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Akhtar H, Amara U, Mahmood K, Hanif M, Khalid M, Qadir S, Peng Q, Safdar M, Amjad M, Saif MZ, Tahir A, Yaqub M, Khalid K. Drug carrier wonders: Synthetic strategies of zeolitic imidazolates frameworks (ZIFs) and their applications in drug delivery and anti-cancer activity. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 329:103184. [PMID: 38781826 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid advancement of nanotechnology, stimuli-responsive nanomaterials have emerged as a feasible choice for the designing of controlled drug delivery systems. Zeolitic imidazolates frameworks are a subclass of Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that are recognized by their excellent porosity, structural tunability and chemical modifications make them promising materials for loading targeted molecules and therapeutics agents. The biomedical industry uses these porous materials extensively as nano-carriers in drug delivery systems. These MOFs not only possess excellent targeted imaging ability but also cause the death of tumor cells drawing considerable attention in the current framework of anticancer drug delivery systems. In this review, the outline of stability, porosity, mechanism of encapsulation and release of anticancer drug have been reported extensively. In the end, we also discuss a brief outline of current challenges and future perspectives of ZIFs in the biomedical world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Akhtar
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Umay Amara
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, China.
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Hanif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 608000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Qadir
- Department of Physics, Govt. Graduate College of Science Multan, 6FFJ+55F, Bosan Rd, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Qiaohong Peng
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Muhammad Safdar
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amjad
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair Saif
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Aniqa Tahir
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yaqub
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Kiran Khalid
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
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Younas R, Jubeen F, Bano N, Andreescu S, Zhang H, Hayat A. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as carrier for improved drug delivery and biosensing applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:2017-2049. [PMID: 38665008 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Porous organic frameworks (POFs) represent a significant subclass of nanoporous materials in the field of materials science, offering exceptional characteristics for advanced applications. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as a novel and intriguing type of porous material, have garnered considerable attention due to their unique design capabilities, diverse nature, and wide-ranging applications. The unique structural features of COFs, such as high surface area, tuneable pore size, and chemical stability, render them highly attractive for various applications, including targeted and controlled drug release, as well as improving the sensitivity and selectivity of electrochemical biosensors. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the methods employed in creating COFs with specific properties that can be effectively utilized in biomedical applications. To address this indispensable fact, this review paper commences with a concise summary of the different methods and classifications utilized in synthesizing COFs. Second, it highlights the recent advancements in COFs for drug delivery, including drug carriers as well as the classification of drug delivery systems and biosensing, encompassing drugs, biomacromolecules, small biomolecules and the detection of biomarkers. While exploring the potential of COFs in the biomedical field, it is important to acknowledge the limitations that researchers may encounter, which could impact the practicality of their applications. Third, this paper concludes with a thought-provoking discussion that thoroughly addresses the challenges and opportunities associated with leveraging COFs for biomedical applications. This review paper aims to contribute to the scientific community's understanding of the immense potential of COFs in improving drug delivery systems and enhancing the performance of biosensors in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rida Younas
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Shandong, China
- Department of Chemistry, Govt College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhat Jubeen
- Department of Chemistry, Govt College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nargis Bano
- Department of Physics and Astronomy College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Silvana Andreescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Shandong, China
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Shandong, China
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
