The local minimum features a more coplanar arrangement of the two aromatic rings, greater π conjugation, and lower CN stretch frequency. In the gas phase, the lowest-energy path between the two minima has an energy barrier 3.9 kJ/mol above the global minimum, consistent with the rapid equilibration between the two populations. The relevance of our result for understanding the prolific polymorphism of ROY is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Yue Gui
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Kai Cui
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - J R Schmit
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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10
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Prentice JCA, Mostofi AA. Accurate and Efficient Computation of Optical Absorption Spectra of Molecular Crystals: The Case of the Polymorphs of ROY. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:5214-5224. [PMID: 34291954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
When calculating the optical absorption spectra of molecular crystals from first principles, the influence of the crystalline environment on the excitations is of significant importance. For such systems, however, methods to describe the excitations accurately can be computationally prohibitive due to the relatively large system sizes involved. In this work, we demonstrate a method that allows optical absorption spectra to be computed both efficiently and at high accuracy. Our approach is based on the spectral warping method successfully applied to molecules in solvent. It involves calculating the absorption spectrum of a supercell of the full molecular crystal using semi-local time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), before warping the spectrum using a transformation derived from smaller-scale semi-local and hybrid TDDFT calculations on isolated dimers. We demonstrate the power of this method on three polymorphs of the well-known color polymorphic compound ROY and find that it outperforms both small-scale hybrid TDDFT dimer calculations and large-scale semi-local TDDFT supercell calculations, when compared to the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C A Prentice
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.,Department of Materials, Department of Physics, and the Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Arash A Mostofi
- Department of Materials, Department of Physics, and the Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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11
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Petters L, Burger S, Kronawitter S, Drees M, Kieslich G. Linear negative thermal expansion in Pd(acac) 2. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00534k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We propose that chemical interactions in the coordination compound Pd(acac)2 can be mapped on a wine-rack network, explaining linear negative thermal expansion in a classic coordination compound based on concepts known from network materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Petters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stefan Burger
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Silva Kronawitter
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Drees
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gregor Kieslich
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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12
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Feng X, Becke AD, Johnson ER. Theoretical investigation of polymorph- and coformer-dependent photoluminescence in molecular crystals. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00383f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel density-functional approach provides accurate predictions for the colour zoning of ROY polymorphs and the fluorescence energies of a family of 9-acetylanthracene cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xibo Feng
- Department of Chemistry
- Dalhousie University
- Halifax
- Canada
| | - Axel D. Becke
- Department of Chemistry
- Dalhousie University
- Halifax
- Canada
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13
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Feng X, Becke AD, Johnson ER. Computational modeling of piezochromism in molecular crystals. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:234106. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0011515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xibo Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Axel D. Becke
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Erin R. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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14
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Giordano N, Beavers CM, Campbell BJ, Eigner V, Gregoryanz E, Marshall WG, Peña-Álvarez M, Teat SJ, Vennari CE, Parsons S. High-pressure polymorphism in pyridine. IUCRJ 2020; 7:58-70. [PMID: 31949905 PMCID: PMC6949594 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519015616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Single crystals of the high-pressure phases II and III of pyridine have been obtained by in situ crystallization at 1.09 and 1.69 GPa, revealing the crystal structure of phase III for the first time using X-ray diffraction. Phase II crystallizes in P212121 with Z' = 1 and phase III in P41212 with Z' = ½. Neutron powder diffraction experiments using pyridine-d5 establish approximate equations of state of both phases. The space group and unit-cell dimensions of phase III are similar to the structures of other simple compounds with C 2v molecular symmetry, and the phase becomes stable at high pressure because it is topologically close-packed, resulting in a lower molar volume than the topologically body-centred cubic phase II. Phases II and III have been observed previously by Raman spectroscopy, but have been mis-identified or inconsistently named. Raman spectra collected on the same samples as used in the X-ray experiments establish the vibrational characteristics of both phases unambiguously. The pyridine molecules interact in both phases through CH⋯π and CH⋯N interactions. The nature of individual contacts is preserved through the phase transition between phases III and II, which occurs on decompression. A combination of rigid-body symmetry mode analysis and density functional theory calculations enables the soft vibrational lattice mode which governs the transformation to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Giordano
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and EastChem School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christine M. Beavers
