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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Vollgraff T, Sundermeyer J. Highly Selective Ortho-Directed Dicarboxylation of Cyclopentadiene by Methylcarbonates and CO 2 or COS - First Insight into Co-ordination Chemistry of New Ambident Ligands. Chemistry 2021; 27:8517-8527. [PMID: 33851453 PMCID: PMC8252773 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This research presents the highly regioselective syntheses of 1,2-dicarboxylated cyclopentadienide salts [Cat]2 [C5 H3 (CO2 )2 H] by reaction of a variety of organic cation methylcarbonate salts [Cat]OCO2 Me (Cat=NR4 + , PR4 + , Im+ ) with cyclopentadiene (CpH) or by simply reacting organic cation cyclopentadienides Cat[Cp] (Cat=NR4 + , PR4 + , Im+ ) with CO2 . One characteristic feature of these dianionic ligands is the acidic proton delocalized in an intramolecular hydrogen bridge (IHB) between the two carboxyl groups, as studied by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and XRD analyses. The reaction cannot be stopped after the first carboxylation. Therefore, we propose a Kolbe-Schmitt phenol-carboxylation related mechanism where the acidic proton of the monocarboxylic acid intermediate plays an ortho-directing and CO2 activating role for the second kinetically accelerated CO2 addition step exclusively in ortho position. The same and related thiocarboxylates [Cat]2 [C5 H3 (COS)2 H] are obtained by reaction of COS with Cat[Cp] (Cat=NR4 + , PR4 + , Im+ ). A preliminary study on [Cat]2 [C5 H3 (CO2 )2 H] reveals, that its soft and hard coordination sites can selectively be addressed by soft Lewis acids (Mo0 , Ru2+ ) and hard Lewis acids (Al3+ , La3+ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Vollgraff
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW)Philipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435043MarburgGermany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW)Philipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435043MarburgGermany
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Guschlbauer J, Sundermeyer J. Heavy Chalcogenide-Based Ionic Liquids in Syntheses of Metal Chalcogenide Materials near Room Temperature. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:92-96. [PMID: 33565731 PMCID: PMC7874248 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This minireview describes two strategically different and unexplored approaches to use ionic liquids (IL) containing weakly solvated and highly reactive chalcogenide anions [E-SiMe3 ]- and [E-H]- of the heavy chalcogens (E=S, Se, Te) in materials synthesis near room temperature. The first strategy involves the synthesis of unprecedented trimethylsilyl chalcogenido metalates Cat+ [M(E-SiMe3 )n ]- (Cat=organic IL cation) of main group and transition metals (M=Ga, In, Sn, Zn, Cu, Ag, Au). These fully characterized homoleptic metalates serve as thermally metastable precursors in low-temperature syntheses of binary, ternary and even quaternary chalcogenide materials such as CIGS and CZTS relevant for semiconductor and photovoltaics (PV) applications. Furthermore, thermally and protolytically metastable coinage metalates Cat+ [M(ESiMe3 )2 ]- (M=Cu, Ag, Au; E=S, Se) are accessible. Finally, the use of precursors BMPyr[E-SiMe3 ] (E=Se,Te; BMPyr=1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium) as sources of activated selenium and tellurium in the synthesis of high-grade thermoelectric nanoparticles Bi2 Se3 and Bi2 Te3 is shortly highlighted. The second synthesis strategy involves the metalation of ionic liquids Cat[S-H] and Cat[Se-H] by protolytically highly active metal alkyls or amides Rn M. This rather general approach towards unknown chalcogenido metalates Catm [Rn-1 M(E)]m (E=S, Se) will be demonstrated in a research paper following this short review head-to-tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannick Guschlbauer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science CenterPhilipps-UniversitätHans-Meerwein-Str. 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science CenterPhilipps-UniversitätHans-Meerwein-Str. 435032MarburgGermany
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Guschlbauer J, Vollgraff T, Finger LH, Harms K, Sundermeyer J. Chalcogenido-Dimethylgallates and -Indates DMPyr 2 [Me 2 M(μ 2 -E)] 2 (M=Ga, In; E=S, Se): Building Blocks for Higher and Lower Order Chalcogenidoindates. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:83-91. [PMID: 33565735 PMCID: PMC7874246 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalation of the anions in the ionic liquids DMPyr[SH] and DMPyr[SeH] (DMPyr=1,1-dimethylpyrrolidinium) by trimethylgallium and trimethylindium is investigated. The reaction proceeds via pre-coordination of [EH]- , methane elimination and formation of an unprecedented series of chalcogenido metalates DMPyr2 [Me2 M(μ2 -E)]2 (M=Ga, In; E=S, Se). These show the presences of dinuclear dianions with four-membered ring structures displaying highly nucleophilic bridging chalcogenide ligands in their crystallographically determined molecular structures. Some representative reactions of these building blocks with amphoteric electrophiles were studied: Addition of two equivalents of E(SiMe3 )2 (E=S, Se) to the indates DMPyr2 [Me2 In(μ2 -S)]2 and DMPyr2 [Me2 In(μ2 -Se)]2 leads to a cleavage of the ring, E silylation and formation of mononuclear, monoanionic indates DMPyr[Me2 In(SSiMe3 )2 ], DMPyr[Me2 In(SeSiMe3 )2 ], and even a mixed sulfido-selenido dimethylindate DMPyr[Me2 In(SSiMe3 )(SeSiMe3 )]. Reaction of DMPyr2 [Me2 In(μ2 -S)]2 with two equivalents of Lewis acid Me3 In leads to charge delocalization, ring expansion and formation of six-membered ring DMPyr3 [Me2 In(μ2 -S-InMe3 )]3 . The latter is a key intermediate in the formation of dianionic sulfidoindate DMPyr2 [(Me2 In)6 (μ3 -S)4 ] displaying an unusual inverse heteroadamantane cage structure with four capping sulfido ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannick Guschlbauer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science CenterPhilipps-UniversitätHans-Meerwein-Str. 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Tobias Vollgraff
