1
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Wang J, Wu B, Zheng X, Ma J, Yu W, Chen B, Chu C. Insights into the Crystallinity-Dependent Photochemical Productions of Reactive Oxygen Species from Iron Minerals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10623-10631. [PMID: 38781516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Iron minerals are widespread in earth's surface water and soil. Recent studies have revealed that under sunlight irradiation, iron minerals are photoactive on producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), a group of key species in regulating elemental cycling, microbe inactivation, and pollutant degradation. In nature, iron minerals exhibit varying crystallinity under different hydrogeological conditions. While crystallinity is a known key parameter determining the overall activity of iron minerals, the impact of iron mineral crystallinity on photochemical ROS production remains unknown. Here, we assessed the photochemical ROS production from ferrihydrites with different degrees of crystallinity. All examined ferrihydrites demonstrated photoactivity under irradiation, resulting in the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (•OH). The photochemical ROS production from ferrihydrites increased with decreasing ferrihydrite crystallinity. The crystallinity-dependent photochemical •OH production was primarily attributed to conduction band reduction reactions, with the reduction of O2 by conduction band electrons being the rate-limiting key process. Conversely, the crystallinity of iron minerals had a negligible influence on photon-to-electron conversion efficiency or surface Fenton-like activity. The difference in ROS productions led to a discrepant degradation efficiency of organic pollutants on iron mineral surfaces. Our study provides valuable insights into the crystallinity-dependent ROS productions from iron minerals in natural systems, emphasizing the significance of iron mineral photochemistry in natural sites with abundant lower-crystallinity iron minerals such as wetland water and surface soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Binbin Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zheng
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junye Ma
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wanchao Yu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chiheng Chu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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2
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Zhang Y, Yu W, Wang J, Zhan T, Kamran MA, Wang K, Zhu X, Chu C, Zhu X, Chen B. Long-Term Exposure of Graphene Oxide Suspension to Air Leading to Spontaneous Radical-Driven Degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14407-14416. [PMID: 37695219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the environmental transformation and fate of graphene oxide (GO) is critical to estimate its engineering applications and ecological risks. While there have been numerous investigations on the physicochemical stability of GO in prolonged air-exposed solution, the potential generation of reactive radicals and their impact on the structure of GO remain unexplored. In this study, using liquid-PeakForce-mode atomic force microscopy and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectroscopy, we report that prolonged exposure of GO to the solution leads to the generation of nanopores in the 2D network and may even cause the disintegration of its bulk structure into fragment molecules. These fragments can assemble themselves into films with the same height as the GO at the interface. Further mediated electrochemical analysis supports that the electron-donating active components of GO facilitate the conversion of O2 to •O2- radicals on the GO surface, which are subsequently converted to H2O2, ultimately leading to the formation of •OH. We experimentally confirmed that attacks from •OH radicals can break down the C-C bond network of GO, resulting in the degradation of GO into small fragment molecules. Our findings suggest that GO can exhibit chemical instability when released into aqueous solutions for prolonged periods of time, undergoing transformation into fragment molecules through self-generated •OH radicals. This finding not only sheds light on the distinctive fate of GO-based nanomaterials but also offers a guideline for their engineering applications as advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Wentao Yu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tingjie Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Muhammad Aqeel Kamran
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chiheng Chu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
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3
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Andrews R, May B, Hernández FJ, Cozier GE, Townsend PA, Sutcliffe OB, Haines TSF, Freeman TP, Scott J, Husbands SM, Blagbrough IS, Bowman RW, Lewis SE, Grayson MN, Crespo-Otero R, Carbery DR, Pudney CR. Photochemical Fingerprinting Is a Sensitive Probe for the Detection of Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists; toward Robust Point-of-Care Detection. Anal Chem 2023; 95:703-713. [PMID: 36599091 PMCID: PMC9850351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
With synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist (SCRA) use still prevalent across Europe and structurally advanced generations emerging, it is imperative that drug detection methods advance in parallel. SCRAs are a chemically diverse and evolving group, which makes rapid detection challenging. We have previously shown that fluorescence spectral fingerprinting (FSF) has the potential to provide rapid assessment of SCRA presence directly from street material with minimal processing and in saliva. Enhancing the sensitivity and discriminatory ability of this approach has high potential to accelerate the delivery of a point-of-care technology that can be used confidently by a range of stakeholders, from medical to prison staff. We demonstrate that a range of structurally distinct SCRAs are photochemically active and give rise to distinct FSFs after irradiation. To explore this in detail, we have synthesized a model series of compounds which mimic specific structural features of AM-694. Our data show that FSFs are sensitive to chemically conservative changes, with evidence that this relates to shifts in the electronic structure and cross-conjugation. Crucially, we find that the photochemical degradation rate is sensitive to individual structures and gives rise to a specific major product, the mechanism and identification of which we elucidate through density-functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT. We test the potential of our hybrid "photochemical fingerprinting" approach to discriminate SCRAs by demonstrating SCRA detection from a simulated smoking apparatus in saliva. Our study shows the potential of tracking photochemical reactivity via FSFs for enhanced discrimination of SCRAs, with successful integration into a portable device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael
C. Andrews
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.,Centre
for Sustainable Chemical Technology, University
of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Benedict May
- Department
of Biology and Biochemistry, University
of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.
