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González-Ballesteros MM, Mejía C, Ruiz-Azuara L. Metallodrugs, an approach against invasion and metastasis in cancer treatment. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:880-899. [PMID: 35170871 PMCID: PMC9063434 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous and multifactorial disease that causes high mortality throughout the world; therefore, finding the most effective therapies is a major research challenge. Currently, most anticancer drugs present a limited number of well‐established targets, such as cell proliferation or death; however, it is important to consider that the worse progression of cancer toward pathological stages implies invasion and metastasis processes. Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry (MIC) is a young area that deals with the design, synthesis, characterization, preclinical evaluation, and mechanism of action of new inorganic compounds, called metallodrugs. The properties of metallic ions allow enriching of strategies for the design of new drugs, enabling the adjustment of physicochemical and stereochemical properties. Metallodrugs can adopt geometries, such as tetrahedral, octahedral, square planar, and square planar pyramid, which adjusts their arrangement and facilitates binding with a wide variety of targets. The redox properties of some metal ions can be modulated by the presence of the bound ligands to adjust their interaction, thereby opening a range of mechanisms of action. In this regard, the mechanisms of action that trigger the biological activity of metallodrugs have been generally identified by: (a) coordination of the metal to biomolecules (for instance, cisplatin binds to the N7 in DNA guanine, as Pt‐N via coordination of the inhibition of enzymes); (b) redox‐active; and (c) ROS production. For this reason, a series of metallodrugs can interact with several specific targets in the anti‐invasive processes of cancer and can prevent metastasis. The structural base of several metal compounds shows great anticancer potential by inhibiting the signaling pathways related to cancer progression. In this minireview, we present the advances in the field of antimetastatic effects of metallodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio M González-Ballesteros
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - Carmen Mejía
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, C.P, 76230, México
| | - Lena Ruiz-Azuara
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, Mexico
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Soto-Sánchez J, Ospina-Villa JD. Current status of quinoxaline and quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides derivatives as potential antiparasitic agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:683-699. [PMID: 34289242 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are a public health problem, especially in developing countries where millions of people are affected every year. Current treatments have several drawbacks: emerging resistance to the existing drugs, lack of efficacy, and toxic side effects. Therefore, new antiparasitic drugs are urgently needed to treat and control diseases that affect human health, such as malaria, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, amebiasis, giardiasis schistosomiasis, and filariasis, among others. Quinoxaline is a compound containing a benzene ring and a pyrazine ring. The oxidation of both pyrazine ring nitrogens allows the obtention of quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides (QdNOs) derivatives. By modifying the chemical structure of these compounds, it is possible to obtain a wide variety of biological properties. This review investigated the activity of quinoxaline derivatives and QdNOs against different protozoan parasites and helminths. We also cover the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and summarize the main findings related to their mechanisms of action from published works in recent years. However, further studies are needed to determine specific molecular targets. This review aims to highlight the new development of antiparasitic drugs with better pharmacological profiles than current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Soto-Sánchez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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3
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Biochemical pathways of copper complexes: progress over the past 5 years. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1086-1096. [PMID: 33486113 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element with vital roles in many metalloenzymes; it is also prominent among nonplatinum anticancer metallodrugs. Copper-based complexes are endogenously biocompatible, tenfold more potent than cisplatin, exhibit fewer adverse effects, and have a wide therapeutic window. In cancer biology, copper acts as an antitumor agent by inhibiting cancer via multiple pathways. Herein, we present an overview of advances in copper complexes as 'lead' antitumor drug candidates, and in understanding their biochemical and pharmacological pathways over the past 5 years. This review will help to develop more efficacious therapeutics to improve clinical outcomes for cancer treatments.
