Radical-Initiated Dearomative Annulation of Tryptamine-Derived Isocyanides: Selective Synthesis of CF3-Substituted β-Aza-spiroindolines and β-Carbolines

A mild approach for synthesizing CF3-substituted β-aza-spiroindolines and β-carbolines from tryptamine-derived isocyanides via site-selective radical annulations has been reported. The crucial role of C2 substituents in the selective annulation process has been clarified. The approach shows good generality and practical applicability, highlighting its effectiveness and versatility.

Visible-Light-Induced Radical Sulfonylative-Cyclization Cascade of 1,6-Enynol Derivatives with Sulfinic Acids: A Sustainable Approach for the Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstituted Benzoheteroles

Benzoheteroles are promising structural scaffolds in the realm of medicinal chemistry, but sustainable synthesis of 2,3-difunctionalized benzoheterole derivatives is still in high demand. Indeed, we have conceptually rationalized the intrinsic reactivity of propargylic-enyne systems for the flexible construction of 2,3-disubstituted benzoheteroles through radical sulfonylative-cyclization cascade under organophotoredox catalysis. We hereby report an efficient visible-light-induced sulfonyl radical-triggered cyclization of 1,6-enynols with sulfinic acids under the dual catalytic influence of 4CzIPN and NiBr2⋅DME, which led to the formation of 2,3-disubstituted benzoheteroles in good to high yields. Additionally, the Rose Bengal (RB)-catalyzed radical sulfonylative-cycloannulation of acetyl-derived 1,6-enynols with sulfinic acids under blue LED irradiation allowed to access 3-(E-styryl)-derived benzofurans and benzothiophenes in moderate to good yields. The scope and limitations of the present strategies were successfully established using different classes of 1,6-enynols and sulfinic acids bearing various sensitive functional groups, yielding the desired products in a highly stereoselective fashion. Plausible mechanistic pathways were also proposed based on the current experimental and control experiments.

RuII-Catalyzed C-H Activated Diverse Cyclization with Transformation of Substrate-DG to Functional Groups: Synthesis of Functionalized Indoles and Indenones

We present an elegant and efficient method for Ru(II)-catalyzed C-H activation, followed by a diverse range of intermolecular cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions. This process is facilitated by an intrinsic directing group (DG) and includes the in situ transformation of the DG into common and useful functional groups. Notably, this method avoids the installation and deinstallation of the directing group. Our approach enables the selective functionalization of benzimidate, coupled with the cyclization of o-alkynyl-aniline, resulting in the high-yield synthesis of diverse compounds such as indoles, and indenones. The sequential formation of C-N, C-C, and C-O bonds, followed by hydrolysis, underscores the versatile in situ transformation of the directing group. This work not only broadens the synthetic toolbox for constructing complex heterocyclic structures but also highlights the potential for sustainable and selective synthesis of valuable compounds.

Chemoselective Construction of Polycyclic Heterocycles Containing a [6-6-5] or [7-6-5] Tricyclic Core Skeleton from a 2-Isocyanophenyl Propargylic Ester

Functionalized isocyanide chemistry represents an important research area in organic synthesis. A structurally unique 2-isocyanophenyl propargylic ester has been designed to incorporate the reactivity of isocyanide and propargylic ester functionalities. Thus, the reaction of 2-isocyanophenyl propargylic ester and 2-aminoaromatic aldimine facilitates the synthesis of a wide range of polycyclic benzo[b] indolo [3,2-h][1,6] naphthyridine derivatives. Furthermore, reaction with 2-hydroxyaromatic aldimine enables the divergent synthesis of both the aforementioned scaffolds and structurally distinct diazabenzo [f] naphtho[2,3,4-ij] azulenes featuring a [7-6-5] core skeleton. Experimental results and DFT calculations suggest that these transformations likely proceed by the in situ generation of a strained cyclopropenimine species followed by [3+2] cycloaddition. Next, switchable nucleophilic attack/ring expansion/aromatization and nucleophilic addition/ring expansion/elimination account for the observed selectivity.

B(C6F5)3/CPA-Catalyzed Aza-Diels-Alder Reaction of 3,3-Difluoro-2-Aryl-3H-indoles and Unactivated Dienes

Here we report B(C6F5)3/CPA-catalyzed enantioselective aza-Diels-Alder reaction of 3,3-difluoro-2-Aryl-3H-indoles with unactivated dienes to access chiral 10,10-difluoro-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]indoles. This protocol allows the formation of pyrazole-based C2-quaternary indolin-3-ones with high enantioselectivities and regioselectivities. Moreover, gram-scale synthesis of the 10,10-difluoro-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]indole skeleton was successfully achieved without any reduction in both yield and enantioselectivity.