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Diamond Light Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Branton J. Campbell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Václav Eigner
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and EastChem School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
- Institute of Physics of the AS CR, v.v.i., Cukrovarnicka 10, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eugene Gregoryanz
- School of Physics and Astronomy and the Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Willliam G. Marshall
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Miriam Peña-Álvarez
- School of Physics and Astronomy and the Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Simon J. Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cara E. Vennari
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Simon Parsons
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and EastChem School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
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15
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Giordano N, Beavers CM, Kamenev KV, Love JB, Pankhurst JR, Teat SJ, Parsons S. Pressure-induced inclusion of neon in the crystal structure of a molecular Cu 2(pacman) complex at 4.67 GPa. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3449-3452. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09884d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Crystals of Cu2(pacman) inflate on taking up neon at 46 000 atm through a switch in the ligand conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Giordano
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions
- The University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh
- UK
- Advanced Light Source
| | - Christine M. Beavers
- Advanced Light Source
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences
| | - Konstantin V. Kamenev
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Engineering
- The University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Jason B. Love
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions
- The University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - James R. Pankhurst
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions
- The University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Simon J. Teat
- Advanced Light Source
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Simon Parsons
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions
- The University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh
- UK
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16
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Fan X, Yan T, Wang Q, Zheng J, Ma Z, Xue Z. Negative Linear Compressibility of Nickel Dicyanamide. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Fan
- School of Science, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Yan
- School of Science, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, P. R. China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- School of Science, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, P. R. China
| | - Jungang Zheng
- School of Science, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, P. R. China
| | - Zhenning Ma
- School of Science, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, P. R. China
| | - Zhichao Xue
- School of Science, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, P. R. China
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17
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Giordano N, Afanasjevs S, Beavers CM, Hobday CL, Kamenev KV, O'Bannon EF, Ruiz-Fuertes J, Teat SJ, Valiente R, Parsons S. The Effect of Pressure on Halogen Bonding in 4-Iodobenzonitrile. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24102018. [PMID: 31137795 PMCID: PMC6572472 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24102018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of 4-iodobenzonitrile, which is monoclinic (space group I2/a) under ambient conditions, contains chains of molecules linked through C≡N···I halogen-bonds. The chains interact through CH···I, CH···N and π-stacking contacts. The crystal structure remains in the same phase up to 5.0 GPa, the b axis compressing by 3.3%, and the a and c axes by 12.3 and 10.9 %. Since the chains are exactly aligned with the crystallographic b axis these data characterise the compressibility of the I···N interaction relative to the inter-chain interactions, and indicate that the halogen bond is the most robust intermolecular interaction in the structure, shortening from 3.168(4) at ambient pressure to 2.840(1) Å at 5.0 GPa. The π∙∙∙π contacts are most sensitive to pressure, and in one case the perpendicular stacking distance shortens from 3.6420(8) to 3.139(4) Å. Packing energy calculations (PIXEL) indicate that the π∙∙∙π interactions have been distorted into a destabilising region of their potentials at 5.0 GPa. The structure undergoes a transition to a triclinic ( P 1 ¯ ) phase at 5.5 GPa. Over the course of the transition, the initially colourless and transparent crystal darkens on account of formation of microscopic cracks. The resistance drops by 10% and the optical transmittance drops by almost two orders of magnitude. The I···N bond increases in length to 2.928(10) Å and become less linear [<C-I∙∙∙N = 166.2(5)°]; the energy stabilises by 2.5 kJ mol-1 and the mixed C-I/I..N stretching frequency observed by Raman spectroscopy increases from 249 to 252 cm-1. The driving force of the transition is shown to be relief of strain built-up in the π∙∙∙π interactions rather than minimisation of the molar volume. The triclinic phase persists up to 8.1 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Giordano
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FD, UK.
- Advanced Light Source, 1 Cyclotron Road, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Sergejs Afanasjevs
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Christine M Beavers
- Advanced Light Source, 1 Cyclotron Road, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
- Present address: Diamond Light Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK.
| | - Claire L Hobday
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Konstantin V Kamenev
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Earl F O'Bannon
- Advanced Light Source, 1 Cyclotron Road, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
- Present address: Physical and Life Sciences, Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.
| | - Javier Ruiz-Fuertes
- Dpto. DCITIMAC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain.