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science CenterPhilipps-UniversitätHans-Meerwein-Str. 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Lars H. Finger
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science CenterPhilipps-UniversitätHans-Meerwein-Str. 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science CenterPhilipps-UniversitätHans-Meerwein-Str. 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science CenterPhilipps-UniversitätHans-Meerwein-Str. 435032MarburgGermany
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Araújo JR, de Andrade RB, Batista HJ, Ventura E, do Monte SA. Can a gas phase contact ion pair containing a hydrocarbon carbocation be formed in the ground state? RSC Adv 2021; 11:4221-4230. [PMID: 35424376 PMCID: PMC8694316 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10523f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
So far, no conclusive evidence of a ground-state contact ion-pair containing a hydrocarbon carbocation has been given in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R. Araújo
- Departamento de Química
- CCEN
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba
- João Pessoa
- Brazil
| | | | - Hélcio J. Batista
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco
- Recife
- Brazil
| | - Elizete Ventura
- Departamento de Química
- CCEN
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba
- João Pessoa
- Brazil
| | - Silmar A. do Monte
- Departamento de Química
- CCEN
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba
- João Pessoa
- Brazil
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Chen M, Yu X. tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-protected amino acid ionic liquids and their application to dipeptide synthesis. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27603-27606. [PMID: 35480639 PMCID: PMC9037786 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05597f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Care should be taken when using amino acid ionic liquids (AAILs) for organic synthesis because of their multiple reactive groups. To expand the applicability of AAILs, we prepared a series of room-temperature ionic liquids derived from commercially available tert-butyloxycarbonyl-protected amino acids (Boc-AAILs). The resulting protected AAILs were used as the starting materials in dipeptide synthesis with commonly used coupling reagents. The distinctive coupling reagent N,N′-diethylene-N′′-2-chloroethyl thiophosphoramide was found to enhance amide formation in the Boc-AAILs without addition of base, giving the dipeptides in satisfactory yields in 15 min. Chemically protected amino acid ionic liquids are synthesized for the first time and employed as triple reactant/solvent/additives in a novel solid-phase peptide synthesis method.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Qinqquan Road 30, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Xihan Yu
- College of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
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Guschlbauer J, Vollgraff T, Sundermeyer J. Homoleptic trimethylsilylchalcogenolato zincates [Zn(ESiMe 3) 3] - and stannanides [Sn(ESiMe 3) 3] - (E = S, Se): precursors in solution-based low-temperature binary metal chalcogenide and Cu 2ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) synthesis. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:2517-2526. [PMID: 32022066 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04144c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic cation salts with homoleptic zincate and stannanide anions, Ph4P [Zn(ESiMe3)3] (E = S (1a), Se (1b)) and Cat [Sn(ESiMe3)3] (Cat = Ph4P+ (E = S (2a-Ph4P); Cat = PPN+ (E = S 2a-Ph4P, Se (2a)) are presented and structurally characterized. Efforts to isolate neutral thermally metastable stannane precursors [Sn(ESiMe3)4] (E = S (3), Se(4)) are reported as well. The thermal decomposition of the presented precursors to yield binary sulfides and selenides of zinc and tin is investigated. Furthermore, the potential of using the title anions as precursors in solution-based low-temperature synthesis of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) by coprecipitation with [Cu(tmtu)3]PF6 and subsequent annealing is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannick Guschlbauer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Center, Philipps-Universität, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Tobias Vollgraff
