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Ghumman ASM, Shamsuddin R, Nasef MM, Krivoborodov EG, Ahmad S, Zanin AA, Mezhuev YO, Abbasi A. A Degradable Inverse Vulcanized Copolymer as a Coating Material for Urea Produced under Optimized Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4040. [PMID: 34833338 PMCID: PMC8621183 DOI: 10.3390/polym13224040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Global enhancement of crop yield is achieved using chemical fertilizers; however, agro-economy is affected due to poor nutrient uptake efficacy (NUE), which also causes environmental pollution. Encapsulating urea granules with hydrophobic material can be one solution. Additionally, the inverse vulcanized copolymer obtained from vegetable oils are a new class of green sulfur-enriched polymer with good biodegradation and better sulfur oxidation potential, but they possess unreacted sulfur, which leads to void generations. In this study, inverse vulcanization reaction conditions to minimize the amount of unreacted sulfur through response surface methodology (RSM) is optimized. The copolymer obtained was then characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIR confirmed the formation of the copolymer, TGA demonstrated that copolymer is thermally stable up to 200 °C temperature, and DSC revealed the sulfur conversion of 82.2% (predicted conversion of 82.37%), which shows the goodness of the model developed to predict the sulfur conversion. To further maximize the sulfur conversion, 5 wt% diisopropenyl benzene (DIB) as a crosslinker is added during synthesis to produce terpolymer. The urea granule is then coated using terpolymer, and the nutrient release longevity of the coated urea is tested in distilled water, which revealed that only 65% of its total nutrient is released after 40 days of incubation. The soil burial of the terpolymer demonstrated its biodegradability, as 26% weight loss happens in 52 days of incubation. Thus, inverse vulcanized terpolymer as a coating material for urea demonstrated far better nutrient release longevity compared with other biopolymers with improved biodegradation; moreover, these copolymers also have potential to improve sulfur oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shaan Manzoor Ghumman
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; (A.S.M.G.); (A.A.)
- HICoE, Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Rashid Shamsuddin
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; (A.S.M.G.); (A.A.)
- HICoE, Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia;
| | - Efrem G. Krivoborodov
- Institute of Chemistry and Sustainable Development, Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (E.G.K.); (A.A.Z.); (Y.O.M.)
| | - Sohaira Ahmad
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Wah Engineering College, University of Wah, Wah Cantt 47040, Punjab, Pakistan;
| | - Alexey A. Zanin
- Institute of Chemistry and Sustainable Development, Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (E.G.K.); (A.A.Z.); (Y.O.M.)
| | - Yaroslav O. Mezhuev
- Institute of Chemistry and Sustainable Development, Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (E.G.K.); (A.A.Z.); (Y.O.M.)
| | - Amin Abbasi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; (A.S.M.G.); (A.A.)
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2
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Jin H, Sun Y, Sun Z, Yang M, Gui R. Zero-dimensional sulfur nanomaterials: Synthesis, modifications and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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3
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Tarasova NP, Zanin AA, Krivoborodov EG, Mezhuev YO. Elemental sulphur in the synthesis of sulphur-containing polymers: reaction mechanisms and green prospects. RSC Adv 2021; 11:9008-9020. [PMID: 35423353 PMCID: PMC8695231 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10507d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of polymers using elemental sulphur as a chemical agent has been studied in relation to the worldwide overproduction of cyclo-octasulphur. Herein, the mechanisms of the processes leading to the inclusion of elemental sulphur into macromolecules have been reviewed and the main methods for reduction of the reaction temperature required for the S8 ring opening have been shown. Approaches to the activation of cyclo-octasulphur in the synthesis and macromolecule cross-linking reactions were discussed in the context of finding the chemical agents and conditions that satisfy the principles of green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Tarasova
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya Sq. 9 Moscow 125047 Russia
| | - Alexey A Zanin
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya Sq. 9 Moscow 125047 Russia
| | - Efrem G Krivoborodov
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya Sq. 9 Moscow 125047 Russia
| | - Yaroslav O Mezhuev
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya Sq. 9 Moscow 125047 Russia
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4
