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Schäfer S, Kaufmann S, Rösch ES, Roesky PW. Divalent metallocenes of the lanthanides - a guideline to properties and reactivity. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37183859 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00744d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery in the early 1980s, the soluble divalent metallocenes of lanthanides have become a steadily growing field in organometallic chemistry. The predominant part of the investigation has been performed with samarium, europium, and ytterbium, whereas only a few reports dealing with other rare earth elements were disclosed. Reactions of these metallocenes can be divided into two major categories: (1) formation of Lewis acid-base complexes, in which the oxidation state remains +II; and (2) single electron transfer (SET) reductions with the ultimate formation of Ln(III) complexes. Due to the increasing reducing character from Eu(II) over Yb(II) to Sm(II), the plethora of literature concerning redox reactions revolves around the metallocenes of Sm and Yb. In addition, a few reactivity studies on Nd(II), Dy(II) and mainly Tm(II) metallocenes were published. These compounds are even stronger reducing agents but significantly more difficult to handle. In most cases, the metals are ligated by the versatile pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand: (C5Me5). Other cyclopentadienyl ligands are fully covered but only discussed in detail, if the ligand causes differences in synthesis or reactivity. Thus, the focus lays on three compounds: [(C5Me5)2Sm], [(C5Me5)2Eu] and [(C5Me5)2Yb] and their solvates. We discuss the synthesis and physical properties of divalent lanthanide metallocenes first, followed by an overview of the reactivity rendering the full potential of these versatile reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schäfer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Kaufmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Esther S Rösch
- Baden-Württemberg Cooperative State University Karlsruhe, Erzbergerstr. 121, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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2
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Klementyeva SV, Schrenk C, Schnepf A. Oxidation of [Ge 9{Si(SiMe 3) 3} 3] − with LnI 3 (Ln = Eu, Sm, Yb): Isomerism of Metalloid Germanium Clusters. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11787-11795. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Schrenk
- Chemistry Department, University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Chemistry Department, University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen Germany
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Dunstan MA, Brown DS, Sorace L, Mole RA, Boskovic C. Modulation of Slow Magnetic Relaxation in Gd(III)-Tetrahalosemiquinonate Complexes. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200325. [PMID: 35644855 PMCID: PMC9400849 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Incorporating lanthanoid(III)-radical magnetic exchange coupling is a possible route to improving the performance of lanthanoid (Ln) single-molecule magnets (SMMs), molecular materials that exhibit slow relaxation and low temperature quantum tunnelling of the magnetization. Complexes of Gd(III) can conveniently be used as model systems to study the Ln-radical exchange coupling, thanks to the absence of the orbital angular momentum that is present for many Ln(III) ions. Two new Gd(III)-radical compounds of formula [Gd(18-c-6)X4 SQ(NO3 )].I3 (18-c-6=18-crown-6, X4 SQ⋅- =tetrahalo-1,2-semiquinonate, 1: X=Cl, 2: X=Br) have been synthesized, and the presence of the dioxolene ligand in its semiquinonate form confirmed by X-ray crystallography, UV-Visible-NIR spectroscopy and voltammetry. Static magnetometry and EPR spectroscopy indicate differences in the low temperature magnetic properties of the two compounds, with antiferromagnetic exchange coupling of JGd-SQ ∼-2.0 cm-1 (Hex =-2JGd-SQ (SGd SSQ )) determined by data fitting. Interestingly, compound 1 exhibits slow magnetic relaxation in applied magnetic fields while 2 relaxes much faster, pointing to the major role of packing effects in modulating slow relaxation of the magnetization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja A. Dunstan
- School of ChemistryThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
| | - Dominic S. Brown
- School of ChemistryThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
| | - Lorenzo Sorace
- Department of Chemistry, “Ugo Schiff”Universita Degli Studi FirenzeVia della Lastruccia, 1350019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Richard A. Mole
- Australian Centre for Neutron ScatteringAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationLocked Bag 2001Kirrawee DC2232Australia
| | - Colette Boskovic
- School of ChemistryThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
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4
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Hay MA, Boskovic C. Lanthanoid Complexes as Molecular Materials: The Redox Approach. Chemistry 2021; 27:3608-3637. [PMID: 32965741 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The development of molecular materials with novel functionality offers promise for technological innovation. Switchable molecules that incorporate redox-active components are enticing candidate compounds due to their potential for electronic manipulation. Lanthanoid metals are most prevalent in their trivalent state and usually redox-activity in lanthanoid complexes is restricted to the ligand. The unique electronic and physical properties of lanthanoid ions have been exploited for various applications, including in magnetic and luminescent materials as well as in catalysis. Lanthanoid complexes are also promising for applications reliant on switchability, where the physical properties can be modulated by varying the oxidation state of a coordinated ligand. Lanthanoid-based redox activity is also possible, encompassing both divalent and tetravalent metal oxidation states. Thus, utilization of redox-active lanthanoid metals offers an attractive opportunity to further expand the capabilities of molecular materials. This review surveys both ligand and lanthanoid centered redox-activity in pre-existing molecular systems, including tuning of lanthanoid magnetic and photophysical properties by modulating the redox states of coordinated ligands. Ultimately the combination of redox-activity at both ligands and metal centers in the same molecule can afford novel electronic structures and physical properties, including multiconfigurational electronic states and valence tautomerism. Further targeted exploration of these features is clearly warranted, both to enhance understanding of the underlying fundamental chemistry, and for the generation of a potentially important new class of molecular material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moya A Hay
