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Dolai A, Bhunia S, Jana SK, Bera S, Mandal S, Samanta S. Photoisomerization and Light-Controlled Antibacterial Activity of Fluoroquinolone-Azoisoxazole Hybrids. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300851. [PMID: 38409655 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Photopharmacology holds a huge untapped potential to locally treat diseases involving photoswitchable drugs via the elimination of drugs' off-target effects. The growth of this field has created a pressing demand to develop such light-active drugs. We explored the potential for creating photoswitchable antibiotic hybrids by attaching pharmacophores norfloxacin/ciprofloxacin and azoisoxazole (photoswitch). All compounds exhibited a moderate to a high degree of bidirectional photoisomerization, long thermal cis half-lives, and impressive photoresistance. Gram-negative pathogens were found to be insensitive to these hybrids, while against Gram-positive pathogens, all hybrids in their trans states exhibited antibacterial activity that is comparable to that of the parent drugs. Notably, the toxicity of the irradiated hybrid 6 was found to be 2-fold lower than the nonirradiated trans isomer, indicating that the pre-inactivated cis-enriched drug can be employed for the site-specific treatment of bacterial infection using light, which could potentially eliminate the unwanted exposure of toxic antibiotics to both beneficial and untargeted harmful microbes in our body. Molecular docking revealed different binding affinity of the cis and trans isomers with the topoisomerase IV enzyme, due to their different shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Dolai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Supriya Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Jana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35-Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Satyajit Bera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Sukhendu Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35-Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhas Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
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2
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Lvov AG, Koffi Kouame E, Khusniyarov MM. Light-Induced Dyotropic Rearrangement of Diarylethenes: Scope, Mechanism, and Prospects. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301480. [PMID: 37477021 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Irreversible two-photon photorearrangement of 1,2-diarylethenes is a unique process providing access to complex 2a1 ,5a-dihydro-5,6-dithiaacenaphthylene (DDA) heterocyclic core. This reaction was serendipitously discovered during studies on photoswitchable diarylethenes and was initially considered as a highly undesired process. However, in recent years, it has been recognized as an efficient photochemical reaction, interesting by itself and as a promising synthetic method for the synthesis of challenging molecules. Herein, we discuss the state-of-the-art in studies on this notable process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G Lvov
- Irkutsk National Research Technical University, 83, Lermontov St., Irkutsk, 664074, Russia
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - Eric Koffi Kouame
- Irkutsk National Research Technical University, 83, Lermontov St., Irkutsk, 664074, Russia
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - Marat M Khusniyarov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Buntine JT, Carrascosa E, Bull JN, Muller G, Jacovella U, Glasson CR, Vamvounis G, Bieske EJ. Photo-induced 6π-electrocyclisation and cycloreversion of isolated dithienylethene anions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:16628-16636. [PMID: 35766319 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01240e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The diarylethene chromophore is commonly used in light-triggered molecular switches. The chromophore undergoes reversible 6π-electrocyclisation (ring closing) and cycloreversion (ring opening) reactions upon exposure to UV and visible light, respectively, providing bidirectional photoswitching. Here, we investigate the gas-phase photoisomerisation of meta- (m) and para- (p) substituted dithienylethene carboxylate anions (DTE-) using tandem ion mobility mass spectrometry coupled with laser excitation. The ring-closed forms of p-DTE- and m-DTE- are found to undergo cycloreversion in the gas phase with maximum responses associated with bands in the visible (λmax ≈ 600 nm) and the ultraviolet (λmax ≈ 360 nm). The ring-open p-DTE- isomer undergoes 6π-electrocyclisation in the ultraviolet region at wavelengths shorter than 350 nm, whereas no evidence is found for the corresponding electrocyclisation of ring-open m-DTE-, a situation attributed to the fact that the antiparallel geometry required for electrocyclisation of m-DTE- is energetically disfavoured. This highlights the influence of the carboxylate substitution position on the photochemical properties of DTE molecules. We find no evidence for the formation in the gas phase of the undesirable cyclic byproduct, which causes fatigue of DTE photoswitches in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Buntine