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Abbasi A, Nasef MM, Yahya WZN, Moniruzzaman M, Ghumman ASM. Preparation and characterization of sulfur-vinylbenzyl chloride polymer under optimized reaction conditions using inverse vulcanization. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Wadi VS, Mittal H, Fosso-Kankeu E, Jena KK, Alhassan SM. Mercury removal by porous sulfur copolymers: Adsorption isotherm and kinetics studies. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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6
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Anyszka R, Kozanecki M, Czaderna A, Olejniczak M, Sielski J, Siciński M, Imiela M, Wręczycki J, Pietrzak D, Gozdek T, Okraska M, Szynkowska MI, Malinowski P, Bieliński DM. Inverse vulcanization of sulfur with vinylic POSS. J Sulphur Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2019.1648470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Anyszka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Marcin Kozanecki
- Department of Molecular Physics, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Czaderna
- Department of Molecular Physics, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Jan Sielski
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Mariusz Siciński
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Mateusz Imiela
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Jakub Wręczycki
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Dominik Pietrzak
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Tomasz Gozdek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Michał Okraska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Malinowski
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Dariusz M. Bieliński
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
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7
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Smith JA, Green SJ, Petcher S, Parker DJ, Zhang B, Worthington MJH, Wu X, Kelly CA, Baker T, Gibson CT, Campbell JA, Lewis DA, Jenkins MJ, Willcock H, Chalker JM, Hasell T. Crosslinker Copolymerization for Property Control in Inverse Vulcanization. Chemistry 2019; 25:10433-10440. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Smith
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Sarah J. Green
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Samuel Petcher
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | | | - Bowen Zhang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Max J. H. Worthington
- Institute for NanoScale Science and TechnologyCollege of Science and EngineeringFlinders University Sturt Road Bedford Park South Australia Australia
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Catherine A. Kelly
- School of Metallurgy and MaterialsUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Thomas Baker
- Department of MaterialsLoughborough University Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Christopher T. Gibson
- Institute for NanoScale Science and TechnologyCollege of Science and EngineeringFlinders University Sturt Road Bedford Park South Australia Australia
- Flinders Microscopy and MicroanalysisCollege of Science and EngineeringFlinders University Sturt Road Bedford Park South Australia Australia
| | - Jonathan A. Campbell
- Institute for NanoScale Science and TechnologyCollege of Science and EngineeringFlinders University Sturt Road Bedford Park South Australia Australia
| | - David A. Lewis
- Institute for NanoScale Science and TechnologyCollege of Science and EngineeringFlinders University Sturt Road Bedford Park South Australia Australia
| | - Mike J. Jenkins
- School of Metallurgy and MaterialsUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Helen Willcock
- Department of MaterialsLoughborough University Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Justin M. Chalker
- Institute for NanoScale Science and TechnologyCollege of Science and EngineeringFlinders University Sturt Road Bedford Park South Australia Australia
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
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8
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Chalker JM, Worthington MJH, Lundquist NA, Esdaile LJ. Synthesis and Applications of Polymers Made by Inverse Vulcanization. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2019; 377:16. [PMID: 31111247 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Elemental sulfur is an abundant and inexpensive chemical feedstock, yet it is underused as a starting material in chemical synthesis. Recently, a process coined inverse vulcanization was introduced in which elemental sulfur is converted into polymers by ring-opening polymerization, followed by cross-linking with an unsaturated organic molecule such as a polyene. The resulting materials have high sulfur content (typically 50-90% sulfur by mass) and display a range of interesting properties such as dynamic S-S bonds, redox activity, high refractive indices, mid-wave IR transparency, and heavy metal affinity. These properties have led to a swell of applications of these polymers in repairable materials, energy generation and storage, optical devices, and environmental remediation. This article will discuss the synthesis of polymers by inverse vulcanization and review case studies on their diverse applications. An outlook is also presented to discuss future opportunities and challenges for further advancement of polymers made by inverse vulcanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Chalker
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia.