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Galembeck F, Santos LP, Burgo TAL, Galembeck A. The emerging chemistry of self-electrified water interfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2578-2602. [PMID: 38305696 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00763d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Water is known for dissipating electrostatic charges, but it is also a universal agent of matter electrification, creating charged domains in any material contacting or containing it. This new role of water was discovered during the current century. It is proven in a fast-growing number of publications reporting direct experimental measurements of excess charge and electric potential. It is indirectly verified by its success in explaining surprising phenomena in chemical synthesis, electric power generation, metastability, and phase transition kinetics. Additionally, electrification by water is opening the way for developing green technologies that are fully compatible with the environment and have great potential to contribute to sustainability. Electrification by water shows that polyphasic matter is a charge mosaic, converging with the Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars effect, which was discovered one century ago but is still often ignored. Electrified sites in a real system are niches showing various local electrochemical potentials for the charged species. Thus, the electrified mosaics display variable chemical reactivity and mass transfer patterns. Water contributes to interfacial electrification from its singular structural, electric, mixing, adsorption, and absorption properties. A long list of previously unexpected consequences of interfacial electrification includes: "on-water" reactions of chemicals dispersed in water that defy current chemical wisdom; reactions in electrified water microdroplets that do not occur in bulk water, transforming the droplets in microreactors; and lowered surface tension of water, modifying wetting, spreading, adhesion, cohesion, and other properties of matter. Asymmetric capacitors charged by moisture and water are now promising alternative equipment for simultaneously producing electric power and green hydrogen, requiring only ambient thermal energy. Changing surface tension by interfacial electrification also modifies phase-change kinetics, eliminating metastability that is the root of catastrophic electric discharges and destructive explosions. It also changes crystal habits, producing needles and dendrites that shorten battery life. These recent findings derive from a single factor, water's ability to electrify matter, touching on the most relevant aspects of chemistry. They create tremendous scientific opportunities to understand the matter better, and a new chemistry based on electrified interfaces is now emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Galembeck
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, 13083-872, Campinas, Brazil.
- Galembetech Consultores e Tecnologia, 13080-661, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Leandra P Santos
- Galembetech Consultores e Tecnologia, 13080-661, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thiago A L Burgo
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Andre Galembeck
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-560, Recife, Brazil
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Boldyreva E. Spiers Memorial Lecture: Mechanochemistry, tribochemistry, mechanical alloying - retrospect, achievements and challenges. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:9-62. [PMID: 36519434 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00149g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a view on the achievements, challenges and prospects of mechanochemistry. The extensive reference list can serve as a good entry point to a plethora of mechanochemical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Boldyreva
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS & Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
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Lapshin OV, Boldyrev VV, Boldyreva EV. Theoretical Study of the Grinding and Homogenization of a Binary Mixture of Reactive Powders in a Mechanical Activator. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024421110108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kim HN, Suslick KS. Sonofragmentation of Organic Molecular Crystals vs Strength of Materials. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13997-14003. [PMID: 33720713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry, the interface between the chemical and the mechanical worlds, includes the relationship between the chemical and mechanical properties of solids. In this work, fragmentation of organic molecular crystals during ultrasonic irradiation of slurries has been quantitatively investigated. This has particular relevance to nucleation processes during sonocrystallization, which is increasingly used in the processing and formulation of numerous pharmaceutical agents (PAs). We have discovered that the rates of sonofragmentation are very strongly correlated with the strength of the materials (as measured by Vickers hardness and Young's modulus). This is a mechanochemical extension of the Bell-Evans-Polanyi Principle or Hammond's Postulate: the kinetics (i.e., rates) of solid fracture correlate with thermodynamic properties of solids (e.g., Young's modulus). The mechanism of the particle breakage is consistent with a direct interaction between the shockwaves or localized microjets created by the ultrasound (through acoustic cavitation) and the solid particles in the slurry. Comparisons of the sonofragmentation patterns of ionic and molecular crystals showed that ionic crystals are more sensitive to sonofragmentation than molecular crystals for a given Young's modulus. The rates of sonofragmentation are proposed to correlate with the types and densities of imperfections in the crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Na Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Kenneth S Suslick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 60801, United States