| | | | - Gyles E. Cozier
- Department
of Biology and Biochemistry, University
of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Piers A. Townsend
- School
of Applied Sciences, University of the West
of England, BristolBS16 1QY, U.K.
| | - Oliver B. Sutcliffe
- MANchester
DRug Analysis & Knowledge Exchange (MANDRAKE), Department of Natural
Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, ManchesterM15 5GD, U.K.
| | - Tom S. F. Haines
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Tom P. Freeman
- Department
of Psychology. University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Jennifer Scott
- Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University
of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Stephen M. Husbands
- Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University
of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Ian S. Blagbrough
- Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University
of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Richard W. Bowman
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Simon E. Lewis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Matthew N. Grayson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.,Centre
for Sustainable Chemical Technology, University
of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.,
| | - Rachel Crespo-Otero
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, LondonE1 4NS, U.K.,
| | - David R. Carbery
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.,
| | - Christopher R. Pudney
- Centre
for Sustainable Chemical Technology, University
of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.,Department
of Biology and Biochemistry, University
of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.,Centre for
Therapeutic Innovation, University
of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.,
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4
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Wu B, Liu T, Wang Y, Zhao G, Chen B, Chu C. High Sample Throughput LED Reactor for Facile Characterization of the Quantum Yield Spectrum of Photochemically Produced Reactive Intermediates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16204-16214. [PMID: 34553927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photochemically produced reactive intermediates (PPRIs) by natural photosensitizers such as chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) play numerous key roles in aquatic biogeochemical processes. PPRI productions rely on both the intensity and the spectrum of incident sunlight. While the impacts of sunlight intensity on PPRI productions are well-studied, there remains insufficient understanding of the spectrum-dependence of PPRI productions. Here we designed a high sample throughput reactor equipped with monochromatic LED lights for systematic assessments of wavelength-dependent productions of four important PPRI species, i.e., triplet-state excited CDOM (3CDOM*), singlet oxygen (1O2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (•OH), in CDOM solutions. The quantum yields of PPRIs followed the order: 3CDOM* > 1O2 ≫ H2O2 > •OH. Moreover, PPRI quantum yields decreased with the light wavelength increasing from 375 to 490 nm and sharply decreased to zero above 490 nm, while the shapes of quantum yield spectra differed among PPRI species. Simulations on PPRI productions under varying season, latitude, altitude, and cloud cover conditions show that the sunlight spectrum plays a role as equally important as intensity in determining PPRI productions and PPRI-mediated transformations of aquatic nutrients and micropollutants. Therefore, incorporating the spectrum dependence of PPRI productions will advance our understandings of PPRI-driven biogeochemical processes and pollutant dynamics under varying spatial-temporal and climatic conditions. Regarding this, the high sample throughput LED reactor sheds light on a new approach for the facile characterization of PPRI quantum yield spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chiheng Chu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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5
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Wu L, Suchana S, Flick R, Kümmel S, Richnow H, Passeport E. Carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen stable isotope fractionation allow characterizing the reaction mechanisms of 1H-benzotriazole aqueous phototransformation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117519. [PMID: 34391022 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
1H-benzotriazole is part of a larger family of benzotriazoles, which are widely used as lubricants, polymer stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors, and anti-icing fluid components. It is frequently detected in urban runoff, wastewater, and receiving aquatic environments. 1H-benzotriazole is typically resistant to biodegradation and hydrolysis, but can be transformed via direct photolysis and photoinduced mechanisms. In this study, the phototransformation mechanisms of 1H-benzotriazole were characterized using multi-element compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA). The kinetics, transformation products, and isotope fractionation results altogether revealed that 1H-benzotriazole direct photolysis and indirect photolysis induced by OH radicals involved two alternative pathways. In indirect photolysis, aromatic hydroxylation dominated and was associated with small carbon (εC = -0.65 ± 0.03‰), moderate hydrogen (εH = -21.6‰), and negligible nitrogen isotope enrichment factors and led to hydroxylated forms of benzotriazole. In direct photolysis of 1H-benzotriazole, significant nitrogen (εN = -8.4 ± 0.4 to -4.2 ± 0.3‰) and carbon (εC = -4.3 ± 0.2 to -1.64 ± 0.04‰) isotope enrichment factors indicated an initial N-N bond cleavage followed by nitrogen elimination with a C-N bond cleavage. The results of this study highlight the potential for multi-element CSIA application to track 1H-benzotriazole degradation in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langping Wu
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Shamsunnahar Suchana
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Robert Flick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Hans Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Elodie Passeport
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada.