| | - Max J H Worthington
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Lundquist
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Louisa J Esdaile
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
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9
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Wu X, Smith JA, Petcher S, Zhang B, Parker DJ, Griffin JM, Hasell T. Catalytic inverse vulcanization. Nat Commun 2019; 10:647. [PMID: 30733431 PMCID: PMC6367372 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of inverse vulcanization has allowed stable polymers to be made from elemental sulfur, an unwanted by-product of the petrochemicals industry. However, further development of both the chemistry and applications is handicapped by the restricted choice of cross-linkers and the elevated temperatures required for polymerisation. Here we report the catalysis of inverse vulcanization reactions. This catalytic method is effective for a wide range of crosslinkers reduces the required reaction temperature and reaction time, prevents harmful H2S production, increases yield, improves properties, and allows crosslinkers that would be otherwise unreactive to be used. Thus, inverse vulcanization becomes more widely applicable, efficient, eco-friendly and productive than the previous routes, not only broadening the fundamental chemistry itself, but also opening the door for the industrialization and broad application of these fascinating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Jessica A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Samuel Petcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Douglas J Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - John M Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
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10
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Wadi VS, Jena KK, Khawaja SZ, Ranagraj VM, Alhassan S. Preparation and processing of porous sulfur foams having low thermal conductivity. RSC Adv 2019; 9:4397-4403. [PMID: 35520171 PMCID: PMC9060573 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09127g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur-containing polymers prepared via the inverse vulcanization technique have attracted considerable attention due to the feasibility of the method to produce stable polysulfides with up to 50–90 wt% of sulfur and their wide range of applications from Li–S batteries to catalysis, self-healing and optical materials. Despite many applications, the development of new advanced materials using sulfur is still in the initial stage. Herein, we reported the preparation and processing of a porous sulfur foam for low thermal conductivity applications by combining inverse vulcanization and template removal techniques. Initially, water-soluble template-embedded cross-linked polysulfides were prepared and hot-pressed to the required shape and size. Later, pores were generated by dissolving the template in water. The porosity of the foam was altered by varying the particle size of template materials. The effects of the templates on the porosity and morphology were discussed and correlated with thermal conductivity. The sulfur foam with a smaller pore size and high porosity showed significant decrease in the thermal conductivity up to ∼0.032 W m−1 K−1 at 25 °C, which was much lower than that of pristine sulfur (0.205 W m−1 K−1). The present method offers flexibility to modify the foam structure and properties during preparation and processing. Porous sulfur foams were prepared by combining inverse vulcanization and template removal techniques. The porosity of the foam was altered by varying the template particle size; which lead to drop in thermal conductivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay S. Wadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Kishore K. Jena
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Shahrukh Z. Khawaja
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Saeed M. Alhassan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
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11
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Li J, Jiang Y, Qin F, Fang J, Zhang K, Lai Y. Magnetron-sputtering MoS2 on carbon paper and its application as interlayer for high-performance lithium sulfur batteries. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Shankarayya Wadi V, Jena KK, Khawaja SZ, Yannakopoulou K, Fardis M, Mitrikas G, Karagianni M, Papavassiliou G, Alhassan SM. NMR and EPR Structural Analysis and Stability Study of Inverse Vulcanized Sulfur Copolymers. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:3330-3339. [PMID: 31458588 PMCID: PMC6641320 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur copolymers with high sulfur content find a broad range of applications from Li-S batteries to catalytic processes, self-healing materials, and the synthesis of nanoparticles. Synthesis of sulfur-containing polymers via the inverse vulcanization technique gained a lot of attention due to the feasibility of the reaction to produce copolymers with high sulfur content (up to 90 wt %). However, the interplay between the cross-linker and the structure of the copolymers has not yet been fully explored. In the present work, the effect of the amount of 1,3-diisopropenyl benzene (DIB) cross-linker on the structural stability of the copolymer was thoroughly investigated. Combining X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry, we demonstrated the partial depolymerization of sulfur in the copolymer containing low amount of cross-linker (<30 wt % DIB). On the other hand, by applying NMR and electron paramagnetic resonance techniques, we have shown that increasing the cross-linker content above 50 wt % leads to the formation of radicals, which may severely degrade the structural stability of the copolymer. Thus, an optimum amount of cross-linker is essential to obtain a stable copolymer. Moreover, we were able to detect the release of H2S gas during the cross-linking reaction as predicted based on the abstraction of hydrogen by the sulfur radicals and therefore we emphasize the need to take appropriate precautions while implementing the inverse vulcanization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay
Kumar Shankarayya Wadi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kishore K. Jena
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shahrukh Z. Khawaja
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Konstantina Yannakopoulou