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Eduardo Carrascosa
- Bruker Daltonics GmbH & Co. KG, Fahrenheitstrasse 4, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - James N Bull
- School of Chemistry, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Giel Muller
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Ugo Jacovella
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Christopher R Glasson
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, University of Waikato, Tauranga, 3110, New Zealand
| | - George Vamvounis
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Evan J Bieske
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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4
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Sarkar R, Loos PF, Boggio-Pasqua M, Jacquemin D. Assessing the Performances of CASPT2 and NEVPT2 for Vertical Excitation Energies. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2418-2436. [PMID: 35333060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Methods able to simultaneously account for both static and dynamic electron correlations have often been employed, not only to model photochemical events but also to provide reference values for vertical transition energies, hence allowing benchmarking of lower-order models. In this category, both the complete-active-space second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) and the N-electron valence state second-order perturbation theory (NEVPT2) are certainly popular, the latter presenting the advantage of not requiring the application of the empirical ionization-potential-electron-affinity (IPEA) and level shifts. However, the actual accuracy of these multiconfigurational approaches is not settled yet. In this context, to assess the performances of these approaches, the present work relies on highly accurate (±0.03 eV) aug-cc-pVTZ vertical transition energies for 284 excited states of diverse character (174 singlet, 110 triplet, 206 valence, 78 Rydberg, 78 n → π*, 119 π → π*, and 9 double excitations) determined in 35 small- to medium-sized organic molecules containing from three to six non-hydrogen atoms. The CASPT2 calculations are performed with and without IPEA shift and compared to the partially contracted (PC) and strongly contracted (SC) variants of NEVPT2. We find that both CASPT2 with IPEA shift and PC-NEVPT2 provide fairly reliable vertical transition energy estimates, with slight overestimations and mean absolute errors of 0.11 and 0.13 eV, respectively. These values are found to be rather uniform for the various subgroups of transitions. The present work completes our previous benchmarks focused on single-reference wave function methods ( J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2018, 14, 4360; J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2020, 16, 1711), hence allowing for a fair comparison between various families of electronic structure methods. In particular, we show that ADC(2), CCSD, and CASPT2 deliver similar accuracies for excited states with a dominant single-excitation character.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre-François Loos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Martial Boggio-Pasqua
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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Li Z, Wang Y, Li M, Zhang H, Guo H, Ya H, Yin J. Synthesis and properties of dithienylethene-functionalized switchable antibacterial agents. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:6988-6997. [PMID: 30229787 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01824c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Photopharmacology involving azobenzene has offered a viable alternative for combating bacterial resistance. However, the degradation and potential toxicity of azobenzene limit its further study in vivo. Therefore, searching for an appropriate photoswitch for further clinical application is highly desirable. Herein a series of dithienylethene-functionalized switchable antibacterial agents have been designed and prepared by the introduction of the dithienylethene scaffold into fluoroquinolones. And it was found that these switchable antibacterial agents displayed good photochromism and fluorescence switching behaviors upon irradiation with UV/Vis light in DMSO. Surprisingly, methoxy-substituted dithienylethenes 3a and 3b exhibited fluorescence turn-on behavior. Furthermore, it was found that all of the open-isomers showed partial antibacterial activity on E. coli and S. aureus compared with the native drugs. Apart from 2a and 2b, the other switchable antibacterial agents showed a large difference in antibacterial activity on Gram-negative E. coli between the open and closed forms, in which the antimicrobial activity of the ring-closed isomers for 1b and 3b was 16 times that of the corresponding ring-open isomers. DFT calculations showed that the ring-closed isomers of 1b and 3b presented a rigid "S-type" conformation, which may be conducive to forming more stable complexes with the DNA gyrase of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, Luoyang City, College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, P. R. China.