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Rainer DN, Morris RE. New avenues for mechanochemistry in zeolite science. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8995-9009. [PMID: 34152333 PMCID: PMC8258784 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01440d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zeolites are a class of microporous materials with tremendous value for large scale industrial applications such as catalysis, ion exchange, or gas separation. In addition to naturally ocurring variants, zeolites are made synthetically using hydrothermal synthesis, requiring temperatures beyond 100 °C and long reaction times up to weeks. Furthermore, specific applications may require more sophisticated synthesis conditions, expensive reagents, or post-synthetic modifications. Some of these issues can be tackled by using the reemerged technique of mechanochemistry. In 2014, Majano et al. reviewed the space and outlined several possibilities for the usage of mechanical forces in zeolite chemistry. Since then the field has seen many more publications employing mechanochemical methodology to further and improve the synthesis and properties of zeolite materials. The usage ranges from the activation of raw materials, rendering the synthesis of the widely used catalysts much more economical in terms of duration, atom efficiency, and production of waste, to post-synthetic modification of the materials leading to improved properties for target aplications. We present a short review of the advances that have been reported recently, highlight promising work and important studies, and give a perspective of potential future endeavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Rainer
- School of Chemistry, EaStCHEM, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Russell E Morris
- School of Chemistry, EaStCHEM, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK. and Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Lapshin OV, Boldyreva EV, Boldyrev VV. Role of Mixing and Milling in Mechanochemical Synthesis (Review). RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023621030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Zheng L, Sun C, Xu W, Dushkin AV, Polyakov N, Su W, Yu J. Mechanically induced solvent-free esterification method at room temperature. RSC Adv 2021; 11:5080-5085. [PMID: 35424454 PMCID: PMC8694552 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09437d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe two novel strategies for the synthesis of esters, as achieved under high-speed ball-milling (HSBM) conditions at room temperature. In the presence of I2 and KH2PO2, the reactions afford the desired esterification derivatives in 45% to 91% yields within 20 min of grinding. Meanwhile, using KI and P(OEt)3, esterification products can be obtained in 24% to 85% yields after 60 min of grinding. In addition, the I2/KH2PO2 protocol was successfully extended to the late-stage diversification of natural products showing the robustness of this useful approach. Further application of this method in the synthesis of inositol nicotinate was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Chen Sun
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Xu
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Alexandr V Dushkin
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Nikolay Polyakov
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Weike Su
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
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Zhou X, Miao Y, Suslick KS, Dlott DD. Mechanochemistry of Metal-Organic Frameworks under Pressure and Shock. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2806-2815. [PMID: 32935969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusMetal-organic framework solids (MOFs) are synthetic nanoporous materials that have drawn intense efforts in synthesis and characterization of chemical properties, most notably for their ability to adsorb liquids and gases. They are constructed as "node-spacer" nanostructured materials: metal centers (ions or clusters) connected by organic linkers (commonly containing carboxylate or imidazolate groups) to form crystalline, extended, often highly nanoporous structures. MOFs exhibit a variety of advantages over conventional porous materials: rationally designed synthesis of desired crystal structures and crystal engineering become feasible; great synthetic versatility and ease of incorporating different chemical functionalities are realized; and the use of lightweight organic linkers allows for ultrahigh surface area and porosity previously not accessible to conventional materials (i.e., zeolites and porous carbon). As a consequence, MOFs show great promise for a rapidly expanding collection of applications such as gas storage, separations, catalysis, sensing, and drug delivery.The mechanochemistry of MOFs and their response to shock waves, which we discuss in this Account, have been only partially explored. Mechanochemistry, the connection between the mechanical and the chemical worlds, has ancient origins. Rubbing sticks together to start a fire is mechanochemistry. Only in the past decade or so, however, has mechanochemistry gained a notable focus in the chemical community. In the following discussion, we present a general introduction to the complex mechanochemical behavior of MOFs both under quasi-static compression and under shock loading created by high-speed impact. During elastic deformation, MOFs undergo reversible structural or phase transitions. Plastic deformation of MOFs can result in mechanochemistry and can permanently modify the crystal structure, the pore dimensions and configuration, and the chemical bonding. The large energies required to induce bond rearrangement during plastic deformation suggest an interesting potential of MOFs for shock wave mitigation applications.MOFs are promising materials for shock energy dissipation because of the high density of nanopores which can absorb shock energy as they collapse. We have recently developed a platform to assess shock wave energy attenuation by MOFs and other powdered materials. It uses a tabletop laser-driven flyer plate to impact MOF samples at velocities of up to 2.0 km/s. The pressure of the shock waves that break out from the MOF sample can be measured by photon Doppler velocimetry. By measuring the shock profiles of MOF layers with different thicknesses, we can determine the shock pressure attenuation by the MOF layer. We have identified the two-wave structure of shocks in MOFs caused by nanopore collapse. Electron micrographs of recovered shocked MOFs show distinct zones in the shocked material corresponding to shock powder compaction, nanopore collapse, and chemical bond destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yurun Miao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Suslick