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Ribeiro N, Bulut I, Cevatemre B, Teixeira C, Yildizhan Y, André V, Adão P, Pessoa JC, Acilan C, Correia I. Cu(ii) and V(iv)O complexes with tri- or tetradentate ligands based on (2-hydroxybenzyl)-l-alanines reveal promising anticancer therapeutic potential. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:157-169. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03331f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
New CuII- and VIVO amino acid complexes show antiproliferative activity mediated by apoptosis and genomic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Ribeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Ipek Bulut
- Koç University
- Graduate School of Health Sciences
- Sariyer, 34450
- Turkey
| | - Buse Cevatemre
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM)
- Sariyer 34450
- Turkey
| | - Carlos Teixeira
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Yasemin Yildizhan
- TUBITAK
- Marmara Research Center
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute
- Kocaeli
- Turkey
| | - Vânia André
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Pedro Adão
- MARE - Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente
- Politécnico de Leiria
- 2520-630 Peniche
- Portugal
| | - João Costa Pessoa
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Ceyda Acilan
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM)
- Sariyer 34450
- Turkey
| | - Isabel Correia
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
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5
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Kaur J, Chikate T, Bandyopadhyay P, Basu S, Chikate R. Cu(II) complexes of hydrazones–NSAID conjugates: synthesis, characterization and anticancer activity. J COORD CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2020.1843160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Post-graduate and Research Center, MES Abasaheb Garware College, Pune, India
- Department of Chemistry, Fergusson College, Pune, India
| | - Tanmayee Chikate
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Cancer and Translational Research Laboratory, Pune, India
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas, Arlington, USA
| | | | - Soumya Basu
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Cancer and Translational Research Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Rajeev Chikate
- Department of Chemistry, Post-graduate and Research Center, MES Abasaheb Garware College, Pune, India
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6
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Nunes P, Correia I, Marques F, Matos AP, Dos Santos MMC, Azevedo CG, Capelo JL, Santos HM, Gama S, Pinheiro T, Cavaco I, Pessoa JC. Copper Complexes with 1,10-Phenanthroline Derivatives: Underlying Factors Affecting Their Cytotoxicity. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:9116-9134. [PMID: 32578983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interpretation of in vitro cytotoxicity data of Cu(II)-1,10-phenanthroline (phen) complexes normally does not take into account the speciation that complexes undergo in cell incubation media and its implications in cellular uptake and mechanisms of action. We synthesize and test the activity of several distinct Cu(II)-phen compounds; up to 24 h of incubation, the cytotoxic activity differs for the Cu complexes and the corresponding free ligands, but for longer incubation times (e.g., 72 h), all compounds display similar activity. Combining the use of several spectroscopic, spectrometric, and electrochemical techniques, the speciation of Cu-phen compounds in cell incubation media is evaluated, indicating that the originally added complex almost totally decomposed and that Cu(II) and phen are mainly bound to bovine serum albumin. Several methods are used to disclose relationships between structure, activity, speciation in incubation media, cellular uptake, distribution of Cu in cells, and cytotoxicity. Contrary to what is reported in most studies, we conclude that interaction with cell components and cell death involves the separate action of Cu ions and phen molecules, not [Cu(phen)n] species. This conclusion should similarly apply to many other Cu-ligand systems reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrique Nunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Correia
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares and Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - António Pedro Matos
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Margarida M C Dos Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina G Azevedo
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José-Luis Capelo
- LAVQ, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.,PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Madan Park, Rua dos Inventores, 2825-152 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Hugo M Santos
- LAVQ, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.,PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Madan Park, Rua dos Inventores, 2825-152 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sofia Gama
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, ul. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Teresa Pinheiro
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Cavaco
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.,Departamento de Química e Farmácia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - João Costa Pessoa
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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7
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Kumar P, Butcher RJ, Patra AK. Ternary Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes containing dipyridophenazine and saccharin: Structures, reactivity, binding interactions with biomolecules and DNA damage activity. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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de Souza ÍP, Machado BDP, de Carvalho AB, Binatti I, Krambrock K, Molphy Z, Kellett A, Pereira-Maia EC, Silva-Caldeira PP. Exploring the DNA binding, oxidative cleavage, and cytotoxic properties of new ternary copper(II) compounds containing 4-aminoantipyrine and N,N-heterocyclic co-ligands. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Lian M, Sun B, Qiao Z, Zhao K, Zhou X, Zhang Q, Zou D, He C, Zhang X. Bi-layered electrospun nanofibrous membrane with osteogenic and antibacterial properties for guided bone regeneration. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 176:219-229. [PMID: 30623809 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) membranes have the potential to prevent the invasion of epithelial and connective tissues as well as to maintain a stable space for facilitating the ingrowth of regenerative bone tissue. However, the bioactivity and regeneration potential of currently available membranes still need to be improved. In this study, a novel bi-layered membrane with both osteogenic and antibacterial functions was developed for GBR applications. The loose layer (LL) of the membrane was composed of conjugated electrospun poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/gelatin nanofibers incorporating dexamethasone-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DEX@MSNs), while the dense layer (DL) of the membrane consisted of traditionally electrospun PLGA nanofibers loaded with the broad-spectrum antibiotic doxycycline hyclate (DCH). Morphological results showed that the LL (DEX@MSNs/PLGA/Gel) membrane exhibited a porous and loosely packed structure, which was beneficial for cell adhesion and infiltration, while the DL (DCH/PLGA) membrane remained dense enough to act as a barrier. In vitro drug release tests indicated that both DEX and DCH followed a favorable sustained release profile. The cell viability evaluation suggested that the electrospun membranes possessed good cytocompatibility. Furthermore, in vitro osteogenesis analyses demonstrated that the DEX@MSNs/PLGA/Gel composite membrane possessed an enhanced osteoinductive capacity for rat bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), which was verified by the increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, the enhanced calcium deposition, and the upregulated osteocalcin (OCN) expression. In vitro antimicrobial experiments revealed the effective antibacterial potency of the DCH/PLGA membrane. In conclusion, the prepared nanocarrier-incorporated bi-layered composite membrane with combined osteogenic and antibacterial properties may be a promising candidate for GBR application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifei Lian
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Binbin Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Zhiguang Qiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Second Dental Clinic, Department of Oral Implantology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Duohong Zou
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Chuanglong He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Xiuyin Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China.
