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Zhang YT, Wang YP, Zhang X, Zhang YY, Du S, Pantelides ST. Structure of Amorphous Two-Dimensional Materials: Elemental Monolayer Amorphous Carbon versus Binary Monolayer Amorphous Boron Nitride. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8018-8024. [PMID: 35959969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The structure of amorphous materials has been debated since the 1930s as a binary question: amorphous materials are either Zachariasen continuous random networks (Z-CRNs) or Z-CRNs containing crystallites. It was recently demonstrated, however, that amorphous diamond can be synthesized in either form. Here we address the question of the structure of single-atom-thick amorphous monolayers. We reanalyze the results of prior simulations for amorphous graphene and report kinetic Monte Carlo simulations based on alternative algorithms. We find that crystallite-containing Z-CRN is the favored structure of elemental amorphous graphene, as recently fabricated, whereas the most likely structure of binary monolayer amorphous BN is altogether different than either of the two long-debated options: it is a compositionally disordered "pseudo-CRN" comprising a mix of B-N and noncanonical B-B and N-N bonds and containing "pseudocrystallites", namely, honeycomb regions made of noncanonical hexagons. Implications for other nonelemental 2D and bulk amorphous materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tian Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yun-Peng Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xianli Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Yang Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shixuan Du
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Sokrates T Pantelides
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Choi M, Baek J, Ryu H, Lee H, Byen J, Hong SG, Kim BJ, Cho S, Song JY, Lee GH, Shin H, Choi JY, Jeon S. Improved Crystallinity of Graphene Grown on Cu/Ni (111) through Sequential Mobile Hot-Wire Heat Treatment. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5198-5206. [PMID: 35728001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, many efforts have been devoted to growing single-crystal graphene due to its great potential in future applications. However, a number of issues remain for single-crystal graphene growth, such as control of nanoscale defects and the substrate-dependent nonuniformity of graphene quality. In this work, we demonstrate a possible route toward single-crystal graphene by combining aligned nucleation of graphene nanograins on Cu/Ni (111) and sequential heat treatment over pregrown graphene grains. By use of a mobile hot-wire CVD system, prealigned grains were stitched into one continuous film with up to ∼97% single-crystal domains, compared to graphene grown on polycrystalline Cu, which was predominantly high-angle tilt boundary (HATB) domains. The single-crystal-like graphene showed remarkably high thermal conductivity and carrier mobility of ∼1349 W/mK at 350 K and ∼33 600 (38 400) cm2 V-1 s-1 for electrons (holes), respectively, which indicates that the crystallinity is high due to suppression of HATB domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungwoo Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury (KINC), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwook Baek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury (KINC), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Huije Ryu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejeong Lee
- Interdisciplinary Materials Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jicheol Byen
- Interdisciplinary Materials Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gu Hong
- Interdisciplinary Materials Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Jun Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooheon Cho
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yong Song
- Interdisciplinary Materials Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwan-Hyoung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosun Shin
- Interdisciplinary Materials Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Choi
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury (KINC), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Zhao Z, Wang Y, Wang C. A theoretical study of wrinkle propagation in graphene with flower-like grain boundaries. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:11917-11930. [PMID: 33998625 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01254a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated dynamic surface wrinkle propagation across a series of flower-like rotational grain boundaries (GBs) in graphene using theoretical solutions and atomistic simulations. It was found that there was significantly less out-of-plane displacement of dynamic wrinkles when curvature of rotational GBs was reduced, which can be explained by a defect shielding effect of flower-like GBs. Potential energy evolved via different modes for pristine graphene and graphene with various GBs. With external excitation, the distinctly different patterns of wrinkle propagation in graphene with various GBs demonstrated how dynamic wrinkling can reveal defects. These results can provide a theoretical basis for guiding the design and implementation of graphene-based nano-mechanical devices such as protectors and detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China. and Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yafei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China. and Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Changguo Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China. and Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
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Liu Y, Xu L, Zhang L, Dong Z, Wang S, Luo L. Direct Visualization of Atomic-Scale Graphene Growth on Cu through Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:52201-52207. [PMID: 33147010 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The functionalities of two-dimensional (2D) materials are solely determined by their perfect single-layer lattice or precisely stacking of multiple lattice planes, which is predominately determined during their growth process. Although the growth of graphene has been successfully achieved on different substrates with a large area up to millimeters, direct visualization of atomic-scale graphene growth in real time still lacks, which is vital to decipher atomistic mechanisms of graphene growth. Here, we employ aberration-corrected environmental transmission electron microscopy (AC-ETEM) to visualize the nucleation and growth of graphene at the atomic scale in real time. We find a unique lateral epitaxial growth process of graphene on Cu edges under the CO2 atmosphere with a ledge-flow process. The nucleation of graphene nuclei from amorphous carbon atoms also has been found to proceed with a gradual ordering of in-plane carbon atoms. The coalescence of smaller graphene nanoislands to form large ones is thermodynamically favored, and the evolution of atomic structures at grain boundaries is also revealed in great details. These atomic insights obtained from real-time observations can provide direct evidence for the growth mechanisms of graphene, which can be extended to other 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatian Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zejian Dong
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Shuangbao Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Langli Luo