- National
Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Patr. Gregoriou and 27 Neapoleos
Street, Agia Paraskevi Attikis 15341, Greece
| | - Michael Fardis
- National
Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Patr. Gregoriou and 27 Neapoleos
Street, Agia Paraskevi Attikis 15341, Greece
| | - George Mitrikas
- National
Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Patr. Gregoriou and 27 Neapoleos
Street, Agia Paraskevi Attikis 15341, Greece
| | - Marina Karagianni
- National
Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Patr. Gregoriou and 27 Neapoleos
Street, Agia Paraskevi Attikis 15341, Greece
| | - Georgios Papavassiliou
- National
Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Patr. Gregoriou and 27 Neapoleos
Street, Agia Paraskevi Attikis 15341, Greece
| | - Saeed M. Alhassan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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13
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Lin HK, Liu YL. Sulfur Radical Transfer and Coupling Reaction to Benzoxazine Groups: A New Reaction Route for Preparation of Polymeric Materials Using Elemental Sulfur as a Feedstock. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1700832. [PMID: 29450931 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach to preparing polymeric materials using elemental sulfur as a feedstock through the newly developed sulfur radical transfer and coupling (SRTC) reaction is reported herein. Polybenzoxazines with high sulfur contents are prepared using the SRTC reaction with benzoxazine compounds as the radical acceptors. The reactions between elemental sulfur and benzoxazine rings are analyzed with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1 H NMR, and 13 C DEPT spectroscopies to elucidate the SRTC reaction mechanism. Moreover, the prepared polybenzoxazine-sulfur hybrid materials show attractive repairing properties based on the dynamic S-S linkages. An effective reaction mechanism and the prepared repairable sulfur-possessing polymeric materials are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Keng Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, #101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ling Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, #101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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14
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McNaughter PD, Bear JC, Mayes AG, Parkin IP, O'Brien P. The in situ synthesis of PbS nanocrystals from lead(II) n-octylxanthate within a 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene-bisphenol A dimethacrylate sulfur copolymer. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170383. [PMID: 28878986 PMCID: PMC5579102 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of lead sulfide nanocrystals within a solution processable sulfur 'inverse vulcanization' polymer thin film matrix was achieved from the in situ thermal decomposition of lead(II) n-octylxanthate, [Pb(S2COOct)2]. The growth of nanocrystals within polymer thin films from single-source precursors offers a faster route to networks of nanocrystals within polymers when compared with ex situ routes. The 'inverse vulcanization' sulfur polymer described herein contains a hybrid linker system which demonstrates high solubility in organic solvents, allowing solution processing of the sulfur-based polymer, ideal for the formation of thin films. The process of nanocrystal synthesis within sulfur films was optimized by observing nanocrystal formation by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Examination of the film morphology by scanning electron microscopy showed that beyond a certain precursor concentration the nanocrystals formed were not only within the film but also on the surface suggesting a loading limit within the polymer. We envisage this material could be used as the basis of a new generation of materials where solution processed sulfur polymers act as an alternative to traditional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. D. McNaughter
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - J. C. Bear
- Materials Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - A. G. Mayes
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - I. P. Parkin
- Materials Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - P. O'Brien
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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15
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Diez S, Hoefling A, Theato P, Pauer W. Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Sulfur-Containing Polymeric Materials Prepared via Inverse Vulcanization. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E59. [PMID: 30970741 PMCID: PMC6432436 DOI: 10.3390/polym9020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, new methods have been developed for the utilization of elemental sulfur as a feedstock for novel polymeric materials. One promising method is the inverse vulcanization, which is used to prepare polymeric structures derived from sulfur and divinyl comonomers. However, the mechanical and electrical properties of the products are virtually unexplored. Hence, in the present study, we synthesized a 200 g scale of amorphous, hydrophobic as well as translucent, hyperbranched polymeric sulfur networks that provide a high thermal resistance (>220 °C). The polymeric material properties of these sulfur copolymers can be controlled significantly by varying the monomers as well as the feed content. The investigated comonomers are divinylbenzene (DVB) and 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene (DIB). Plastomers with low elastic content and high shape retention containing 12.5%⁻30% DVB as well as low viscose waxy plastomers with a high flow behavior containing a high DVB content of 30%⁻35% were obtained. Copolymers with 15%⁻30% DIB act, on the one hand, as thermoplastics and, on the other hand, as vitreous thermosets with a DIB of 30%⁻35%. Results of the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC) and mechanical characterization, such as stress⁻strain experiments and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, are discussed with the outcome that they support the assumption of a polymeric cross-linked network structure in the form of hyper-branched polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Diez
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg D-20146, Germany.