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Xu J, Volfova H, Mulder RJ, Goerigk L, Bryant G, Riedle E, Ritchie C. Visible-Light-Driven "On"/"Off" Photochromism of a Polyoxometalate Diarylethene Coordination Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:10482-10487. [PMID: 30001121 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the first photochromic polyoxometalate (POM)-based diarylethene (DAE) coordination complex, prepared by ligation of two cobalt(III)-incorporated borotungstates [BIIIWVI11O39CoIII]6- with the ditopic pyridyl-containing diarylethene (C25H16N2F6S2). The solution-state composition, structure, and stability of the assembly were probed using 1H and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), electrospray ionization quadrupolar time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-QTOF-MS), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), revealing that the complex self-organizes to adopt a molecular dumbbell structure due to electrostatic and steric considerations. This conformation is a prerequisite for the photocyclization reaction. The assembly was found to be switchable between two states using visible light due to the perturbation of the DAE electronic structure on coordination to the POM. We present photophysical data, including the reaction quantum efficiency of the molecular switch in both directions measured using a custom-built quantum yield determination setup in addition to fatigue resistance on prolonged irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xu
- School of Chemistry , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Henrieta Volfova
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Oettingenstrasse 67 , München , Germany
| | - Roger J Mulder
- CSIRO Manufacturing , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Lars Goerigk
- School of Chemistry , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Gary Bryant
- Centre for Molecular and Nanoscale Physics & School of Science , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3001 , Australia
| | - Eberhard Riedle
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Oettingenstrasse 67 , München , Germany
| | - Chris Ritchie
- School of Chemistry , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
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7
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Lachmann D, Studte C, Männel B, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, König B. Photochromic Dopamine Receptor Ligands Based on Dithienylethenes and Fulgides. Chemistry 2017. [PMID: 28650111 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We describe the incorporation of the well-investigated class of photochromic dithienylethenes (DTEs) and fulgides into known dopamine receptor ligands such as 1,4-disubstituted aromatic and hydroxybenzoxazinone piperazines as well as aminoindanes. Subtype and functional selective photochromic ligands were obtained and characterized by NMR and UV/VIS spectroscopic measurements. The photophysical properties of the DTE based dopamine ligands revealed a high fatigue resistance for the diarylmaleimides, but the ringclosure could not be accomplished in polar solvents due to a known twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT). Several cyclopentene-DTEs showed high PSS, but a fast degradation by forming an irreversible byproduct. Focusing on the fulgides, high photostationary states and switching in polar solvents were possible. The compounds 43, 45 and 46 containing the isopropyl group showed only isomerization between the open E-form and the closed C-form. At a concentration of 1 nm, the cyclopentene-DTE 29-open showed a more than 11-fold higher activation of D2S , a pharmacologically important G protein-coupled receptor, than its photochromic congener 29-closed. Interestingly, the fulgimide-based pair 52-(E)-open/52-closed could be discovered as an alternative photoswitch with inverse activation properties exhibiting four-fold higher activity in the closed state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lachmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Studte
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Männel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University, Emil Fischer Center, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University, Emil Fischer Center, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University, Emil Fischer Center, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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8
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Herder M, Eisenreich F, Bonasera A, Grafl A, Grubert L, Pätzel M, Schwarz J, Hecht S. Light-Controlled Reversible Modulation of Frontier Molecular Orbital Energy Levels in Trifluoromethylated Diarylethenes. Chemistry 2017; 23:3743-3754. [PMID: 28093831 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Among bistable photochromic molecules, diarylethenes (DAEs) possess the distinct feature that upon photoisomerization they undergo a large modulation of their π-electronic system, accompanied by a marked shift of the HOMO/LUMO energies and hence oxidation/reduction potentials. The electronic modulation can be utilized to remote-control charge- as well as energy-transfer processes and it can be transduced to functional entities adjacent to the DAE core, thereby regulating their properties. In order to exploit such photoswitchable systems it is important to precisely adjust the absolute position of their HOMO and LUMO levels and to maximize the extent of the photoinduced shifts of these energy levels. Here, we present a comprehensive study detailing how variation of the substitution pattern of DAE compounds, in particular using strongly electron-accepting and chemically stable trifluoromethyl groups either in the periphery or at the reactive carbon atoms, allows for the precise tuning of frontier molecular orbital levels over a broad energy range and the generation of photoinduced shifts of more than 1 eV. Furthermore, the effect of different DAE architectures on the transduction of these shifts to an adjacent functional group is discussed. Whereas substitution in the periphery of the DAE motif has only minor implications on the photochemistry, trifluoromethylation at the reactive carbon atoms strongly disturbs the isomerization efficiency. However, this can be overcome by using a nonsymmetrical substitution pattern or by combination with donor groups, rendering the resulting photoswitches attractive candidates for the construction of remote-controlled functional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Herder
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Eisenreich
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aurelio Bonasera
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Grafl