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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Kilgour M, Gastellu N, Hui DYT, Bengio Y, Simine L. Generating Multiscale Amorphous Molecular Structures Using Deep Learning: A Study in 2D. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8532-8537. [PMID: 32969655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous molecular assemblies appear in a vast array of systems: from living cells to chemical plants and from everyday items to new devices. The absence of long-range order in amorphous materials implies that precise knowledge of their underlying structures throughout is needed to rationalize and control their properties at the mesoscale. Standard computational simulations suffer from exponentially unfavorable scaling of the required compute with system size. We present a method based on deep learning that leverages the finite range of structural correlations for an autoregressive generation of disordered molecular aggregates up to arbitrary size from small-scale computational or experimental samples. We benchmark performance on self-assembled nanoparticle aggregates and proceed to simulate monolayer amorphous carbon with atomistic resolution. This method bridges the gap between the nanoscale and mesoscale simulations of amorphous molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kilgour
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Nicolas Gastellu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - David Y T Hui
- Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms, 6666 St-Urbain, #200, Montreal, Quebec H2S 3H1, Canada
| | - Yoshua Bengio
- Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms, 6666 St-Urbain, #200, Montreal, Quebec H2S 3H1, Canada
| | - Lena Simine
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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6
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Toh CT, Zhang H, Lin J, Mayorov AS, Wang YP, Orofeo CM, Ferry DB, Andersen H, Kakenov N, Guo Z, Abidi IH, Sims H, Suenaga K, Pantelides ST, Özyilmaz B. Synthesis and properties of free-standing monolayer amorphous carbon. Nature 2020; 577:199-203. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Improvements in structural and optical properties of wafer-scale hexagonal boron nitride film by post-growth annealing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10590. [PMID: 31332250 PMCID: PMC6646322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkable improvements in both structural and optical properties of wafer-scale hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) films grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) enabled by high-temperature post-growth annealing is presented. The enhanced crystallinity and homogeneity of the MOCVD-grown h-BN films grown at 1050 °C is attributed to the solid-state atomic rearrangement during the thermal annealing at 1600 °C. In addition, the appearance of the photoluminescence by excitonic transitions as well as enlarged optical band gap were observed for the post-annealed h-BN films as direct consequences of the microstructural improvement. The post-growth annealing is a very promising strategy to overcome limited crystallinity of h-BN films grown by typical MOCVD systems while maintaining their advantage of multiple wafer scalability for practical applications towards two-dimensional electronics and optoelectronics.
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Zhang X, Wu T, Jiang Q, Wang H, Zhu H, Chen Z, Jiang R, Niu T, Li Z, Zhang Y, Qiu Z, Yu G, Li A, Qiao S, Wang H, Yu Q, Xie X. Epitaxial Growth of 6 in. Single-Crystalline Graphene on a Cu/Ni (111) Film at 750 °C via Chemical Vapor Deposition. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1805395. [PMID: 30942946 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201805395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The future electronic application of graphene highly relies on the production of large-area high-quality single-crystal graphene. However, the growth of single-crystal graphene on different substrates via either single nucleation or seamless stitching is carried out at a temperature of 1000 °C or higher. The usage of this high temperature generates a variety of problems, including complexity of operation, higher contamination, metal evaporation, and wrinkles owing to the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients between the substrate and graphene. Here, a new approach for the fabrication of ultraflat single-crystal graphene using Cu/Ni (111)/sapphire wafers at lower temperature is reported. It is found that the temperature of epitaxial growth of graphene using Cu/Ni (111) can be reduced to 750 °C, much lower than that of earlier reports on catalytic surfaces. Devices made of graphene grown at 750 °C have a carrier mobility up to ≈9700 cm2 V-1 s-1 at room temperature. This work shines light on a way toward a much lower temperature growth of high-quality graphene in single crystallinity, which could benefit future electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tianru Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Hailong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Ren Jiang
- Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Tianchao Niu
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Zhuojun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Youwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhijun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guanghui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Shan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Haomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Qingkai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 200031, China
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Dong J, Zhang L, Ding F. Kinetics of Graphene and 2D Materials Growth. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1801583. [PMID: 30318816 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During the last 10 years, remarkable achievements on the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of 2D materials have been made, but the understanding of the underlying mechanisms is still relatively limited. Here, the current progress on the understanding of the growth kinetics of 2D materials, especially for their CVD synthesis, is reviewed. In order to present a complete picture of 2D materials' growth kinetics, the following factors are discussed: i) two types of growth modes, namely attachment-limited growth and diffusion-limited growth; ii) the etching of 2D materials, which offers an additional degree of freedom for growth control; iii) a number of experimental factors in graphene CVD synthesis, such as structure of the substrate, pressure of hydrogen or oxygen, temperature, etc., which are found to have profound effects on the growth kinetics; iv) double-layer and few-layer 2D materials' growth, which has distinct features different from the growth of single-layer 2D materials; and v) the growth of polycrystalline 2D materials by the coalescence of a few single crystalline domains. Finally, the current challenges and opportunities in future 2D materials' synthesis are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichen Dong
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Leining Zhang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Feng Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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