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Dana D. Dlott
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Allenbaugh RJ, Zachary JR, Underwood AN, Bryson JD, Williams JR, Shaw A. Kinetic analysis of the complete mechanochemical synthesis of a palladium(II) carbene complex. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2019.107622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Rogachev AS. Mechanical activation of heterogeneous exothermic reactions in powder mixtures. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lapshin OV, Boldyrev VV, Boldyreva EV. Mathematical Model of the Grinding and Mixing of Powder Binary Solids in a High-Energy Mill. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024419080181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Allenbaugh RJ, Zachary JR, Williams JR, Shaw AL, Bryson JD, Underwood AN, O'Donnell EE. Mechanochemical synthesis of zinc and palladium complexes of dialkyl 2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylate and analysis of solid-state reaction kinetics. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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Michalchuk AAL, Tumanov IA, Boldyreva EV. The effect of ball mass on the mechanochemical transformation of a single-component organic system: anhydrous caffeine. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2018; 53:13380-13389. [PMID: 30996469 PMCID: PMC6434987 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-018-2324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical methodologies, particularly ball milling, have become commonplace in many laboratories. In the present work, we examine the effects of milling ball mass on the polymorphic conversion of anhydrous caffeine. By investigating a single-phase system, the rate-limiting step of particle-particle contact formation is eliminated. It is found that larger milling balls lead to considerably faster conversion rates. Modelling of the transformation rate suggests that a single, time-independent rate constant is insufficient to describe the transformation. Instead, a convolution of at least two rate-determining processes is required to correctly describe the transformation. This suggests that the early stages of the transformation are governed only by the number of particle-ball collisions. As the reaction proceeds, these collisions less frequently involve reactant, and the rate becomes limited by mass transport, or mixing, even in originally single-phase systems, which become multi-phase as the product is formed. Larger milling balls are less hindered by poorly mixed material. This likely results from a combination of higher impact energies and higher surface areas associated with the larger milling balls. Such insight is important for the selective and targeted design of mechanochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. L. Michalchuk
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- EPSRC Centre for Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ivan A. Tumanov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V. Boldyreva
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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Miao YR, Suslick KS. Mechanochemical Reactions of Metal-Organic Frameworks. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Zhao F, Liu H, Mathe SDR, Dong A, Zhang J. Covalent Organic Frameworks: From Materials Design to Biomedical Application. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 8:E15. [PMID: 29283423 PMCID: PMC5791102 DOI: 10.3390/nano8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are newly emerged crystalline porous polymers with well-defined skeletons and nanopores mainly consisted of light-weight elements (H, B, C, N and O) linked by dynamic covalent bonds. Compared with conventional materials, COFs possess some unique and attractive features, such as large surface area, pre-designable pore geometry, excellent crystallinity, inherent adaptability and high flexibility in structural and functional design, thus exhibiting great potential for various applications. Especially, their large surface area and tunable porosity and π conjugation with unique photoelectric properties will enable COFs to serve as a promising platform for drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing and theranostic applications. In this review, we trace the evolution of COFs in terms of linkages and highlight the important issues on synthetic method, structural design, morphological control and functionalization. And then we summarize the recent advances of COFs in the biomedical and pharmaceutical sectors and conclude with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities of COFs for biomedical purposes. Although currently still at its infancy stage, COFs as an innovative source have paved a new way to meet future challenges in human healthcare and disease theranostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Zhao
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Huiming Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Salva D R Mathe
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Anjie Dong
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Tan
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St.W. H3A0B8 Montreal Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St.W. H3A0B8 Montreal Canada
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Su Z, Miao YR, Zhang G, Miller JT, Suslick KS. Bond breakage under pressure in a metal organic framework. Chem Sci 2017; 8:8004-8011. [PMID: 29568447 PMCID: PMC5853553 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03786d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The internal free volume of porous materials diminishes upon mechanical compression, and such volume collapse can have chemical consequences.
