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Dhindsa JS, Buguis FL, Anghel M, Gilroy JB. Band Gap Engineering in Acceptor-Donor-Acceptor Boron Difluoride Formazanates. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12064-12074. [PMID: 34355898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
π-Conjugated molecules with acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) electronic structures make up an important class of materials due to their tunable optoelectronic properties and applications in, for example, organic light-emitting diodes, nonlinear optical devices, and organic solar cells. The frontier molecular orbital energies, and thus band gaps, of these materials can be tuned by varying the donor and acceptor traits and π-electron counts of the structural components. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a series of A-D-A compounds consisting of BF2 formazanates as electron acceptors bridged by a variety of π-conjugated donors. The results, which are supported by density functional theory calculations, demonstrate rational control of optoelectronic properties and the ability to tune the corresponding band gaps. The narrowest band gaps (EgOpt = 1.38 eV and EgCV = 1.21 eV) were observed when BF2 formazanates and benzodithiophene units were combined. This study provides significant insight into the band gap engineering of materials derived from BF2 formazanates and will inform their future development as semiconductors for use in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasveer S Dhindsa
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Francis L Buguis
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Michael Anghel
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Joe B Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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Abdullah, Akhtar MS, Kim EB, Fijahi L, Shin HS, Ameen S. A symmetric benzoselenadiazole based D–A–D small molecule for solution processed bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zhang H, Ma Y, Sun Y, Liu J, Liu Y, Zhao G. The Effect of Donor Molecular Structure on Power Conversion Efficiency of Small-Molecule-Based Organic Solar Cells. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x15666180627145325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review, small-molecule donors for application in organic solar cells reported in the last
three years are highlighted. Especially, the effect of donor molecular structure on power conversion efficiency
of organic solar cells is reported in detail. Furthermore, the mechanism is proposed and discussed
for explaining the relationship between structure and power conversion efficiency. These results
and discussions draw some rules for rational donor molecular design, which is very important for further
improving the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells based on the small-molecule donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Computer and Control Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yibing Ma
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Youyi Sun
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jialei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yaqing Liu
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Guizhe Zhao
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
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Du J, Fortney A, Washington KE, Bulumulla C, Huang P, Dissanayake D, Biewer MC, Kowalewski T, Stefan MC. Systematic Investigation of Benzodithiophene-Benzothiadiazole Isomers for Organic Photovoltaics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:33025-33033. [PMID: 27934193 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two new donor-acceptor small molecules based on benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT) and benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (BT) were designed and synthesized. Small molecules 4,4'-[(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl)bis(2,2'-bithiophene)-5,5'-diyl]bis(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole) (BDT-TT-BT) and 4,4'-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl)bis[7-(2,2'-bithiophene-5-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole] (BDT-BT-TT) are structural isomers with the 2,2-bithiophene unit placed either between the BDT and BT units or at the end of the BT units. This work is targeted toward finding the effect of structural variation on optoelectronic properties, morphology, and photovoltaic performance. On the basis of theoretical calculations, the molecular geometry and energy levels are different for these two molecules when the position of the 2,2-bithiophene unit is changed. Optical and electrochemical properties of these two small molecules were characterized using UV-vis and cyclic voltammetry. The results showed that BDT-BT-TT has broader absorption and an elevated HOMO energy level when compared with those of BDT-TT-BT. The performance of these two isomers in solar cell devices was tested by blending with [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM). Power conversion efficiencies as high as 3.22 and 3.71% were obtained in conventional solar cell structures for BDT-TT-BT and BDT-BT-TT, respectively. The morphology was studied using grazing incident wide-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy, which revealed different phase separations of these two molecules when blended with PC71BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Andria Fortney
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Katherine E Washington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Chandima Bulumulla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Peishen Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Dushanthi Dissanayake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Michael C Biewer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mihaela C Stefan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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