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Colette Boskovic
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Sinitsa DK, Sukhikh TS, Petrov PA, Nadolinny VA, Konchenko SN, Pushkarevsky NA. Structural Diversity of Calcium, Strontium, and Barium Complexes with Reduced Forms of the 3,6‐Di‐
tert
‐butyl‐o‐benzoquinone Ligand. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry K. Sinitsa
- Nikolaev Institut of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS Akademika Lavrentieva ave. 3 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences Novosibirsk State University Pirogova st. 1 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Taisiya S. Sukhikh
- Nikolaev Institut of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS Akademika Lavrentieva ave. 3 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences Novosibirsk State University Pirogova st. 1 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Pavel A. Petrov
- Nikolaev Institut of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS Akademika Lavrentieva ave. 3 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences Novosibirsk State University Pirogova st. 1 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Nadolinny
- Nikolaev Institut of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS Akademika Lavrentieva ave. 3 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Sergey N. Konchenko
- Nikolaev Institut of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS Akademika Lavrentieva ave. 3 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences Novosibirsk State University Pirogova st. 1 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Nikolay A. Pushkarevsky
- Nikolaev Institut of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS Akademika Lavrentieva ave. 3 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences Novosibirsk State University Pirogova st. 1 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
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Klementyeva SV, Lukoyanov AN, Afonin MY, Mörtel M, Smolentsev AI, Abramov PA, Starikova AA, Khusniyarov MM, Konchenko SN. Europium and ytterbium complexes with o-iminoquinonato ligands: synthesis, structure, and magnetic behavior. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:3338-3348. [PMID: 30778457 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04849e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Complexes of divalent ytterbium (1) and europium (2) with a dianionic o-amidophenolate ligand were prepared by both the direct reduction of 4,6-di-tert-butyl-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-o-iminobenzoquinone (dpp-IQ) and the salt metathesis reaction of potassium o-amidophenolate with LnI2 (Ln = Yb, Eu). Oxidation of o-amidophenolates 1, 2 with one equivalent of dpp-IQ as well as the salt metathesis reaction of potassium o-iminosemiquinolate with LnI2 afforded ligand mixed-valent o-iminosemiquinonato-amidophenolato complexes of trivalent ytterbium (3) and europium (4). All novel complexes 1-4 were fully characterized, including the solid state structures of 1 and 2 determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The magnetic properties of paramagnetic 2-4 were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Klementyeva
- Kazan Federal University, A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, 420008, Kremlevskaya str. 29/1, Kazan, Russia.
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Petrov PA, Sukhikh TS. Crystal Structures of Chromium Cyclopentadienyl Catecholate Complexes. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476618060227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ma Y, Pushkarevsky NA, Sukhikh TS, Galashov AE, Makarov AG, Roesky PW, Konchenko SN. Steric Influence and Intermolecular Interactions of Formamidinate Ligands in Lanthanide (Sm, Yb) Arylchalcogenolate Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Zhao Ma
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Engesserstr. 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Nikolay A. Pushkarevsky
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Siberian Branch of RAS Akademika Lavrentieva ave. 3 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences Novosibirsk State University Pirogova st. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Taisiya S. Sukhikh
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Siberian Branch of RAS Akademika Lavrentieva ave. 3 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences Novosibirsk State University Pirogova st. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Arseniy E. Galashov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Siberian Branch of RAS Akademika Lavrentieva ave. 3 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences Novosibirsk State University Pirogova st. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Arkady G. Makarov
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS Akademika Lavrentieva ave. 9 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Engesserstr. 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Sergey N. Konchenko
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Siberian Branch of RAS Akademika Lavrentieva ave. 3 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences Novosibirsk State University Pirogova st. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
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Stein BW, Cary SK, Berg JM, Birnbaum ER, Kozimor SA, Mocko V, Scott BL. A series of F-Element chelators; diaza crown ethers functionalized with catecholate binding substituents. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Klementyeva SV, Smolentsev AI, Abramov PA, Konchenko SN. Yttrium 3,5-di-tert-butyl-catecholates supported by 2,6-diisopropylphenyl substituted β-diketiminate. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Edelmann FT. Lanthanides and actinides: Annual survey of their organometallic chemistry covering the year 2016. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Herein, an electrospinning process of samarium complex-doped PMMAs was carried out to fabricate ultrafine fibers with a uniform diameter of about 230 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- School of Textile and Material Engineering
- Dalian Polytechnic University
- Dalian 116034
- P. R. China
- Department of Electronic Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves
| | - Baojie Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves
- City University of Hong Kong
- Kowloon
- P. R. China
| | - Edwin Yue Bun Pun
- Department of Electronic Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves
- City University of Hong Kong
- Kowloon
- P. R. China
| | - Hai Lin
- School of Textile and Material Engineering
- Dalian Polytechnic University
- Dalian 116034
- P. R. China
- Department of Electronic Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves
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