The internal free volume of porous materials diminishes upon mechanical compression, and such volume collapse can have chemical consequences. We report here the endothermic bond breakage in a metal-organic framework (MOF) during compression-induced collapse. Upon bulk compression at 1.9 GPa, the effective number for Zr–O bonds between Zr(iv) ions and carboxylate groups in UiO-66 decreased from 4.0 to 1.9, as determined by EXAFS, and the internal free volume was synchronously collapsed. Consistent with the EXAFS data, IR spectra confirmed conversion of syn–syn bridging carboxylates to monodentate ligation, thus establishing mechanochemical reactions induced by external compression of MOFs. Substantial mechanical energy (∼4 kJ g–1) was absorbed by UiO-66 nanocrystals during compression, as demonstrated from nanocompression of single crystals (600 nm) in situ during scanning electron microscopy, which establishes the potential application of MOFs as mechanical energy absorbers for hydrostatic and shock compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Su
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA . .,School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Yu-Run Miao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA .
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , USA
| | - Jeffrey T Miller
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , USA
| | - Kenneth S Suslick
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA .
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Liang P, Kobayashi A, Hasegawa T, Yoshida M, Kato M. Thermal and Mechanochemical Syntheses of Luminescent Mononuclear Copper(I) Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panyi Liang
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Hokkaido University; North-10 West-8 Kita-ku 060-0810 Sapporo Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Hokkaido University; North-10 West-8 Kita-ku 060-0810 Sapporo Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Hokkaido University; North-10 West-8 Kita-ku 060-0810 Sapporo Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Hokkaido University; North-10 West-8 Kita-ku 060-0810 Sapporo Japan
| | - Masako Kato
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Hokkaido University; North-10 West-8 Kita-ku 060-0810 Sapporo Japan
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Michalchuk AAL, Tumanov IA, Konar S, Kimber SAJ, Pulham CR, Boldyreva EV. Challenges of Mechanochemistry: Is In Situ Real-Time Quantitative Phase Analysis Always Reliable? A Case Study of Organic Salt Formation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1700132. [PMID: 28932677 PMCID: PMC5604370 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical methods offer unprecedented academic and industrial opportunities for solvent-free synthesis of novel materials. The need to study mechanochemical mechanisms is growing, and has led to the development of real-time in situ X-ray powder diffraction techniques (RI-XRPD). However, despite the power of RI-XRPD methods, there remain immense challenges. In the present contribution, many of these challenges are highlighted, and their effect on the interpretation of RI-XRPD data considered. A novel data processing technique is introduced for RI-XRPD, through which the solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis of an organic salt is followed as a case study. These are compared to ex situ studies, where notable differences are observed. The process is monitored over a range of milling frequencies, and a nonlinear correlation between milling parameters and reaction rate is observed. Kinetic analysis of RI-XRPD allows, for the first time, observation of a mechanistic shift over the course of mechanical treatment, resulting from time evolving conditions within the mechanoreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. L. Michalchuk
- REC‐008 Novosibirsk State Universityul. Pirogova 2630090NovosibirskRussian Federation
- EaStChem School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions (CSEC)University of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FJUK
- EPSRC Centre for Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC)Joseph Black Building, King's Buildings, David Brewster Rd.EdinburghEH9 3FJUK
| | - Ivan A. Tumanov
- REC‐008 Novosibirsk State Universityul. Pirogova 2630090NovosibirskRussian Federation
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RASKutateladze 18630128NovosibirskRussian Federation
| | - Sumit Konar
- EaStChem School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions (CSEC)University of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FJUK
| | - Simon A. J. Kimber
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility71 avenue des Martyrs38000GrenobleFrance
| | - Colin R. Pulham
- EaStChem School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions (CSEC)University of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FJUK
- EPSRC Centre for Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC)Joseph Black Building, King's Buildings, David Brewster Rd.EdinburghEH9 3FJUK
| | - Elena V. Boldyreva
- REC‐008 Novosibirsk State Universityul. Pirogova 2630090NovosibirskRussian Federation
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RASKutateladze 18630128NovosibirskRussian Federation
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Sim Y, Shi YX, Ganguly R, Li Y, García F. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Phosphazane-Based Frameworks. Chemistry 2017; 23:11279-11285. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sim
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore
| | - Yan X. Shi
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore
| | - Yongxin Li
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore
| | - Felipe García
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore
