1
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Takigawa T, Watanabe H, Akiyama Y. Disaccharide-assisted inkjet freezing for improved cell viability. Cryobiology 2024; 116:104932. [PMID: 38925357 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Non-permeable disaccharides are widely used as cryoprotectant agents due to their low cytotoxicity, but their protective effect is insufficient when the disaccharides are present only extracellularly. On the other hand, cryoprotectant agent (CPA)-free cryopreservation has been recently achieved by instantaneously inkjet-freezing cells as tiny droplets. However, CPA-free cryopreservation requires skilled handling operations due to instability of the vitreous water without the CPA. In this study, the effectiveness of separately adding two types of disaccharides in inkjet freezing of 3T3 cells was evaluated and the following results were obtained. First, trehalose showed the highest effect at 0.57 M, twice the plasma osmolarity, with a maximum cell viability of over 90 % when freezing 70 pL droplets. However, higher concentrations of trehalose decreased cell viability due to damage caused by dehydration. Similarly, sucrose gave cell viability close to 90 % at 0.57 M with 70 pL droplets, and higher concentrations decreased cell viability. Next, the relationship between minimum trehalose concentrations to prevent intracellular and extracellular ice crystal formation and droplet size was analyzed. The results indicated that trehalose of less than 0.57 M was able to inhibit intracellular ice crystal formation even in the largest droplet used in this study, 450 pL, while trehalose of nearly 0.57 M was required to inhibit extracellular ice crystal formation in the smallest droplet, 70 pL. In other words, the suppression of extracellular ice crystals by the addition of CPA was shown to be crucial in improving the viability of inkjet superflash freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomona Takigawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Hiroki Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Akiyama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan.
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2
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Amini M, Benson JD. Technologies for Vitrification Based Cryopreservation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050508. [PMID: 37237578 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation is a unique and practical method to facilitate extended access to biological materials. Because of this, cryopreservation of cells, tissues, and organs is essential to modern medical science, including cancer cell therapy, tissue engineering, transplantation, reproductive technologies, and bio-banking. Among diverse cryopreservation methods, significant focus has been placed on vitrification due to low cost and reduced protocol time. However, several factors, including the intracellular ice formation that is suppressed in the conventional cryopreservation method, restrict the achievement of this method. To enhance the viability and functionality of biological samples after storage, a large number of cryoprotocols and cryodevices have been developed and studied. Recently, new technologies have been investigated by considering the physical and thermodynamic aspects of cryopreservation in heat and mass transfer. In this review, we first present an overview of the physiochemical aspects of freezing in cryopreservation. Secondly, we present and catalog classical and novel approaches that seek to capitalize on these physicochemical effects. We conclude with the perspective that interdisciplinary studies provide pieces of the cryopreservation puzzle to achieve sustainability in the biospecimen supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amini
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - James D Benson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
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3
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Cui M, Zhan T, Yang J, Dang H, Yang G, Han H, Liu L, Xu Y. Droplet Generation, Vitrification, and Warming for Cell Cryopreservation: A Review. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1151-1163. [PMID: 36744931 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation is currently a key step in translational medicine that could provide new ideas for clinical applications in reproductive medicine, regenerative medicine, and cell therapy. With the advantages of a low concentration of cryoprotectant, fast cooling rate, and easy operation, droplet-based printing for vitrification has received wide attention in the field of cryopreservation. This review summarizes the droplet generation, vitrification, and warming method. Droplet generation techniques such as inkjet printing, microvalve printing, and acoustic printing have been applied in the field of cryopreservation. Droplet vitrification includes direct contact with liquid nitrogen vitrification and droplet solid surface vitrification. The limitations of droplet vitrification (liquid nitrogen contamination, droplet evaporation, gas film inhibition of heat transfer, frosting) and solutions are discussed. Furthermore, a comparison of the external physical field warming method with the conventional water bath method revealed that better applications can be achieved in automated rapid warming of microdroplets. The combination of droplet vitrification technology and external physical field warming technology is expected to enable high-throughput and automated cryopreservation, which has a promising future in biomedicine and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdong Cui
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Taijie Zhan
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Jiamin Yang
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Hangyu Dang