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6
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Partanen SB, Apell JN, Lin J, McNeill K. Factors affecting the mixed-layer concentrations of singlet oxygen in sunlit lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1130-1145. [PMID: 34231605 PMCID: PMC8372756 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00062d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The steady-state concentration of singlet oxygen within a lake ([1O2]SS) is an important parameter that can affect the environmental half-life of pollutants and environmental fate modelling. However, values of [1O2]SS are often determined for the near-surface of a lake, and these values typically do not represent the average over the epilimnia of lakes. In this work, the environmental and physical factors that have the largest impact on [1O2]SS within lake epilimnia were identified. It was found that the depth of the epilimnion has the largest impact on depth-averaged [1O2]SS, with a factor of 8.8 decrease in [1O2]SS when epilimnion depth increases from 2 m to 20 m. The next most important factors are the wavelength-dependent singlet oxygen quantum yield relationship and the latitude of the lake, causing variations in [1O2]SS by factors of 3.2 and 2.5 respectively, over ranges of representative values. For a set of representative parameters, the depth-averaged value of [1O2]SS within an average epilimnion depth of 9.0 m was found to be 5.8 × 10-16 M and the near-surface value of [1O2]SS was found to be 1.9 × 10-14 M. We recommend a range of 6 × 10-17 to 5 × 10-15 M as being more representative of [1O2]SS values within the epilimnia of lakes globally and potentially more useful for estimating pollutant lifetimes than those calculated using [1O2]SS values that correspond to near-surface, summer midday values. This work advances our understanding of [1O2]SS inter-lake variability in the environment, and provides estimates of [1O2]SS for practitioners and researchers to assess environmental half-lives of pollutants due to reaction with singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B. Partanen
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich8092 ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jennifer N. Apell
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich8092 ZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Civil and Urban Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering6 MetroTech CenterBrooklynNY 11201USA
| | - Jianming Lin
- Firmenich IncorporatedP.O. Box 5880PrincetonNew Jersey 08543USA
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich8092 ZurichSwitzerland
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7
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Wagner TV, Parsons JR, Rijnaarts HHM, de Voogt P, Langenhoff AAM. Benzotriazole removal mechanisms in pilot-scale constructed wetlands treating cooling tower water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121314. [PMID: 31581006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of discharged cooling tower water (CTW) in the cooling tower itself could reduce fresh water intake and help mitigating fresh water scarcity problems. However, this requires desalination prior to its reuse, and hindering fractions, such as conditioning chemicals, should be removed before desalination to obtain a higher desalination efficiency. Constructed wetlands (CWs) can provide such a pre-treatment. In this study, the mechanisms underlying the removal of conditioning chemical benzotriazole (BTA) in CWs was studied using an innovative approach of differently designed pilot-scale CWs combined with batch removal experiments with substrate from these CWs. By performing these combined experiments, it was possible to determine the optimal CW design for BTA removal and the most relevant BTA removal processes in CWs. Adsorption yielded the highest contribution, and the difference in removal between different CW types was linked to their capability to aerobically biodegrade BTA. This knowledge on the main removal mechanisms for BTA allows for a CW design tailored for BTA removal. In addition, the outcomes of this research show that performing batch experiments with CW substrate allows one to determine the relevant removal mechanisms for a given compound which results in a better understanding of CW removal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Wagner
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1092 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - John R Parsons
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1092 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Huub H M Rijnaarts
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pim de Voogt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1092 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; KWR Water Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Alette A M Langenhoff
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands
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8