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Center, Philipps-Universität, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Center, Philipps-Universität, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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Guschlbauer J, Vollgraff T, Sundermeyer J. Systematic study on anion–cation interactions via doubly ionic H-bonds in 1,3-dimethylimidazolium salts comprising chalcogenolate anions MMIm [ER] (E = S, Se; R = H, tBu, SiMe3). Dalton Trans 2019; 48:10971-10978. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01586h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We present convenient syntheses of so far inaccessible, crystalline and highly pure 1,3-dialkylimidazolium salts with extremely nucleophilic thiolate and selenolate anions [ER]− (R = H, tBu, SiMe3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannick Guschlbauer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Center
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35043 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Tobias Vollgraff
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Center
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35043 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Center
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35043 Marburg
- Germany
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Steudel R, Chivers T. The role of polysulfide dianions and radical anions in the chemical, physical and biological sciences, including sulfur-based batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:3279-3319. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00826d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polysulfide dianions and radical anions play a crucial role in biological chemistry, geochemical processes, alkali metal–sulfur batteries, organic syntheses, coordination chemistry, and materials sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Steudel
- Institute of Chemistry
- Technical University Berlin
- D-10623 Berlin
- Germany
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Finger LH, Guschlbauer J, Harms K, Sundermeyer J. N-Heterocyclic Olefin-Carbon Dioxide and -Sulfur Dioxide Adducts: Structures and Interesting Reactivity Patterns. Chemistry 2016; 22:16292-16303. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars H. Finger
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Centre; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Jannick Guschlbauer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Centre; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Centre; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Centre; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
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Donsbach C, Thiele G, Finger LH, Sundermeyer J, Dehnen S. Mercurates from a Revised Ionothermal Synthesis Route: The Pseudo-Flux Approach. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:6725-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Donsbach
- Fachbereich
Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Günther Thiele
- Fachbereich
Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lars H. Finger
- Fachbereich
Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich
Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich
Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Finger LH, Sundermeyer J. Halide-Free Synthesis of Hydrochalcogenide Ionic Liquids of the Type [Cation][HE] (E=S, Se, Te). Chemistry 2016; 22:4218-30. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars H. Finger
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Center; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Center; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 35032 Marburg Germany
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Jost M, Finger LH, Sundermeyer J, von Hänisch C. Simple access to ionic liquids and organic salts containing the phosphaethynolate (PCO−) and Zintl (Sb113−) anions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:11646-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06620h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and almost quantitative synthesis of the first salts of the PCO− anion with organic cations is presented. Moreover, we discovered a simple synthesis for [P(nBu)3Me]+3[Sb11]3−, the first organic cation salt comprising the Zintl-anion [Sb11]3−.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Jost
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Lars H. Finger
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Carsten von Hänisch
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
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Hartle MD, Meininger DJ, Zakharov LN, Tonzetich ZJ, Pluth MD. NBu4SH provides a convenient source of HS− soluble in organic solution for H2S and anion-binding research. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:19782-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03355a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here a simple method to prepare and characterize analytically-pure NBu4SH, which provides access to an organic-soluble source of HS−.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Hartle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Materials Science Institute
- Institute of Molecular Biology
- 1253 University of Oregon
- Eugene
| | - Daniel J. Meininger
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA)
- San Antonio
- USA
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Materials Science Institute
- Institute of Molecular Biology
- 1253 University of Oregon
- Eugene
| | | | - Michael D. Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Materials Science Institute
- Institute of Molecular Biology
- 1253 University of Oregon
- Eugene
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