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, 1 Cyclotron Road, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Rafael Valiente
- Dpto. Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL, 39005 Santander, Spain.
| | - Simon Parsons
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FD, UK.
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18
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Bull CL, Funnell NP, Ridley CJ, Pulham CR, Coster PL, Tellam JP, Marshall WG. Pressure-induced isosymmetric phase transition in biurea. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01028a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An isosymmetric phase transition of biurea has been found in which the molecules appear to “snap” from one conformer to another upon compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L. Bull
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Chilton
- U. K
| | | | | | - Colin R. Pulham
- EastCHEM School of Chemistry
- Joseph Black Building
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Paul L. Coster
- EastCHEM School of Chemistry
- Joseph Black Building
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - James P. Tellam
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Chilton
- U. K
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19
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Jones CL, Skelton JM, Parker SC, Raithby PR, Walsh A, Wilson CC, Thomas LH. Living in the salt-cocrystal continuum: indecisive organic complexes with thermochromic behaviour. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce02066c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The thermochromic behaviour of the haloaniline – 3,5-dinotrobenzoic acid cocrystals over the temperature range from 30–108 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen C. Parker
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
- School of Chemistry
| | | | - Aron Walsh
- Department of Materials
- Imperial College, London
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
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20
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Funnell NP, Bull CL, Ridley CJ, Capelli S. Structural behaviour of OP-ROY at extreme conditions. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01946k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly-flexible organic molecule, with numerous polymorphs at ambient conditions, shows remarkable metastability, resisting the effects of extreme pressure and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig L. Bull
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Chilton
- UK
| | | | - Silvia Capelli
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Chilton
- UK
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21
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Zeng Q, Wang K, Zou B. Large Negative Linear Compressibility in InH(BDC)2 from Framework Hinging. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15648-15651. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard
Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard
Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard
Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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22
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Akune Y, Hirosawa R, Koseki A, Matsumoto S. Role of halogen substituents in a series of polymorphic 2,5-diamino-3,6-dicyanopyrazine derivatives with highly flexible groups. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2016-2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The crystal structures of the ortho-X-benzyl derivatives, where X=F, Cl, Br, I, and Me, of 2,5-bis(N,N-dibenzylamino)-3,6-dicyanopyrazine dyes (C34H24N6X4) were analysed to evaluate the effect of a systematic series of structures on the occurrence of polymorphism. Detailed crystal structure analysis indicated that the thermally stable forms of the polymorphic derivatives (Cl and Br derivatives) were close-packed, whereas those of the non-polymorphic derivatives (F and I derivatives) were stabilised by an intermolecular interaction involving the ortho-substituents. In the thermally metastable forms of the polymorphic derivative, halogen-halogen and halogen-nitrogen interactions contributed to the stabilisation of these crystals in the same way as the thermally stable form of the non-polymorphic derivatives. This indicated that the ease of polymorph occurrence would require an appropriate balance between the crystal energy of the close-packed structure and that of the crystal structure generated mainly by the electrostatic interactions involving the halogens in these halogenated pyrazine derivatives. In addition, the similar tendency of the occurrence of polymorphs in these halogenated pyrazine derivatives was found in 19 sets of halogenated compounds having known crystal structures of F, Cl, Br and I derivatives including at least one polymorphic derivative in the crystal structure database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Akune
- Department of Environment and Natural Sciences, Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Risa Hirosawa
- Department of Environment and Natural Sciences, Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Koseki
- Department of Environment and Natural Sciences, Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Matsumoto
- Department of Environment and Natural Sciences, Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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23
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Zeng Q, Wang K, Qiao Y, Li X, Zou B. Negative Linear Compressibility Due to Layer Sliding in a Layered Metal-Organic Framework. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1436-1441. [PMID: 28296412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Negative linear compressibility (NLC) is a rare and counterintuitive phenomenon because materials with this property would expand along one specific direction when uniformly compressed. NLC materials have a broad range of potential applications in designing pressure sensors, artificial muscles, and so on. Designing and searching for systems with NLC is desired and crucial for material and compression science. Herein, with the help of high-pressure X-ray diffraction measurements and density functional theory calculations, we find that the 2D layered Co(SCN)2(pyrazine)2 exhibits NLC with a new mechanism: layer sliding. When compressed, the ab planes slide along the a axis, leading to the decrease of lattice parameter β, which results in the NLC effect along principal axis X3 (≈ -0.84a - 0.55c). The layer sliding mechanism opens exciting opportunities for seeking, designing, and synthesizing new classes of materials with anomalous mechanical properties in monoclinic layered or other related systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuancun Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039, China
| | - Bo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
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24
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Akune Y, Hirosawa R, Endo N, Hatano S, Hosokai T, Sato H, Matsumoto S. Tuning of fluorescence efficiency via local modification of the crystal structure by benzyl groups in polymorphs of a pyrazine dye. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Sui Q, Ren XT, Dai YX, Wang K, Li WT, Gong T, Fang JJ, Zou B, Gao EQ, Wang L. Piezochromism and hydrochromism through electron transfer: new stories for viologen materials. Chem Sci 2016; 8:2758-2768. [PMID: 28553511 PMCID: PMC5426459 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04579k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A pyridinium-carboxylate compound undergoes reversible color change under pressure owing to the formation of radicals via electron transfer; dehydration and hydration can also trigger electron transfer.