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10
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Shi X, Chen Z, Wang Y, Guo Z, Wang X. Hypotoxic copper complexes with potent anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic activities against cancer cells. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:5049-5054. [PMID: 29561011 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00794b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis and angiogenesis are the major obstacles in anticancer therapy. A series of phenanthroline copper(ii) complexes with different alkyl chains (CPTn, n = 1, 4, 6, 8) are synthesized and characterized. Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity assays reveal that the complex with longer chain length exhibits higher cellular Cu accumulation and stronger inhibition against the cancer cells. Both lipophilicity and structure influence the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of CPTn. CPT8 is the most potent complex in this series. In addition to its promising anticancer activity, CPT8 displays remarkable anti-metastatic properties by inhibiting the migratory and invasive ability of ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, it shows excellent anti-angiogenic activity in tube formation and spheroid sprouting of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The vasculogenic mimicry assay confirms that CPT8 can inhibit the vascular channel formation of aggressive mouse melanoma cells. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the expression of matrix metalloprotease (MMP-2), and the character of tumor cells are implicated in the cytotoxicity of CPTn. CPT8 is a typical example that demonstrates the versatility of copper(ii) complexes for cancer therapy through multiple pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Zhongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Yanjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
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Shobha Devi C, Thulasiram B, Aerva RR, Nagababu P. Recent Advances in Copper Intercalators as Anticancer Agents. J Fluoresc 2018; 28:1195-1205. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-018-2283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Marques MS, Zepon KM, Petronilho FC, Soldi V, Kanis LA. Characterization of membranes based on cellulose acetate butyrate/poly(caprolactone)triol/doxycycline and their potential for guided bone regeneration application. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 76:365-373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Dalecki AG, Crawford CL, Wolschendorf F. Copper and Antibiotics: Discovery, Modes of Action, and Opportunities for Medicinal Applications. Adv Microb Physiol 2017; 70:193-260. [PMID: 28528648 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Copper is a ubiquitous element in the environment as well as living organisms, with its redox capabilities and complexation potential making it indispensable for many cellular functions. However, these same properties can be highly detrimental to prokaryotes and eukaryotes when not properly controlled, damaging many biomolecules including DNA, lipids, and proteins. To restrict free copper concentrations, all bacteria have developed mechanisms of resistance, sequestering and effluxing labile copper to minimize its deleterious effects. This weakness is actively exploited by phagocytes, which utilize a copper burst to destroy pathogens. Though administration of free copper is an unreasonable therapeutic antimicrobial itself, due to insufficient selectivity between host and pathogen, small-molecule ligands may provide an opportunity for therapeutic mimicry of the immune system. By modulating cellular entry, complex stability, resistance evasion, and target selectivity, ligand/metal coordination complexes can synergistically result in high levels of antibacterial activity. Several established therapeutic drugs, such as disulfiram and pyrithione, display remarkable copper-dependent inhibitory activity. These findings have led to development of new drug discovery techniques, using copper ions as the focal point. High-throughput screens for copper-dependent inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus uncovered several new compounds, including a new class of inhibitors, the NNSNs. In this review, we highlight the microbial biology of copper, its antibacterial activities, and mechanisms to discover new inhibitors that synergize with copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Dalecki
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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14
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Noshiranzadeh N, Emami M, Bikas R, Kozakiewicz A. Green click synthesis of β-hydroxy-1,2,3-triazoles in water in the presence of a Cu(ii)–azide catalyst: a new function for Cu(ii)–azide complexes. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03865d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new method for preparing 1,2,3-triazols via a [3+2]-cycloaddition reaction is introduced. The effect of reaction temperature on the epoxide ring opening reactions is also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Noshiranzadeh
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Zanjan
- 45195-313 Zanjan
- Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Marzieh Emami
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Zanjan
- 45195-313 Zanjan
- Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Rahman Bikas
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Zanjan
- 45195-313 Zanjan
- Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Anna Kozakiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
- 87-100 Toruń
- Poland
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