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Ferreira de Oliveira AE, César Pereira A, Ferreira LF. Fully handwritten electrodes on paper substrate using rollerball pen with silver nanoparticle ink, marker pen with carbon nanotube ink and graphite pencil. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1880-1888. [PMID: 35506547 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00373b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a so-called carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode was printed in on a paper substrate using the handwriting technique and carbon nanotube ink in a marker pen to print the working electrode, graphite pencil to print the counter electrode and graphite/silver nanoparticle (AgNP) ink in a rollerball pen to print the quasi-reference electrode. The carbon nanotube electrode was characterized via scanning electron microscopy. The electrode was optimized based on the type of paper, hydrophobic barrier and number of layers. In summary, the optimized parameters included the use of matte paper with a mineral spirit layer. The number of carbon nanotube layers to achieve the best electrochemical performance was 25. The final graphite electrode was a miniaturized and flexible paper-based electrochemical electrode. To evaluate the electrical properties of the electrodes, the ohmic resistance of each ink was tested using a multimeter and the obtained values were 18.62 kΩ for the CNT ink, 1.53 Ω for the AgNP ink and 3.53 kΩ for the graphite trace. These results indicate the good conductivity of each synthesized ink used in the fabrication of the CNT electrode. Finally, the electrode was used to measure the electrochemical response of different concentrations of K4[Fe(CN)6]. Then, a calibration curve was obtained from the voltammograms and linearity was observed in the range of 0.5-3.5 mM. This suggests that the CNT electrode has the potential to be used as an amperometric electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elisa Ferreira de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, UFSJ, São João del-Rei, MG, CEP 36307-352, Brazil.
| | - Arnaldo César Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, UFSJ, São João del-Rei, MG, CEP 36307-352, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Franco Ferreira
- Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Nanotecnologia Aplicada, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, MG 39100-000, Brazil
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2
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Stanley PM, Hemmer K, Hegelmann M, Schulz A, Park M, Elsner M, Cokoja M, Warnan J. Topology- and wavelength-governed CO 2 reduction photocatalysis in molecular catalyst-metal–organic framework assemblies. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12164-12174. [PMID: 36349115 PMCID: PMC9601321 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03097g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimising catalyst materials for visible light-driven fuel production requires understanding complex and intertwined processes including light absorption and catalyst stability, as well as mass, charge, and energy transport. These phenomena can be uniquely combined (and ideally controlled) in porous host–guest systems. Towards this goal we designed model systems consisting of molecular complexes as catalysts and porphyrin metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as light-harvesting and hosting porous matrices. Two MOF-rhenium molecule hybrids with identical building units but differing topologies (PCN-222 and PCN-224) were prepared including photosensitiser-catalyst dyad-like systems integrated via self-assembled molecular recognition. This allowed us to investigate the impact of MOF topology on solar fuel production, with PCN-222 assemblies yielding a 9-fold turnover number enhancement for solar CO2-to-CO reduction over PCN-224 hybrids as well as a 10-fold increase compared to the homogeneous catalyst-porphyrin dyad. Catalytic, spectroscopic and computational investigations identified larger pores and efficient exciton hopping as performance boosters, and further unveiled a MOF-specific, wavelength-dependent catalytic behaviour. Accordingly, CO2 reduction product selectivity is governed by selective activation of two independent, circumscribed or delocalised, energy/electron transfer channels from the porphyrin excited state to either formate-producing MOF nodes or the CO-producing molecular catalysts. Two MOF molecular catalyst hybrids with differing topologies show mass and light transport governed photocatalysis. MOF-specific, irradiation wavelength-dependent product control is unlocked by switching between two energy/electron transfer channels.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Stanley
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal–Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Karina Hemmer
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal–Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Hegelmann
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal–Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Annika Schulz
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal–Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Mihyun Park
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal–Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Mirza Cokoja
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal–Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Julien Warnan