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Chen X, Wang J, Chen J, Zhou C, Cui F, Sun G. Photodegradation of 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-P) in coastal seawaters: Important role of DOM. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 85:129-137. [PMID: 31471019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BT-UVs) have attracted concerns due to their ubiquitous occurrence in the aquatic environment, and their bioaccumulative and toxic properties. However, little is known about their aquatic environmental degradation behavior. In this study, photodegradation of a representative of BT-UVs, 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-P), was investigated under simulated sunlight irradiation. Results show that UV-P photodegrades slower under neutral conditions (neutral form) than under acidic or alkaline conditions (cationic and anionic forms). Indirect photodegradation is a dominant elimination pathway of UV-P in coastal seawaters. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from seawaters accelerate the photodegradation rates mainly through excited triplet DOM (3DOM⁎), and the roles of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical are negligible in the matrixes. DOM from seawaters impacted by mariculture exhibits higher steady-state concentration of 3DOM⁎ ([3DOM⁎]) relative to those from pristine seawaters, leading to higher photosensitizing effects on the photodegradation. Halide ions inhibit the DOM-sensitized photodegradation of UV-P by decreasing [3DOM⁎]. Photodegradation half-lives of UV-P are estimated to range from 24.38 to 49.66 hr in field water bodies of the Yellow River estuary. These results are of importance for assessing environmental fate and risk UV-P in coastal water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jieqiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Chengzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Feifei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Guoxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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9
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Pugina RA, Denisova EA, Ivlev PA, Salnikov DS, Makarov SV. Synthesis of vitamin B12 derivatives with sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618501092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of cyanocobalamin (CNCbl) with sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate (HMS) was studied over a wide range of pH (4–11) under aerobic conditions. CNCbl is destroyed in the presence of HMS in aqueous solution to form uncolored substances. The accumulation of stable yellow corrinoids (SYCs) preceded these changes at pH [Formula: see text] 8. The major stable yellow corrinoid is (15R)-Co[Formula: see text], Coß — dicyano-13-dehydro-15-hydro-l5-hydroxycob(III)alamin. The yield of this SYC is 25%, and the stability of this compound decreases significantly with increasing concentrations of HMS, pH and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raida A. Pugina
- Department of Food Chemistry, State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskiy str. 7, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia
| | - Elena A. Denisova
- Department of Food Chemistry, State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskiy str. 7, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Ivlev
- Department of Food Chemistry, State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskiy str. 7, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia
| | - Denis S. Salnikov
- Department of Food Chemistry, State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskiy str. 7, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia
| | - Sergei V. Makarov
- Department of Food Chemistry, State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskiy str. 7, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia
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10
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Barp CG, Mendes C, Lemos-Senna E, Assreuy J. 7-nitroindazol-loaded nanoemulsions: Preparation, characterization and its improved inhibitory effect on nitric oxide synthase-1. Nitric Oxide 2018; 76:129-135. [PMID: 28943472 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) participates in several physiological processes such as maintenance of blood pressure, host defense, neurotransmission, inhibition of platelet aggregation and learning and memory. NO is also involved in several diseases or dysfunctions in the cardiovascular, central nervous and musculoskeletal systems. NO also has been shown to be a major player in sepsis. NOS-1-derived NO has been shown to be a relevant species in physiology but also is an important element in pathology. There exist some NOS-1 inhibitors and among of them, 7-nitroindazole has been used for its in vivo selectivity. However, 7-NI has a very short half-life (∼2 h) and a poor water solubility. In this study, we describe the preparation and characterization of 7-NI-loaded nanoemulsions (NE7-NI). The chemical stability of 7-NI was greatly increased and the drug release rate could be controlled after nanoemulsification. NE7-NI reduced NO production in a long-lasting manner in vascular smooth muscle cells and skeletal muscle, without cytotoxicity. Our results evidenced that nanoemulsification approach increases the effective action time of 7-NI, rendering a suitable dosage form, which may be an interesting tool to study the role of NOS-1 in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Germano Barp
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Cassiana Mendes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Elenara Lemos-Senna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Jamil Assreuy
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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11