While viologen derivatives have long been known for electrochromism and photochromism, here we demonstrated that a viologen-carboxylate zwitterionic molecule in the crystalline state exhibits piezochromic and hydrochromic behaviors. The yellow crystal undergoes a reversible color change to red under high pressure, to green after decompression, and finally back to yellow upon standing at ambient pressure. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance X-ray diffraction and DFT calculations suggested that the piezochromism is due to the formation of radicals via pressure-induced electron transfer from carboxylate to pyridinium, without a crystallographic phase transition. It was proposed that electron transfer is induced by pressure-forced reduction of intermolecular donor–acceptor contacts. The electron transfer can also be induced by dehydration, which gives a stable green anhydrous radical phase. The color change is reversible upon reabsorption of water, which triggers reverse electron transfer. The compound not only demonstrates new chromic phenomena for viologen compounds, but also represents the first example of organic mechanochromism and hydrochromism associated with radical formation via electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 3663 North Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , P. R. China .
| | - Xiang-Ting Ren
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research , 1690 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , P. R. China .
| | - Yu-Xiang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun , Jilin 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun , Jilin 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Wen-Tao Li
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research , 1690 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , P. R. China .
| | - Teng Gong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 3663 North Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , P. R. China .
| | - Jia-Jia Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 3663 North Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , P. R. China .
| | - Bo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun , Jilin 130012 , P. R. China
| | - En-Qing Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 3663 North Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , P. R. China .
| | - Lin Wang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research , 1690 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , P. R. China .
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26
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Foster JA, Damodaran KK, Maurin A, Day GM, Thompson HPG, Cameron GJ, Bernal JC, Steed JW. Pharmaceutical polymorph control in a drug-mimetic supramolecular gel. Chem Sci 2016; 8:78-84. [PMID: 28451150 PMCID: PMC5304659 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04126d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A supramolecular gel designed to chemically mimic the structure of a pharmaceutical compound controls the polymorphic outcome of the crystallization of the substrate.
We report the synthesis of a bis(urea) gelator designed to specifically mimic the chemical structure of the highly polymorphic drug substance ROY. Crystallization of ROY from toluene gels of this gelator results in the formation of the metastable red form instead of the thermodynamic yellow polymorph. In contrast, all other gels and solution control experiments give the yellow form. Conformational and crystal structure prediction methods have been used to propose the structure of the gel and show that the templation of the red form by the targeted gel results from conformational matching of the gelator to the ROY substrate coupled with overgrowth of ROY onto the local periodic structure of the gel fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Foster
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK
| | - Krishna K Damodaran
- Department of Chemistry , Science Institute , University of Iceland , Dunhagi 3 , 107 Reykjavík , Iceland
| | - Antoine Maurin
- Department of Chemistry , Durham University , South Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK .
| | - Graeme M Day
- School of Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
| | - Hugh P G Thompson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK
| | - Gary J Cameron
- Department of Chemistry , Durham University , South Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK .
| | | | - Jonathan W Steed
- Department of Chemistry , Durham University , South Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK .
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