| | - Alexander Hoefling
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg D-20146, Germany.
| | - Patrick Theato
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg D-20146, Germany.
| | - Werner Pauer
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg D-20146, Germany.
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16
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Boyd DA, Baker CC, Myers JD, Nguyen VQ, Drake GA, McClain CC, Kung FH, Bowman SR, Kim W, Sanghera JS. ORMOCHALCs: organically modified chalcogenide polymers for infrared optics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:259-262. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08307b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of sulfur–selenium based ORganically MOdified CHALCogenide (ORMOCHALC) polymers for use in infrared optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Boyd
- Optical Sciences Division
- Naval Research Laboratory
- USA
| | - C. C. Baker
- Optical Sciences Division
- Naval Research Laboratory
- USA
| | - J. D. Myers
- Optical Sciences Division
- Naval Research Laboratory
- USA
| | - V. Q. Nguyen
- Optical Sciences Division
- Naval Research Laboratory
- USA
| | | | | | - F. H. Kung
- University Research Foundation
- Greenbelt
- USA
| | - S. R. Bowman
- Optical Sciences Division
- Naval Research Laboratory
- USA
| | - W. Kim
- Optical Sciences Division
- Naval Research Laboratory
- USA
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl A. Boyd
- Optical Sciences Division; US Naval Research Laboratory; 4555 Overlook Dr., SW Washington DC USA
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18
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Boyd DA. Sulfur and Its Role In Modern Materials Science. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15486-15502. [PMID: 27860133 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although well-known and studied for centuries, sulfur continues to be at the center of an extensive array of scientific research topics. As one of the most abundant elements in the Universe, a major by-product of oil refinery processes, and as a common reaction site within biological systems, research involving sulfur is both broad in scope and incredibly important to our daily lives. Indeed, there has been renewed interest in sulfur-based reactions in just the past ten years. Sulfur research spans the spectrum of topics within the physical sciences including research on improving energy efficiency, environmentally friendly uses for oil refinery waste products, development of polymers with unique optical and mechanical properties, and materials produced for biological applications. This Review focuses on some of the latest exciting ways in which sulfur and sulfur-based reactions are being utilized to produce materials for application in energy, environmental, and other practical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl A Boyd
- Optical Sciences Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Dr., SW, Washington, DC, USA
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19
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Cardanol benzoxazines – A sustainable linker for elemental sulphur based copolymers via inverse vulcanisation. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Griebel JJ, Glass RS, Char K, Pyun J. Polymerizations with elemental sulfur: A novel route to high sulfur content polymers for sustainability, energy and defense. Prog Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Dirlam PT, Park J, Simmonds AG, Domanik K, Arrington CB, Schaefer JL, Oleshko VP, Kleine TS, Char K, Glass RS, Soles CL, Kim C, Pinna N, Sung YE, Pyun J. Elemental Sulfur and Molybdenum Disulfide Composites for Li-S Batteries with Long Cycle Life and High-Rate Capability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:13437-13448. [PMID: 27171646 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The practical implementation of Li-S technology has been hindered by short cycle life and poor rate capability owing to deleterious effects resulting from the varied solubilities of different Li polysulfide redox products. Here, we report the preparation and utilization of composites with a sulfur-rich matrix and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) particulate inclusions as Li-S cathode materials with the capability to mitigate the dissolution of the Li polysulfide redox products via the MoS2 inclusions acting as "polysulfide anchors". In situ composite formation was completed via a facile, one-pot method with commercially available starting materials. The composites were afforded by first dispersing MoS2 directly in liquid elemental sulfur (S8) with sequential polymerization of the sulfur phase via thermal ring opening polymerization or copolymerization via inverse vulcanization. For the practical utility of this system to be highlighted, it was demonstrated that the composite formation methodology was amenable to larger scale processes with composites easily prepared in 100 g batches. Cathodes fabricated with the high sulfur content composites as the active material afforded Li-S cells that exhibited extended cycle lifetimes of up to 1000 cycles with low capacity decay (0.07% per cycle) and demonstrated exceptional rate capability with the delivery of reversible capacity up to 500 mAh/g at 5 C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip T Dirlam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jungjin Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy and Environment, The National CRI Center for Intelligent Hybrids, and Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Research (IBS), Seoul National University , Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Adam G Simmonds