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal–Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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Querebillo CJ, Öner IH, Hildebrandt P, Ly KH, Weidinger IM. Accelerated Photo-Induced Degradation of Benzidine-p-Aminothiophenolate Immobilized at Light-Enhancing TiO 2 Nanotube Electrodes. Chemistry 2019; 25:16048-16053. [PMID: 31533198 PMCID: PMC6972621 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the enhanced visible-light-induced degradation of the azo-dye benzidine-p-aminothiophenolate immobilized on TiO2 nanotube electrodes is reported. Exploiting the reported photonic properties of the TiO2 support and the strong electronic absorption of the dye allowed for employing surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy at 413 nm to simultaneously trigger the photoreaction and follow the time-dependent decay process. Degradation rate constants of up to 25 s-1 were observed, which stand among the highest reported values for laser-induced degradation of immobilized dyes on photonically active supports. Contrast experiments with two differently light-enhancing TiO2 nanotube electrodes establish the direct correlation of the material's optical response, that is, electromagnetic field enhancement, on the interfacial photocatalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Joy Querebillo
- Professur für ElektrochemieTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität BerlinStraße des 17. Juni 13510623BerlinGermany
- School of Analytical Sciences AdlershofUnter den Linden 610099BerlinGermany
| | - Ibrahim Halil Öner
- Professur für ElektrochemieTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität BerlinStraße des 17. Juni 13510623BerlinGermany
| | - Khoa Hoang Ly
- Professur für ElektrochemieTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Inez M. Weidinger
- Professur für ElektrochemieTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
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4
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Lynch PG, Richards H, Wustholz KL. Unraveling the Excited-State Dynamics of Eosin Y Photosensitizers Using Single-Molecule Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2592-2600. [PMID: 30835475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The intersystem crossing and dispersive electron-transfer dynamics of eosin Y (EY) photosensitizers are probed using single-molecule microscopy. The blinking dynamics of EY on glass are quantified by constructing cumulative distribution functions of emissive ("on") and nonemissive ("off") events. Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and goodness-of-fit tests based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) statistic are used to establish the best fit to the blinking data and differentiate among competitive photophysical processes. The on-time probability distributions for EY in N2 and air are power-law distributed after ∼1 s, with fit parameters that are significantly modified upon exposure to oxygen. By extending the statistically principled MLE/KS approach to include an onset time for log-normal behavior, we demonstrate that the off-time distribution for EY in N2 is best fit to a combination of exponential and log-normal functions. The corresponding distribution for EY in air is best fit to a log-normal function alone. Furthermore, power law and log-normal distributions are observed for an individual molecule in air, consistent with dynamic fluctuations in the rate constant for dark-state population and depopulation. These observations support the interpretation that dispersive electron transfer (i.e., the Albery model) from the first excited singlet state (S1) of EY to trap states on glass is predominately responsible for blinking in oxic conditions. In anoxic environment, both triplet-state blinking and dispersive electron transfer from S1 and the excited triplet state (T1) contribute to the excited-state dynamics of EY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline G Lynch
- College of William and Mary , Department of Chemistry , P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg , Virginia 23187 , United States
| | - Huw Richards
- College of William and Mary , Department of Chemistry , P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg , Virginia 23187 , United States
| | - Kristin L Wustholz
- College of William and Mary , Department of Chemistry , P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg , Virginia 23187 , United States
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Meshkov IN, Zvyagina AI, Shiryaev AA, Nickolsky MS, Baranchikov AE, Ezhov AA, Nugmanova AG, Enakieva YY, Gorbunova YG, Arslanov VV, Kalinina MA. Understanding Self-Assembly of Porphyrin-Based SURMOFs: How Layered Minerals Can Be Useful. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:5184-5192. [PMID: 29665676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks on surfaces are a new class of planar materials with promising features for applications in chemical sensing, catalysis, and organic optoelectronics at nanoscale. Herein, we studied systematically a series of the SURMOFs assembled from variously meso-carboxyphenyl/pyridyl-substituted porphyrins and zinc acetate on template monolayers of graphene oxide via layer-by-layer deposition. This microscopically flat template can initiate the growth of macroscopically uniform SURMOF films exhibiting well-resolved X-ray diffraction. By applying the D'yakonov method, which has been previously used for the extraction of self-convolution of electron density in clay minerals, to the analysis of the experimental diffraction patterns of the SURMOFs, we determined the relation between the structure of porphyrin linkers and the geometry of packing motives in the films. We showed that the packing of the SURMOFs differs significantly from that of bulk powders of similar composition because of steric limitations imposed on the assembly in 2D space. The results of microscopic examination of the SURMOFs suggest that the type of metal-to-linker chemical bonding dictates the morphology of the films. Our method provides an enlightening picture of the interplay between supramolecular ordering and surface-directed assembly in porphyrin-based SURMOFs and is useful for rationalizing the fabrication of various classes of layered metal-organic frameworks on solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N Meshkov
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 31(4), Leninsky pr. , Moscow 119071 , Russia
| | - Alexandra I Zvyagina