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Guoliang Yang
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Hengxin Han
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Linfeng Liu
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai200093, China
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4
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Cui M, Liu L, Chen L, Han H, Zhan T, Dang H, Yang G, Xu Y. New Cryoprotectant Loading Method for Cell Droplet Vitrification with Continuous Evaporation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:14129-14139. [PMID: 36351304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Droplet-based vitrification is considered to be a promising cryopreservation method, which achieves high cell viability through high cooling rates and low concentrations of cryoprotective agents (CPAs). However, the droplet vitrification cryopreservation process needs in-depth research, such as the balance of the CPA concentration and the cooling rate, the CPA loading process, and the droplet encapsulation method. Here, we developed a chip with a high cooling rate for vitrification droplet encapsulation and provided a new method for continuous loading of low-concentration CPA droplets by evaporation. The results showed that the CPA droplet volume decreased exponentially with the evaporation time, and the larger the initial droplet size, the longer the evaporation time to achieve the critical vitrification concentration. There was no significant difference in the viability of MSCs, NHEK, and A549 cells between the evaporation loading vitrification method and the traditional slow freezing method, but the former was easier to operate and can balance the cooling rate and concentration by controlling the evaporation time. Moreover, a theoretical model was proposed to predict the CPA concentration inside the microdroplets dependent on the evaporation time. The current work provides a potential method to load low-concentration CPAs for cell vitrification preservation, which is more beneficial for cell therapy and other regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdong Cui
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Linfeng Liu
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Hengxin Han
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Taijie Zhan
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Hangyu Dang
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Guoliang Yang
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai200093, China
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5
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Abstract
Cryopreservation of cells and biologics underpins all biomedical research from routine sample storage to emerging cell-based therapies, as well as ensuring cell banks provide authenticated, stable and consistent cell products. This field began with the discovery and wide adoption of glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide as cryoprotectants over 60 years ago, but these tools do not work for all cells and are not ideal for all workflows. In this Review, we highlight and critically review the approaches to discover, and apply, new chemical tools for cryopreservation. We summarize the key (and complex) damage pathways during cellular cryopreservation and how each can be addressed. Bio-inspired approaches, such as those based on extremophiles, are also discussed. We describe both small-molecule-based and macromolecular-based strategies, including ice binders, ice nucleators, ice nucleation inhibitors and emerging materials whose exact mechanism has yet to be understood. Finally, looking towards the future of the field, the application of bottom-up molecular modelling, library-based discovery approaches and materials science tools, which are set to transform cryopreservation strategies, are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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6
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Watanabe H, Akiyama Y. Improved and reproducible cell viability in the superflash freezing method using an automatic thawing apparatus. Cryobiology 2020; 96:12-18. [PMID: 32946776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell cryopreservation stops the biological activity of cells by placing them in the frozen state, and can be used to preserve cells without subculturing, which can cause contamination and genetic drift. However, the freezing process used in cryopreservation can injure or damage the cells due to the cytotoxicity of cryoprotecting agents (CPAs). We have previously reported a CPA-free cryopreservation method based on inkjet technology. In this method, the vitrified cells were exposed to the room temperature atmosphere during the transport of the cells using tweezers, which caused devitrification due to the increased temperature and often lowered the cell viability. In the present study, we developed an automatic thawing apparatus that transports the vitrified cells rapidly into a prewarmed medium using a spring hinge. Observations with a high-speed camera revealed that the spring hinge drops the cells into the prewarmed medium within 20 ms. All heat-transfer simulations for the apparatuses with different designs and rotation speeds showed that the cells remained below the glass-transition temperature during the transport. Finally, the apparatus was evaluated using mouse fibroblast 3T3 cells. The cell viability was improved and its reproducibility was enhanced using this apparatus. The results indicate that the combination of superflash freezing with the rapid thawing process represents a promising approach to circumvent the problems typically associated with the addition of CPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Akiyama
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan; Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan.