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Cabras V, Pilloni M, Scano A, Lai R, Aragoni MC, Coles SJ, Ennas G. Mechanochemical Reactivity of Square‐Planar Nickel Complexes and Pyridyl‐Based Spacers for the Solid‐State Preparation of Coordination Polymers: The Case of Nickel Diethyldithiophosphate and 4,4′‐Bipyridine. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche and INSTM Units Università di Cagliari Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari) Italia
| | - Martina Pilloni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche and INSTM Units Università di Cagliari Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari) Italia
| | - Alessandra Scano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche and INSTM Units Università di Cagliari Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari) Italia
| | - Romina Lai
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche and INSTM Units Università di Cagliari Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari) Italia
| | - Maria Carla Aragoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche and INSTM Units Università di Cagliari Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari) Italia
| | - Simon J. Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield Campus Southampton United Kingdom
| | - Guido Ennas
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche and INSTM Units Università di Cagliari Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari) Italia
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Kim HN, Suslick KS. Sonofragmentation of Ionic Crystals. Chemistry 2017; 23:2778-2782. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Na Kim
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 600 S. Mathews Avenue Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Kenneth S. Suslick
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 600 S. Mathews Avenue Urbana IL 61801 USA
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Mottillo C, Friščić T. Advances in Solid-State Transformations of Coordination Bonds: From the Ball Mill to the Aging Chamber. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010144. [PMID: 28106754 PMCID: PMC6155591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the formation of coordination bonds is pivotal to the development of a plethora of functional metal-organic materials, ranging from coordination polymers, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to metallodrugs. The interest in and commercialization of such materials has created a need for more efficient, environmentally-friendly routes for making coordination bonds. Solid-state coordination chemistry is a versatile greener alternative to conventional synthesis, offering quantitative yields, enhanced stoichiometric and topological selectivity, access to a wider range of precursors, as well as to molecules and materials not readily accessible in solution or solvothermally. With a focus on mechanochemical, thermochemical and “accelerated aging” approaches to coordination polymers, including pharmaceutically-relevant materials and microporous MOFs, this review highlights the recent advances in solid-state coordination chemistry and techniques for understanding the underlying reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mottillo
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H1P 1W1, Canada.
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H1P 1W1, Canada.
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26
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Stauch T, Dreuw A. Advances in Quantum Mechanochemistry: Electronic Structure Methods and Force Analysis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14137-14180. [PMID: 27767298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In quantum mechanochemistry, quantum chemical methods are used to describe molecules under the influence of an external force. The calculation of geometries, energies, transition states, reaction rates, and spectroscopic properties of molecules on the force-modified potential energy surfaces is the key to gain an in-depth understanding of mechanochemical processes at the molecular level. In this review, we present recent advances in the field of quantum mechanochemistry and introduce the quantum chemical methods used to calculate the properties of molecules under an external force. We place special emphasis on quantum chemical force analysis tools, which can be used to identify the mechanochemically relevant degrees of freedom in a deformed molecule, and spotlight selected applications of quantum mechanochemical methods to point out their synergistic relationship with experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stauch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Shi YX, Xu K, Clegg JK, Ganguly R, Hirao H, Friščić T, García F. The First Synthesis of the Sterically Encumbered Adamantoid Phosphazane P
4
(N
t
Bu)
6
: Enabled by Mechanochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan X. Shi
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Kai Xu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jack K. Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane, St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Hajime Hirao
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal QC H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Felipe García
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
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Shi YX, Xu K, Clegg JK, Ganguly R, Hirao H, Friščić T, García F. The First Synthesis of the Sterically Encumbered Adamantoid Phosphazane P4 (N(t) Bu)6 : Enabled by Mechanochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12736-40. [PMID: 27539926 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