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 31(4), Leninsky pr. , Moscow 119071 , Russia
| | - Andrey A Shiryaev
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 31(4), Leninsky pr. , Moscow 119071 , Russia
| | - Maximilian S Nickolsky
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 31(4), Leninsky pr. , Moscow 119071 , Russia
- Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 35, Staromonetnyi per. , Moscow 119017 , Russia
| | - Alexander E Baranchikov
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 31 Leninsky pr. , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Alexander A Ezhov
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis , Russian Academy of Sciences , 29 Leninsky Prospect , Moscow 119991 , Russia
- Faculty of Physics , M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory, GSP-1 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Alsu G Nugmanova
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 31(4), Leninsky pr. , Moscow 119071 , Russia
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technology , Moscow Technological University , 86, Vernadskogo pr. , Moscow 119571 , Russia
| | - Yulia Yu Enakieva
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 31(4), Leninsky pr. , Moscow 119071 , Russia
| | - Yulia G Gorbunova
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 31(4), Leninsky pr. , Moscow 119071 , Russia
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 31 Leninsky pr. , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Vladimir V Arslanov
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 31(4), Leninsky pr. , Moscow 119071 , Russia
| | - Maria A Kalinina
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 31(4), Leninsky pr. , Moscow 119071 , Russia
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6
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Dhital B, Rao VG, Lu HP. Probing single-molecule electron-hole transfer dynamics at a molecule-NiO semiconductor nanocrystalline interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017. [PMID: 28639652 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01476g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interfacial charge transfer dynamics in dye-sensitized NiO nanoparticles are being investigated for photocathodes in p-type dye-sensitized solar cells. In the photoreaction, after fast electron transfer from NiO to a molecule, the recombination of the hole in the nanoparticles with the electron in a reduced molecule plays an important role in the charge separation process and solar energy harvesting. Nevertheless, knowledge of the interfacial charge recombination (CR) rate and its mechanism is still limited due to the complex photoinduced electron and hole dynamics and lack of characterization of the inhomogeneity of the dynamics. Here, we report our work on probing interfacial charge recombination dynamics in Zn(ii)-5,10,15,20-tetra(3-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (m-ZnTCPP) dye-sensitized NiO nanoparticles by correlating single-molecule fluorescence blinking dynamics with charge transfer dynamics using single-molecule photon-stamping spectroscopy. The correlated analyses of single-molecule fluorescence intensity, lifetime, and blinking reveal the intrinsic distribution and temporal fluctuation of interfacial charge transfer reactivity, which are closely related to site-specific molecular interactions and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Dhital
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA.
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7
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Lu J, Fan Y, Howard MD, Vaughan JC, Zhang B. Single-Molecule Electrochemistry on a Porous Silica-Coated Electrode. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2964-2971. [PMID: 28132499 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the direct observation and quantitative analysis of single redox events on a modified indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode. The key in the observation of single redox events are the use of a fluorogenic redox species and the nanoconfinement and hindered redox diffusion inside 3-nm-diameter silica nanochannels. A simple electrochemical process was used to grow an ultrathin silica film (∼100 nm) consisting of highly ordered parallel nanochannels exposing the electrode surface from the bottom. The electrode-supported 3-nm-diameter nanochannels temporally trap fluorescent resorufin molecules resulting in hindered molecular diffusion in the vicinity of the electrode surface. Adsorption, desorption, and heterogeneous redox events of individual resorufin molecules can be studied using total-internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF). The rate constants of adsorption and desorption processes of resorufin were characterized from single-molecule analysis to be (1.73 ± 0.08) × 10-4 cm·s-1 and 15.71 ± 0.76 s-1, respectively. The redox events of resorufin to the non-fluorescent dihydroresorufin were investigated by analyzing the change in surface population of single resorufin molecules with applied potential. The scan-rate-dependent molecular counting results (single-molecule fluorescence voltammetry) indicated a surface-controlled electrochemical kinetics of the resorufin reduction on the modified ITO electrode. This study demonstrates the great potential of mesoporous silica as a useful modification scheme for studying single redox events on a variety of transparent substrates such as ITO electrodes and gold or carbon film coated glass electrodes. The ability to electrochemically grow and transfer mesoporous silica films onto other substrates makes them an attractive material for future studies in spatial heterogeneity of electrocatalytic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Yunshan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Marco D Howard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Joshua C Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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8