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Schmitt M, Erickson PR, McNeill K. Triplet-State Dissolved Organic Matter Quantum Yields and Lifetimes from Direct Observation of Aromatic Amine Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13151-13160. [PMID: 29035568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Excited triplet state chromophoric dissolved organic matter (3CDOM*) is a short-lived mixture of excited-state species that plays important roles in aquatic photochemical processes. Unlike the study of the triplet states of well-defined molecules, which are amenable to transient absorbance spectroscopy, the study of 3CDOM* is hampered by it being a complex mixture and its low average intersystem crossing quantum yield (ΦISC). This study is an alternative approach to investigating 3CDOM* using transient absorption laser spectroscopy. The radical cation of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD), formed through oxidation by 3CDOM*, was directly observable by transient absorption spectroscopy and was used to probe basic photophysical properties of 3CDOM*. Quenching and control experiments verified that TMPD•+ was formed from 3CDOM* under anoxic conditions. Model triplet sensitizers with a wide range of excited triplet state reduction potentials and CDOM oxidized TMPD at near diffusion-controlled rates. This gives support to the idea that a large cross-section of 3CDOM* moieties are able to oxidize TMPD and that the complex mixture of 3CDOM* can be simplified to a single signal. Using the TMPD•+ transient, the natural triplet lifetime and ΦISC for different DOM isolates and natural waters were quantified; values ranged from 12 to 26 μs and 4.1-7.8%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schmitt
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul R Erickson
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Pati SG, Arnold WA. Photochemical Transformation of Four Ionic Liquid Cation Structures in Aqueous Solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11780-11787. [PMID: 28956902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a new class of solvents expected to be used increasingly by the chemical industry in the coming years. Given their slow biodegradation and limited sorption affinities, IL cations have a high potential to reach aquatic environments. We investigated the fate of ILs in sunlit surface water by determining direct and indirect photochemical transformation rates of imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, and piperidinium cations. The photodegradation of all investigated IL cations was faster in solutions containing dissolved organic matter (DOM) than in ultrapure water, illustrating the importance of indirect photochemical processes. Experiments with model sensitizers and DOM isolates revealed that reactions with hydroxyl radicals dominated the transformation of tested IL cations. Bimolecular reaction rate constants with hydroxyl radicals ranged from (2.04 ± 0.37) × 109 to (8.47 ± 0.97) × 109 M-1 s-1 and showed an increase in rate constants with increasing carbon side-chain length. Consequently, average estimated half-lives of IL cations in sunlit surface water ranged from 32 ± 4 to 135 ± 25 days, highlighting the potential of IL cations to become persistent aquatic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Pati
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota , 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0116, United States
| | - William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota , 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0116, United States
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13
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Calza P, Noè G, Fabbri D, Santoro V, Minero C, Vione D, Medana C. Photoinduced transformation of pyridinium-based ionic liquids, and implications for their photochemical behavior in surface waters. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 122:194-206. [PMID: 28601032 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical reactivity of three ionic liquids (1-ethylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate, and 1-(3-cyanopropyl)pyridinium chloride) was studied by combining laboratory experiments and photochemical modeling, to get insight into the possible behavior in surface-water environments. Among the studied compounds, phototransformation in sunlit surface waters could be an important attenuation pathway for 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate (BMPOTFB). In this case the reaction with the carbonate radicals (CO3-) would prevail at low values of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC), while the direct photolysis would be important at intermediate to high DOC values. The sensitization by the triplet states of chromophoric dissolved organic matter could play a significant role at high DOC, especially in the presence of a considerable fraction of highly photoreactive pedogenic organic matter derived from soil runoff. The main processes that account for the phototransformation of BMPOTFB and produce the main detected transformation products (TPs) are hydroxylation, detachment/shortening of the butyl chain and double bond formation. Interestingly, there is a considerable overlap between the TPs formed by direct photolysis and those produced by indirect photochemistry. Some of the TPs formed from BMPOTFB are more toxic than the parent compound towards Vibrio fischeri bacteria, and account for the increase in toxicity of the irradiated mixtures. Differently from BMPOTFB, in the case of the other two studied ionic liquids the photodegradation would play a negligible role in environmental attenuation, with the possible exception of very shallow waters with low DOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Calza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Noè
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Santoro
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Minero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Claudio Medana
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
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14