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7
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Li X, Liu B, Pei B, Chen J, Zhou D, Peng J, Zhang X, Jia W, Xu T. Inkjet Bioprinting of Biomaterials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10793-10833. [PMID: 32902959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The inkjet technique has the capability of generating droplets in the picoliter volume range, firing thousands of times in a few seconds and printing in the noncontact manner. Since its emergence, inkjet technology has been widely utilized in the publishing industry for printing of text and pictures. As the technology developed, its applications have been expanded from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) and even used to fabricate components of electronic devices. At the end of the twentieth century, researchers were aware of the potential value of this technology in life sciences and tissue engineering because its picoliter-level printing unit is suitable for depositing biological components. Currently inkjet technology has been becoming a practical tool in modern medicine serving for drug development, scaffold building, and cell depositing. In this article, we first review the history, principles and different methods of developing this technology. Next, we focus on the recent achievements of inkjet printing in the biological field. Inkjet bioprinting of generic biomaterials, biomacromolecules, DNAs, and cells and their major applications are introduced in order of increasing complexity. The current limitations/challenges and corresponding solutions of this technology are also discussed. A new concept, biopixels, is put forward with a combination of the key characteristics of inkjet printing and basic biological units to bring a comprehensive view on inkjet-based bioprinting. Finally, a roadmap of the entire 3D bioprinting is depicted at the end of this review article, clearly demonstrating the past, present, and future of 3D bioprinting and our current progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinda Li
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Boxun Liu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Ben Pei
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.,East China Institute of Digital Medical Engineering, Shangrao 334000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhi Zhou
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzhi Zhang
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
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8
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Barui S, Saunders RE, Naskar S, Basu B, Derby B. Acoustic Poration and Dynamic Healing of Mammalian Cell Membranes during Inkjet Printing. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 6:749-757. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Srimanta Barui
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Translational Center on Biomaterials for Orthopedic and Dental Applications, Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Rachel E. Saunders
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Sharmistha Naskar
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Translational Center on Biomaterials for Orthopedic and Dental Applications, Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Bikramjit Basu
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Translational Center on Biomaterials for Orthopedic and Dental Applications, Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Brian Derby
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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9
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Abstract
Millimeter-sized objects trapped at a liquid surface distort the interface by their weight, which in turn attracts them towards each other. This ubiquitous phenomenon, colloquially called the “Cheerios effect” is seen in the clumping of cereals in a breakfast bowl, and turns out to be a highly promising route towards controlled self-assembly of colloidal particles at the water surface. Here, we study capillary attraction between levitating droplets, maintained in an inverse Leidenfrost state above liquid nitrogen. We reveal that the drops spontaneously orbit around each other – mirroring a miniature celestial system. In this unique situation of negligible friction, the trajectories are solely shaped by the Cheerios-interaction potential, which we obtain directly from the droplet’s dynamics. Our findings offer an original perspective on contactless and contamination-free droplet cryopreservation processing, where the Leidenfrost effect and capillarity would be used in synergy to vitrify and transport biological samples. It is known that liquid drops can be levitated by continuous vapour flow above a liquid surface. Here the authors combine the ultra-low friction provided by the bath with the interaction force between two drops due to interface deformations to study the dynamics of interactions between multiple objects.