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Mattei M, Kang G, Goubert G, Chulhai DV, Schatz GC, Jensen L, Van Duyne RP. Tip-Enhanced Raman Voltammetry: Coverage Dependence and Quantitative Modeling. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:590-596. [PMID: 27936805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical atomic force microscopy tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-AFM-TERS) was employed for the first time to observe nanoscale spatial variations in the formal potential, E0', of a surface-bound redox couple. TERS cyclic voltammograms (TERS CVs) of single Nile Blue (NB) molecules were acquired at different locations spaced 5-10 nm apart on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. Analysis of TERS CVs at different coverages was used to verify the observation of single-molecule electrochemistry. The resulting TERS CVs were fit to the Laviron model for surface-bound electroactive species to quantitatively extract the formal potential E0' at each spatial location. Histograms of single-molecule E0' at each coverage indicate that the electrochemical behavior of the cationic oxidized species is less sensitive to local environment than the neutral reduced species. This information is not accessible using purely electrochemical methods or ensemble spectroelectrochemical measurements. We anticipate that quantitative modeling and measurement of site-specific electrochemistry with EC-AFM-TERS will have a profound impact on our understanding of the role of nanoscale electrode heterogeneity in applications such as electrocatalysis, biological electron transfer, and energy production and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dhabih V Chulhai
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | | | - Lasse Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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9
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Zaleski S, Wilson AJ, Mattei M, Chen X, Goubert G, Cardinal MF, Willets KA, Van Duyne RP. Investigating Nanoscale Electrochemistry with Surface- and Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2023-30. [PMID: 27602428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The chemical sensitivity of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) methodologies allows for the investigation of heterogeneous chemical reactions with high sensitivity. Specifically, SERS methodologies are well-suited to study electron transfer (ET) reactions, which lie at the heart of numerous fundamental processes: electrocatalysis, solar energy conversion, energy storage in batteries, and biological events such as photosynthesis. Heterogeneous ET reactions are commonly monitored by electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry, observing billions of electrochemical events per second. Since the first proof of detecting single molecules by redox cycling, there has been growing interest in examining electrochemistry at the nanoscale and single-molecule levels. Doing so unravels details that would otherwise be obscured by an ensemble experiment. The use of optical spectroscopies, such as SERS, to elucidate nanoscale electrochemical behavior is an attractive alternative to traditional approaches such as scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). While techniques such as single-molecule fluorescence or electrogenerated chemiluminescence have been used to optically monitor electrochemical events, SERS methodologies, in particular, have shown great promise for exploring electrochemistry at the nanoscale. SERS is ideally suited to study nanoscale electrochemistry because the Raman-enhancing metallic, nanoscale substrate duly serves as the working electrode material. Moreover, SERS has the ability to directly probe single molecules without redox cycling and can achieve nanoscale spatial resolution in combination with super-resolution or scanning probe microscopies. This Account summarizes the latest progress from the Van Duyne and Willets groups toward understanding nanoelectrochemistry using Raman spectroscopic methodologies. The first half of this Account highlights three techniques that have been recently used to probe few- or single-molecule electrochemical events: single-molecule SERS (SMSERS), superlocalization SERS imaging, and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). While all of the studies we discuss probe model redox dye systems, the experiments described herein push the study of nanoscale electrochemistry toward the fundamental limit, in terms of both chemical sensitivity and spatial resolution. The second half of this Account discusses current experimental strategies for studying nanoelectrochemistry with SERS techniques, which includes relevant electrochemically and optically active molecules, substrates, and substrate functionalization methods. In particular, we highlight the wide variety of SERS-active substrates and optically active molecules that can be implemented for EC-SERS, as well as the need to carefully characterize both the electrochemistry and resultant EC-SERS response of each new redox-active molecule studied. Finally, we conclude this Account with our perspective on the future directions of studying nanoscale electrochemistry with SERS/TERS, which includes the integration of SECM with TERS and the use of theoretical methods to further describe the fundamental intricacies of single-molecule, single-site electrochemistry at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Zaleski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Andrew J. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Michael Mattei
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xu Chen
- Program
in Applied Physics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Guillaume Goubert
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - M. Fernanda Cardinal
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Katherine A. Willets
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Richard P. Van Duyne
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Program