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Semblante GU, Hai FI, McDonald J, Khan SJ, Nelson M, Lee DJ, Price WE, Nghiem LD. Fate of trace organic contaminants in oxic-settling-anoxic (OSA) process applied for biosolids reduction during wastewater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 240:181-191. [PMID: 28286011 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the fate of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) in an oxic-settling-anoxic (OSA) process consisting of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with external aerobic/anoxic and anoxic reactors. OSA did not negatively affect TrOC removal of the SBR. Generally, low TrOC removal was observed under anoxic and low substrate conditions, implicating the role of co-metabolism in TrOC biodegradation. Several TrOCs that were recalcitrant in the SBR (e.g., benzotriazole) were biodegraded in the external aerobic/anoxic reactor. Some hydrophobic TrOCs (e.g., triclosan) were desorbed in the anoxic reactor possibly due to loss of sorption sites through volatile solids destruction. In OSA, the sludge was discharged from the aerobic/anoxic reactor which contained lower concentration of TrOCs (e.g., triclosan and triclocarban) than that of the control aerobic digester, suggesting that OSA can also help to reduce TrOC concentration in residual biosolids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galilee U Semblante
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Faisal I Hai
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - James McDonald
- Water Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Stuart J Khan
- Water Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mark Nelson
- School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - William E Price
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Long D Nghiem
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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15
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Raeke J, Lechtenfeld OJ, Seiwert B, Meier T, Riemenschneider C, Reemtsma T. Photochemically Induced Bound Residue Formation of Carbamazepine with Dissolved Organic Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5523-5530. [PMID: 28474521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
More than 400 new nitrogen containing products were detected upon experimental sunlight photolysis of the pharmaceutical carbamazepine (CBZ) in the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). These products were presumably formed through covalent binding of CBZ phototransformation products with DOM molecules. About 50% of these newly formed bound residues contained one nitrogen atom and had a molecular mass between 375 and 525 Da, which was 150 to 200 Da higher than for an average DOM molecule. In addition, a previously unknown CBZ phototransformation product, 3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (3-QCA), was identified by liquid chromatography high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). 3-QCA was likely formed through oxidative ring cleavage and subsequent decarboxylation of acridine, a well-known phototransformation product of CBZ. Collision induced dissociation experiments and Kendrick mass defect analyses corroborated that about 160 of the new products were formed via covalent binding of 3-QCA with DOM molecules of above-average O/C and H/C ratios. Experiments at lower CBZ concentration suggested that the importance of bound residue formation increases with increasing DOM/CBZ ratios. Photochemically induced bound residue formation of polar contaminants with DOM in the aqueous phase is thus a disregarded pathway along which contaminants can be transformed in the environment. The method presented here offers a new possibility to study the formation of bound residues, which may be of relevance also for other transformation processes in natural waters where radical intermediates are generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Raeke
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and ‡ProVIS - Centre for Chemical Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver J Lechtenfeld
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and ‡ProVIS - Centre for Chemical Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bettina Seiwert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and ‡ProVIS - Centre for Chemical Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Till Meier
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and ‡ProVIS - Centre for Chemical Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Riemenschneider
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and ‡ProVIS - Centre for Chemical Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and ‡ProVIS - Centre for Chemical Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Chu C, Erickson PR, Lundeen RA, Stamatelatos D, Alaimo PJ, Latch DE, McNeill K. Photochemical and Nonphotochemical Transformations of Cysteine with Dissolved Organic Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6363-6373. [PMID: 27172378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine (Cys) plays numerous key roles in the biogeochemistry of natural waters. Despite its importance, a full assessment of Cys abiotic transformation kinetics, products and pathways under environmental conditions has not been conducted. This study is a mechanistic evaluation of the photochemical and nonphotochemical (dark) transformations of Cys in solutions containing chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). The results show that Cys underwent abiotic transformations under both dark and irradiated conditions. Under dark conditions, the transformation rates of Cys were moderate and were highly pH- and temperature-dependent. Under UVA or natural sunlight irradiations, Cys transformation rates were enhanced by up to two orders of magnitude compared to rates under dark conditions. Product analysis indicated cystine and cysteine sulfinic acid were the major photooxidation products. In addition, this study provides an assessment of the contributions of singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and triplet dissolved organic matter to the CDOM-sensitized photochemical oxidation of Cys. The results suggest that another unknown pathway was dominant in the CDOM-sensitized photodegradation of Cys, which will require further study to identify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiheng Chu