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10
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de Vries RJ, Banik PD, Nagpal S, Weng L, Ozer S, van Gulik TM, Toner M, Tessier SN, Uygun K. Bulk Droplet Vitrification: An Approach to Improve Large-Scale Hepatocyte Cryopreservation Outcome. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7354-7363. [PMID: 30514081 PMCID: PMC6548701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Loss of hepatocyte viability and metabolic function after cryopreservation is still a major issue. Although vitrification is a promising alternative, it has generally been proven to be unsuitable for vitrification of large cell volumes which is required for clinical applications. Here, we propose a novel bulk droplet (3-5 mm diameter) vitrification method which allows high throughput volumes (4 mL/min), while using a low preincubated CPA concentration (15% v/v) to minimize toxicity and loss of cell viability and function. We used rapid (1.25 s) osmotic dehydration to concentrate a low preincubated intracellular CPA concentration ahead of vitrification, without the need of fully equilibrating toxic CPA concentrations. We compared direct postpreservation viability, long-term viability, and metabolic function of bulk droplet vitrified, cryopreserved, and fresh hepatocytes. Simulations and cooling rate measurements confirmed an adequate concentration of the intracellular CPA concentration (up to 8.53 M) after dehydration in combination with high cooling rates (960-1320 °C/min) for successful vitrification. In comparison to cryopreserved hepatocytes, bulk droplet vitrified hepatocytes had a significantly higher viability, directly after preservation and after 1 day in culture. Moreover, bulk droplet vitrified hepatocytes had evidently better morphology and showed significantly higher metabolic activity than cryopreserved hepatocytes in long-term collagen sandwich cultures. In conclusion, we developed a novel bulk droplet vitrification method of which we validated the theoretical background and demonstrated the feasibility to use this method to vitrify large cell volumes. Moreover, we showed that this method results in improved hepatocyte viability and metabolic function as compared to cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinier J. de Vries
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peony D. Banik
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Sonal Nagpal
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Lindong Weng
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Sinan Ozer
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | | | - Mehmet Toner
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Shannon N. Tessier
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Korkut Uygun
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
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11
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Akiyama Y, Shinose M, Watanabe H, Yamada S, Kanda Y. Cryoprotectant-free cryopreservation of mammalian cells by superflash freezing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7738-7743. [PMID: 30936320 PMCID: PMC6475437 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808645116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation is widely used to maintain backups of cells as it enables the semipermanent storage of cells. During the freezing process, ice crystals that are generated inside and outside the cells can lethally damage the cells. All conventional cryopreservation methods use at least one cryoprotective agent (CPA) to render water inside and outside the cells vitreous or nanocrystallized (near-vitrification) without forming damaging ice crystals. However, CPAs should ideally be avoided due to their cytotoxicity and potential side effects on the cellular state. Herein, we demonstrate the CPA-free cryopreservation of mammalian cells by ultrarapid cooling using inkjet cell printing, which we named superflash freezing (SFF). The SFF cooling rate, which was estimated by a heat-transfer stimulation, is sufficient to nearly vitrify the cells. The experimental results of Raman spectroscopy measurements, and observations with an ultrahigh-speed video camera support the near-vitrification of the droplets under these conditions. Initially, the practical utility of SFF was demonstrated on mouse fibroblast 3T3 cells, and the results were comparable to conventional CPA-assisted methods. Then, the general viability of this method was confirmed on mouse myoblast C2C12 cells and rat primary mesenchymal stem cells. In their entirety, the thus-obtained results unequivocally demonstrate that CPA-free cell cryopreservation is possible by SFF. Such a CPA-free cryopreservation method should be ideally suited for most cells and circumvent the problems typically associated with the addition of CPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitake Akiyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan;
| | - Masato Shinose
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Hiroki Watanabe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamada
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yasunari Kanda
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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12
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Shi M, Feng S, Zhang X, Ji C, Xu F, Lu TJ. Droplet based vitrification for cell aggregates: Numerical analysis. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 82:383-393. [PMID: 29656233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell aggregates represent the main format of cells existing in vivo and have been widely used as tissue and disease models in vitro. Nevertheless, the preservation of cell aggregates while maintaining their functionalities for off-the-shelf applications is still challenging. Among various preservation methods, droplet-based vitrification exhibits superior advantages for the cryopreservation of cell aggregates; however, the physical mechanisms underlying droplet-based vitrification of cell aggregate using this method remain elusive. To address this issue, we proposed a voronoi model to construct two-dimensional geometric morphologies of cell aggregates and established a coupled physical model to describe the diffusion, heat transfer and crystallization processes during vitrification. Based on these models, we performed a numerical study on the variation and distribution of cryoprotectant (CPA) concentration, temperature and crystallization in cell aggregates during droplet-based vitrification. The results show that although cell membrane is not an obvious barrier in heat transfer, it affects the diffusion of CPA remarkably as a biologic film and thus the following crystallization in cell aggregates. The effective protection of CPA during vitrification occurs during the initial stage of CPA diffusion, thus a longer CPA loading time does not necessarily lead to significant decrease in crystallization, but rather may induce more toxicity to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Shi
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Shangsheng Feng
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Structure Strength and Vibration, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Changchun Ji
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Structure Strength and Vibration, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; MOE Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Structures and Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.