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kenneth Domanik
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Clay B Arrington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jennifer L Schaefer
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Vladimir P Oleshko
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Tristan S Kleine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kookheon Char
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy and Environment, The National CRI Center for Intelligent Hybrids, and Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Research (IBS), Seoul National University , Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Richard S Glass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Christopher L Soles
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Chunjoong Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University (CNU) , Daejeon 350-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Nicola Pinna
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Yung-Eun Sung
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy and Environment, The National CRI Center for Intelligent Hybrids, and Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Research (IBS), Seoul National University , Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Jeffrey Pyun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy and Environment, The National CRI Center for Intelligent Hybrids, and Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Research (IBS), Seoul National University , Seoul 151-744, Korea
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22
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Salman MK, Karabay B, Karabay LC, Cihaner A. Elemental sulfur-based polymeric materials: Synthesis and characterization. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Khalifa Salman
- Atilim Optoelectronic Materials and Solar Energy Laboratory (ATOMSEL) Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; Atilim University; TR-06836 Ankara Turkey
| | - Baris Karabay
- Atilim Optoelectronic Materials and Solar Energy Laboratory (ATOMSEL) Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; Atilim University; TR-06836 Ankara Turkey
| | - Lutfiye Canan Karabay
- Atilim Optoelectronic Materials and Solar Energy Laboratory (ATOMSEL) Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; Atilim University; TR-06836 Ankara Turkey
| | - Atilla Cihaner
- Atilim Optoelectronic Materials and Solar Energy Laboratory (ATOMSEL) Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; Atilim University; TR-06836 Ankara Turkey
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23
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Hasell T, Parker DJ, Jones HA, McAllister T, Howdle SM. Porous inverse vulcanised polymers for mercury capture. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5383-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00938g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical carbon dioxide is used to generate macroporosity in an inverse vulcanised polymer, which shows excellent promise for enhanced mercury capture and filtration from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Hasell
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - D. J. Parker
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - H. A. Jones
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - T. McAllister
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - S. M. Howdle
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
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24
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Abstract
A survey of the state-of-the-art in the development of synthetic methods to incorporate p-block elements into polymers is given. The incorporation of main group elements (groups 13-16) into long chains provides access to materials with fascinating chemical and physical properties imparted by the presence of inorganic groups. Perhaps the greatest impedance to the widespread academic and commercial use of p-block element-containing macromolecules is the synthetic challenge associated with linking inorganic elements into long chains. In recent years, creative methodologies have been developed to incorporate heteroatoms into polymeric structures, with perhaps the greatest advances occurring with hybrid organic-inorganic polymers composed of boron, silicon, phosphorus and sulfur. With these developments, materials are currently being realized that possess exciting chemical, photophysical and thermal properties that are not possible for conventional organic polymers. This review focuses on highlighting the most significant recent advances whilst giving an appropriate background for the general reader. Of particular focus will be advances made over the last two decades, with emphasis on the novel synthetic methodologies employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Priegert
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouer, British Columbia, CanadaV6T 1Z1.
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