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul R Erickson
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rachel A Lundeen
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Stamatelatos
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Alaimo
- Department of Chemistry, Seattle University , Seattle, Washington 98122, United States
| | - Douglas E Latch
- Department of Chemistry, Seattle University , Seattle, Washington 98122, United States
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Ritzén A, Sørensen MD, Dack KN, Greve DR, Jerre A, Carnerup MA, Rytved KA, Bagger-Bahnsen J. Fragment-Based Discovery of 6-Arylindazole JAK Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:641-6. [PMID: 27326341 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are emerging as novel and efficacious drugs for treating psoriasis and other inflammatory skin disorders, but their full potential is hampered by systemic side effects. To overcome this limitation, we set out to discover soft drug JAK inhibitors for topical use. A fragment screen yielded an indazole hit that was elaborated into a potent JAK inhibitor using structure-based design. Growing the fragment by installing a phenol moiety in the 6-position afforded a greatly improved potency. Fine-tuning the substituents on the phenol and sulfonamide moieties afforded a set of compounds with lead-like properties, but they were found to be phototoxic and unstable in the presence of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ritzén
- Drug Design, ‡In Vitro Biology, §Skin PK and Early Safety, and ∥Preformulation & Early Analytical Development, Global R&D, LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Morten D. Sørensen
- Drug Design, ‡In Vitro Biology, §Skin PK and Early Safety, and ∥Preformulation & Early Analytical Development, Global R&D, LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Kevin N. Dack
- Drug Design, ‡In Vitro Biology, §Skin PK and Early Safety, and ∥Preformulation & Early Analytical Development, Global R&D, LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Daniel R. Greve
- Drug Design, ‡In Vitro Biology, §Skin PK and Early Safety, and ∥Preformulation & Early Analytical Development, Global R&D, LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Anders Jerre
- Drug Design, ‡In Vitro Biology, §Skin PK and Early Safety, and ∥Preformulation & Early Analytical Development, Global R&D, LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Martin A. Carnerup
- Drug Design, ‡In Vitro Biology, §Skin PK and Early Safety, and ∥Preformulation & Early Analytical Development, Global R&D, LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Klaus A. Rytved
- Drug Design, ‡In Vitro Biology, §Skin PK and Early Safety, and ∥Preformulation & Early Analytical Development, Global R&D, LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bagger-Bahnsen
- Drug Design, ‡In Vitro Biology, §Skin PK and Early Safety, and ∥Preformulation & Early Analytical Development, Global R&D, LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susana Y. Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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19
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LeFevre GH, Müller CE, Li RJ, Luthy RG, Sattely ES. Rapid Phytotransformation of Benzotriazole Generates Synthetic Tryptophan and Auxin Analogs in Arabidopsis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10959-10968. [PMID: 26301449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazoles (BTs) are xenobiotic contaminants widely distributed in aquatic environments and of emerging concern due to their polarity, recalcitrance, and common use. During some water reclamation activities, such as stormwater bioretention or crop irrigation with recycled water, BTs come in contact with vegetation, presenting a potential exposure route to consumers. We discovered that BT in hydroponic systems was rapidly (approximately 1-log per day) assimilated by Arabidopsis plants and metabolized to novel BT metabolites structurally resembling tryptophan and auxin plant hormones; <1% remained as parent compound. Using LC-QTOF-MS untargeted metabolomics, we identified two major types of BT transformation products: glycosylation and incorporation into the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway. BT amino acid metabolites are structurally analogous to tryptophan and the storage forms of auxin plant hormones. Critical intermediates were synthesized (authenticated by (1)H/(13)C NMR) for product verification. In a multiple-exposure temporal mass balance, three major metabolites accounted for >60% of BT. Glycosylated BT was excreted by the plants into the hydroponic medium, a phenomenon not observed previously. The observed amino acid metabolites are likely formed when tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes substitute synthetic BT for native indolic molecules, generating potential phytohormone mimics. These results suggest that BT metabolism by plants could mask the presence of BT contamination in the environment. Furthermore, BT-derived metabolites are structurally related to plant auxin hormones and should be evaluated for undesirable biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H LeFevre
- ReNUWIt Engineering Research Center, ‡Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Claudia E Müller
- ReNUWIt Engineering Research Center, ‡Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Russell Jingxian Li
- ReNUWIt Engineering Research Center, ‡Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Richard G Luthy
- ReNUWIt Engineering Research Center, ‡Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Elizabeth S Sattely
- ReNUWIt Engineering Research Center, ‡Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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