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13
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Zhao G, Liu X, Zhu K, He X. Hydrogel Encapsulation Facilitates Rapid-Cooling Cryopreservation of Stem Cell-Laden Core-Shell Microcapsules as Cell-Biomaterial Constructs. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6:10.1002/adhm.201700988. [PMID: 29178480 PMCID: PMC5729581 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Core-shell structured stem cell microencapsulation in hydrogel has wide applications in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and cell-based therapies because it offers an ideal immunoisolative microenvironment for cell delivery and 3D culture. Long-term storage of such microcapsules as cell-biomaterial constructs by cryopreservation is an enabling technology for their wide distribution and ready availability for clinical transplantation. However, most of the existing studies focus on cryopreservation of single cells or cells in microcapsules without a core-shell structure (i.e., hydrogel beads). The goal of this study is to achieve cryopreservation of stem cells encapsulated in core-shell microcapsules as cell-biomaterial constructs or biocomposites. To this end, a capillary microfluidics-based core-shell alginate hydrogel encapsulation technology is developed to produce porcine adipose-derived stem cell-laden microcapsules for vitreous cryopreservation with very low concentration (2 mol L-1 ) of cell membrane penetrating cryoprotective agents (CPAs) by suppressing ice formation. This may provide a low-CPA and cost-effective approach for vitreous cryopreservation of "ready-to-use" stem cell-biomaterial constructs, facilitating their off-the-shelf availability and widespread applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhu
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Xiaoming He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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14
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Zou L, Li S, Kang Y, Liu J, He L, Sun S, Gao D, Qiu B, Ding W. A multistage-dialysis microdevice for extraction of cryoprotectants. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 19:30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Unloading of cryoprotectants from cryoprotectant-loaded cells on a microfluidic platform. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 19:15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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O’Connell G, Garcia J, Amir J. 3D Bioprinting: New Directions in Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2657-2668. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace O’Connell
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering University of California, Berkeley, 5122 Etcheverry Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeanette Garcia
- IBM Research-Almaden, 650
Harry Road K17/D2, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Jamali Amir
- Joint Preservation Institute, 2825 J Street #440, Sacramento, California 95816, United States
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17
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Shi M, Ling K, Yong KW, Li Y, Feng S, Zhang X, Pingguan-Murphy B, Lu TJ, Xu F. High-Throughput Non-Contact Vitrification of Cell-Laden Droplets Based on Cell Printing. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17928. [PMID: 26655688 PMCID: PMC4677291 DOI: 10.1038/srep17928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation is the most promising way for long-term storage of biological samples e.g., single cells and cellular structures. Among various cryopreservation methods, vitrification is advantageous by employing high cooling rate to avoid the formation of harmful ice crystals in cells. Most existing vitrification methods adopt direct contact of cells with liquid nitrogen to obtain high cooling rates, which however causes the potential contamination and difficult cell collection. To address these limitations, we developed a non-contact vitrification device based on an ultra-thin freezing film to achieve high cooling/warming rate and avoid direct contact between cells and liquid nitrogen. A high-throughput cell printer was employed to rapidly generate uniform cell-laden microdroplets into the device, where the microdroplets were hung on one side of the film and then vitrified by pouring the liquid nitrogen onto the other side via boiling heat transfer. Through theoretical and experimental studies on vitrification processes, we demonstrated that our device offers a high cooling/warming rate for vitrification of the NIH 3T3 cells and human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) with maintained cell viability and differentiation potential. This non-contact vitrification device provides a novel and effective way to cryopreserve cells at high throughput and avoid the contamination and collection problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Shi
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Kai Ling
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Structure Strength and Vibration, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Kar Wey Yong
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yuhui Li
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Shangsheng Feng
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Structure Strength and Vibration, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Belinda Pingguan-Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Structure Strength and Vibration, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
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