in Applied Physics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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10
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He Y, Rao VG, Cao J, Lu HP. Simultaneous Spectroscopic and Topographic Imaging of Single-Molecule Interfacial Electron-Transfer Reactivity and Local Nanoscale Environment. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2221-2227. [PMID: 27214587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental information related to the energy flow between molecules and substrate surfaces as a function of surface site geometry and molecular structure is critical for understanding interfacial electron-transfer (ET) dynamics. The inhomogeneous nanoscale molecule-surface and molecule-molecule interactions are presumably the origins of the complexity in interfacial ET dynamics; thus, identifying the environment of molecules at nanoscale is crucial. We have developed atomic force microscopy (AFM) correlated single-molecule fluorescence intensity/lifetime imaging microscopy (AFM-SMFLIM) capable of identifying and characterizing individual molecules distributed across the heterogeneous surface at the nanometer length scale. Using the novel AFM-SMFLIM imaging, we are able to obtain nanoscale morphology and interfacial ET dynamics at a single-molecule level. Moreover, the observed blinking behavior and lifetime of each molecule in combination with the topography of the environment at nanoscale provide the location of each molecule on the surface (TiO2 vs cover glass) at nanoscale and the coupling strength of each molecule with TiO2 nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan He
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Vishal Govind Rao
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Jin Cao
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - H Peter Lu
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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Ng JD, Upadhyay SP, Marquard AN, Lupo KM, Hinton DA, Padilla NA, Bates DM, Goldsmith RH. Single-Molecule Investigation of Initiation Dynamics of an Organometallic Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3876-83. [PMID: 26944030 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The action of molecular catalysts comprises multiple microscopic kinetic steps whose nature is of central importance in determining catalyst activity and selectivity. Single-molecule microscopy enables the direct examination of these steps, including elucidation of molecule-to-molecule variability. Such molecular diversity is particularly important for the behavior of molecular catalysts supported at surfaces. We present the first combined investigation of the initiation dynamics of an operational palladium cross-coupling catalyst at the bulk and single-molecule levels, including under turnover conditions. Base-initiated kinetics reveal highly heterogeneous behavior indicative of diverse catalyst population. Unexpectedly, this distribution becomes more heterogeneous at increasing base concentration. We model this behavior with a two-step saturation mechanism and identify specific microscopic steps where chemical variability must exist in order to yield observed behavior. Critically, we reveal how structural diversity at a surface translates into heterogeneity in catalyst behavior, while demonstrating how single-molecule experiments can contribute to understanding of molecular catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Ng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sunil P Upadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Angela N Marquard
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Katherine M Lupo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Daniel A Hinton
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nicolas A Padilla
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Desiree M Bates
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Randall H Goldsmith
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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12
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Sevinc PC, Dhital B, Govind Rao V, Wang Y, Lu HP. Probing Electric Field Effect on Covalent Interactions at a Molecule–Semiconductor Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1536-42. [PMID: 26735967 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Papatya C. Sevinc
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Bharat Dhital
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Vishal Govind Rao
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Yuanmin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - H. Peter Lu
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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13
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Yan Y, Wu F, Qin J, Xu H, Shi M, Zhou J, Mack J, Fomo G, Nyokong T, Shen Z. Efficient energy transfer in ethynyl bridged corrole–BODIPY dyads. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12271j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Corrole–BODIPY dyads bridged by ethynyl linkages have been synthesized in high yield. The efficiency and direction of energy transfer has been found to depend on the number of corrole rings and their connection position on the BODIPY core.
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14
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Govind Rao V, Dhital B, Lu HP. Probing Driving Force and Electron Accepting State Density Dependent Interfacial Electron Transfer Dynamics: Suppressed Fluorescence Blinking of Single Molecules on Indium Tin Oxide Semiconductor. J Phys Chem B 2015; 120:1685-97. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b08807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Govind Rao
- Department
of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Bharat Dhital
- Department
of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - H. Peter Lu
- Department
of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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