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Grubert
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Pätzel
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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Zobel JP, Nogueira JJ, González L. The IPEA dilemma in CASPT2. Chem Sci 2017; 8:1482-1499. [PMID: 28572908 PMCID: PMC5452265 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03759c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-configurational second order perturbation theory (CASPT2) has become a very popular method for describing excited-state properties since its development in 1990. To account for systematic errors found in the calculation of dissociation energies, an empirical correction applied to the zeroth-order Hamiltonian, called the IPEA shift, was introduced in 2004. The errors were attributed to an unbalanced description of open-shell versus closed-shell electronic states and is believed to also lead to an underestimation of excitation energies. Here we show that the use of the IPEA shift is not justified and the IPEA should not be used to calculate excited states, at least for organic chromophores. This conclusion is the result of three extensive analyses. Firstly, we survey the literature for excitation energies of organic molecules that have been calculated with the unmodified CASPT2 method. We find that the excitation energies of 356 reference values are negligibly underestimated by 0.02 eV. This value is an order of magnitude smaller than the expected error based on the calculation of dissociation energies. Secondly, we perform benchmark full configuration interaction calculations on 137 states of 13 di- and triatomic molecules and compare the results with CASPT2. Also in this case, the excited states are underestimated by only 0.05 eV. Finally, we perform CASPT2 calculations with different IPEA shift values on 309 excited states of 28 organic small and medium-sized organic chromophores. We demonstrate that the size of the IPEA correction scales with the amount of dynamical correlation energy (and thus with the size of the system), and gets immoderate already for the molecules considered here, leading to an overestimation of the excitation energies. It is also found that the IPEA correction strongly depends on the size of the basis set. The dependency on both the size of the system and of the basis set, contradicts the idea of a universal IPEA shift which is able to compensate for systematic CASPT2 errors in the calculation of excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Patrick Zobel
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Straße 17 , 1090 Vienna , Austria . ;
| | - Juan J Nogueira
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Straße 17 , 1090 Vienna , Austria . ;
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Straße 17 , 1090 Vienna , Austria . ;
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10
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Wang YT, Gao YJ, Wang Q, Cui G. Photochromic Mechanism of a Bridged Diarylethene: Combined Electronic Structure Calculations and Nonadiabatic Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:793-802. [PMID: 28051866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b11682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intramolecularly bridged diarylethenes exhibit improved photocyclization quantum yields because the anti-syn isomerization that originally suppresses photocyclization in classical diarylethenes is blocked. Experimentally, three possible channels have been proposed to interpret experimental observation, but many details of photochromic mechanism remain ambiguous. In this work we have employed a series of electronic structure methods (OM2/MRCI, DFT, TDDFT, RI-CC2, DFT/MRCI, and CASPT2) to comprehensively study excited state properties, photocyclization, and photoreversion dynamics of 1,2-dicyano[2,2]metacyclophan-1-ene. On the basis of optimized stationary points and minimum-energy conical intersections, we have refined experimentally proposed photochromic mechanism. Only an S1/S0 minimum-energy conical intersection is located; thus, we can exclude the third channel experimentally proposed. In addition, we find that both photocyclization and photoreversion processes use the same S1/S0 conical intersection to decay the S1 system to the S0 state, so we can unify the remaining two channels into one. These new insights are verified by our OM2/MRCI nonadiabatic dynamics simulations. The S1 excited-state lifetimes of photocyclization and photoreversion are estimated to be 349 and 453 fs, respectively, which are close to experimentally measured values: 240 ± 60 and 250 fs in acetonitrile solution. The present study not only interprets experimental observations and refines previously proposed mechanism but also provides new physical insights that are valuable for future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuan-Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
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11
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Wutz D, Gluhacevic D, Chakrabarti A, Schmidtkunz K, Robaa D, Erdmann F, Romier C, Sippl W, Jung M, König B. Photochromic histone deacetylase inhibitors based on dithienylethenes and fulgimides. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:4882-4896. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00976c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, photochromic properties, inhibition of different HDACs and corresponding molecular dockings of photochromic inhibitors are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Wutz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- 93053 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - D. Gluhacevic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- 93053 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - A. Chakrabarti
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - K. Schmidtkunz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - D. Robaa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Martin Luther University of Halle Wittenberg
- 06120 Halle/Saale
- Germany
| | - F. Erdmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Martin Luther University of Halle Wittenberg
- 06120 Halle/Saale
- Germany
| | - C. Romier
- Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative
- Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)
- Université de Strasbourg (UDS)
- CNRS
- INSERM
| | - W. Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Martin Luther University of Halle Wittenberg
- 06120 Halle/Saale
- Germany
| | - M. Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - B. König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- 93053 Regensburg
- Germany
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