All reported attempts to synthesize the tert-butyl-substituted adamantoid phosph(III)azane P4 (N(t) Bu)6 have failed, leading to the classification of this molecule as inaccessible and a literature example of steric control in chemistry of phosphorus-nitrogen compounds. We now demonstrate that this structure is readily accessible by a solvent-free mechanochemical milling approach, highlighting the importance of mechanochemical reaction environments in evaluating chemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan X Shi
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Xu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jack K Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hajime Hirao
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Felipe García
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xian-Jing Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xing-Hong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bin-Yang Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Štefanić G, Krehula S, Štefanić I. Phase development during high-energy ball-milling of zinc oxide and iron - the impact of grain size on the source and the degree of contamination. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:18870-81. [PMID: 26466089 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02498f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-energy ball-milling of powder mixtures of zincite (ZnO) and iron (α-Fe) at different weight ratios was performed in air using a planetary ball mill with a stainless steel milling assembly. Structural and microstructural changes during the ball-milling (up to 30 h) were monitored using X-ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The mechanism of iron oxidation was determined from the results of Mössbauer spectroscopy. It was found that an early phase of ball-milling caused the oxidation of iron from Fe(0) to Fe(2+) followed by the formation of a solid solution structurally similar to wüstite. The wüstite-type phase rapidly disappeared upon prolonged milling, which was accompanied by further oxidation of iron from Fe(2+) to Fe(3+) and the formation of spinel-type ferrite structurally similar to franklinite (ZnFe2O4) in the products with a high zinc content, or magnetite (Fe3O4) in the products with a high iron content. Further milling or annealing had a low impact on the franklinite-type phase, but caused the transition of the magnetite-type phase to the phase structurally similar to hematite (α-Fe2O3). The results of energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) showed a dramatic increase in the degree of contamination with the increase in the proportion of the starting iron (∼9 times higher contamination during the milling of pure iron compared with pure zincite). It was shown that the source of contamination (balls or vial) strongly depends on the type of milled sample. Ball-milling of relatively big and heavy grains (starting iron) caused preferential contamination from the vial whereas ball-milling of smaller and lighter grains (products obtained after prolonged milling) caused preferential contamination from the balls. After prolonged milling the contamination due to wear of the balls was dominant in all the products. An explanation for the observed impact of grain size on the source and the degree of contamination was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Štefanić
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, P.O. Box 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - S Krehula
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, P.O. Box 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - I Štefanić
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, P.O. Box 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Métro TX, Bonnamour J, Reidon T, Duprez A, Sarpoulet J, Martinez J, Lamaty F. Comprehensive study of the organic-solvent-free CDI-mediated acylation of various nucleophiles by mechanochemistry. Chemistry 2015; 21:12787-96. [PMID: 26177831 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acylation reactions are ubiquitous in the synthesis of natural products and biologically active compounds. Unfortunately, these reactions often require the use of large quantities of volatile and/or toxic solvents, either for the reaction, purification or isolation of the products. Herein we describe and discuss the possibility of completely eliminating the use of organic solvents for the synthesis, purification and isolation of products resulting from the acylation of amines and other nucleophiles. Thus, utilisation of N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) allows efficient coupling between carboxylic acids and various nucleophiles under solvent-free mechanical agitation, and water-assisted grinding enables both the purification and isolation of pure products. Critical parameters such as the physical state and water solubility of the products, milling material, type of agitation (vibratory or planetary) as well as contamination from wear are analysed and discussed. In addition, original organic-solvent-free conditions are proposed to overcome the limitations of this approach. The calculations of various green metrics are included, highlighting the particularly low environmental impact of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas-Xavier Métro
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France).
| | - Julien Bonnamour
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France)
| | - Thomas Reidon
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France)
| | - Anthony Duprez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France)
| | - Jordi Sarpoulet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France)
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France)
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France).
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