An efficient catalysis for the synthesis of pyrimido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles and 1-(benzothiazolylamino)methyl-2-naphthols using ZnO@SO3H@Tropine

In this research and in the line of our researches on the use of nano-substrates modified with ionic liquid in organic reactions, an efficient and green method for the one-pot three-component synthesis of pyrimido[1,2-a]benzimidazole and 1-(benzothiazolylamino)methyl-2-naphthol derivatives is reported using a new nanoporous catalyst formulated as ZnO@SO3H@Tropine. Further analysis of the catalyst for its characterization has been performed using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The present approach creates a variety of biologically active heterocyclic compounds with excellent yields and short reaction times. Among the other advantages of the current method are: ease of operation, clean reaction profiles and ease of separation. Also, this catalyst can be reused five times without loss of its catalytic activity.

Nickel(II)-Catalyzed Formal [3+2] Cycloadditions between Indoles and Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes

This article describes the development of a nickel-catalyzed regio- and diastereoselective formal [3+2] cycloaddition between N-substituted indoles and donor-acceptor cyclopropanes to synthesize cyclopenta[b]indoles. Optimized reaction conditions provide the desired nitrogen-containing cycloadducts in up to 93% yield and dr 8.6:1 with complete regioselectivity. The substrate scope showed high tolerance to various substituted indoles and cyclopropanes, resulting in the synthesis of six new cyclopenta[b]indoles and the isolation of five derivatives previously reported in the literature. In addition, a mechanistic proposal for the reaction was studied through online reaction monitoring by ESI-MS, allowing for the identification of the reactive intermediates in the Ni(II) catalyzed process. X-ray crystallography confirmed the structure and relative endo stereochemistry of the products. This method enables the fast and efficient construction of fused indolines from readily accessible starting materials.

Asymmetric Organocatalyzed Cyclization Cascade Reactions of 3,3-Difluoro-2-aryl-3H-indoles and Enamides

The direct functionalization of β-C(sp2)-H bonds in enamides has garnered increasing attention within the realm of organic synthesis. However, these remarkable advancements are predominantly dependent on transition metals; limited success has been achieved via organocatalytic catalysis. Herein, we report a CPA-catalyzed β-C(sp2)-H functionalization of enamides cascade intramolecular cyclization to synthesize the chiral dihydropyrimido[1,6-a]indoles bearing gem-difluoromethylene. Moreover, this methodology enables the synthesis of diverse chiral dihydropyrimido[1,6-a]indoles with outstanding enantioselectivities in moderate to high yields.

A Review on Indole-triazole Molecular Hybrids as a Leading Edge in Drug Discovery: Current Landscape and Future Perspectives

Molecular hybridization is a rational design strategy used to create new ligands or prototypes by identifying and combining specific pharmacophoric subunits from the molecular structures of two or more known bioactive derivatives. Molecular hybridization is a valuable technique in drug discovery, enabling the modulation of unwanted side effects and the creation of potential dual-acting drugs that combine the effects of multiple therapeutic agents. Indole-triazole conjugates have emerged as promising candidates for new drug development. The indole and triazole moieties can be linked through various synthetic strategies, such as click chemistry or other coupling reactions, to generate a library of diverse compounds for biological screening. The achievable structural diversity with indole-triazole conjugates offers avenues to optimize their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic attributes, amplifying their therapeutic efficacy. Researchers have extensively tailored both indole and triazole frameworks with diverse modifications to comprehend their impact on the drug's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics. The current review article endeavours to explore and discuss various research strategies to design indoletriazole hybrids and elucidate their significance in a variety of pathological conditions. The insights provided herein are anticipated to be beneficial for the researchers and will likely encourage further exploration in this field.

Site-Selective Synthesis of Antitumor C5-Aminated Indoles via Neighboring Aldehyde Group Assisted Catellani Reaction

A palladium/norbornene (NBE) cooperative catalytic system was developed to access C5-aminated indoles, starting from readily available C4-idonated indoles. Good yields and exclusive site selectivity were achieved for a broad substrate scope, including drug molecule core architectures. Control experiments found that both aldehyde on the C3 position and sulfonyl protecting group on the N1 position were vital for the transformation. Preliminary bioactivity evaluation identified a promising leading compound 3af with potent antitumor proliferative activity against several cancer cells.

Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of 3a-Fluorofuro[3,2-b]indolines via Organocatalytic Aza-Friedel-Crafts Reaction/Selective C-F Bond Activation

Fluoroalkylated compounds are of high interest in drug discovery and have inspired the evolution of diverse C-F bond activation methodologies. However, the selective activation of polyfluorinated compounds remains challenging. Herein, we describe an unprecedented strategy for synthesizing enantioenriched fluorofuro[3,2-b]indolines through the organocatalytic aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction coupled with selective C-F bond activation. These reactions feature excellent enantioselectivities (≤96% ee) and yields (≤96%) as well as good functional group compatibility. Mechanistic investigations by means of 19F nuclear magnetic resonance experiments provided sufficient support for silica gel as the key medium in this transformation.

Cobalt(II)-Catalyzed Intermolecular Aminocarbonylation of Indoles with Amines

A cobalt(II)-catalyzed C2-H carbonylation of indoles with amines toward indole-2-carboxamides has been developed. By employing Co(OAc)2·4H2O as an inexpensive catalyst and using benzene-1,3,5-triyl triformate (TFBen) as the CO surrogate, a variety of indole-2-carboxamide derivatives were produced in moderate to high yields. Additionally, several bioactive-molecule-related compounds can be applied as substrates, as well.

Copper(II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Aza-Friedel-Crafts Reaction of Indoles with Isatin-Derived N-Boc-Ketimines

The copper(II)-catalyzed enantioselective aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction of indoles with isatin-derived N-Boc-ketimines was developed by using tunable chiral O-N-N tridentate ligands derived from BINOL and proline. In general, the reaction afforded chiral 3-indolyl-3-aminooxindoles under mild conditions in high yields (83-97%) with excellent ee (69-99%).

Deciphering the quest in the divergent total synthesis of natural products

The divergent synthesis of natural products is rapidly developing towards achieving the goal of efficiency and economy in total synthesis. However, presently, the sustainable development of the synthesis of natural products does not permit the linear synthesis of a single target. In this case, divergent total synthesis is based on the identification of an advanced intermediate with structural features that can be mapped in more than two molecules. However, the identification of this intermediate and its scalable synthesis in enantiopure form are challenging. Herein, we present the details of the ingenious efforts by researchers in the last six years toward the divergent synthesis of two to as many as eight natural products initially via a single route, and then diverging from a common intermediate and further branching out toward several natural products. The planning and strategies adopted can serve as guidelines for the future development of efficient divergent routes aimed at achieving higher efficiency toward multiple targets, causing divergent synthesis to become an accepted common practice.

[RhCp*Cl2]2-Catalyzed Indole Functionalization: Synthesis of Bioinspired Indole-Fused Polycycles

Polycyclic fused indoles are ubiquitous in natural products and pharmaceuticals due to their immense structural diversity and biological inference, making them suitable for charting broader chemical space. Indole-based polycycles continue to be fascinating as well as challenging targets for synthetic fabrication because of their characteristic structural frameworks possessing biologically intriguing compounds of both natural and synthetic origin. As a result, an assortment of new chemical processes and catalytic routes has been established to provide unified access to these skeletons in a very efficient and selective manner. Transition-metal-catalyzed processes, in particular from rhodium(III), are widely used in synthetic endeavors to increase molecular complexity efficiently. In recent years, this has resulted in significant progress in reaching molecular scaffolds with enormous biological activity based on core indole skeletons. Additionally, Rh(III)-catalyzed direct C-H functionalization and benzannulation protocols of indole moieties were one of the most alluring synthetic techniques to generate indole-fused polycyclic molecules efficiently. This review sheds light on recent developments toward synthesizing fused indoles by cascade annulation methods using Rh(III)-[RhCp*Cl2]2-catalyzed pathways, which align with the comprehensive and sophisticated developments in the field of Rh(III)-catalyzed indole functionalization. Here, we looked at a few intriguing cascade-based synthetic designs catalyzed by Rh(III) that produced elaborate frameworks inspired by indole bioactivity. The review also strongly emphasizes mechanistic insights for reaching 1-2, 2-3, and 3-4-fused indole systems, focusing on Rh(III)-catalyzed routes. With an emphasis on synthetic efficiency and product diversity, synthetic methods of chosen polycyclic carbocycles and heterocycles with at least three fused, bridged, or spiro cages are reviewed. The newly created synthesis concepts or toolkits for accessing diazepine, indol-ones, carbazoles, and benzo-indoles, as well as illustrative privileged synthetic techniques, are included in the featured collection.

Monoterpenoid indole alkaloid adducts and dimers from Melodinus fusiformis

Eight unprecedented monoterpenoid indole alkaloid (MIA) adducts and dimers, melofusinines A-H (1-8), and three undescribed melodinus-type MIA monomers, melofusinines I-K (9-11), together with six putative biogenetic precursors were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Melodinus fusiformis Champ. ex Benth. Compounds 1 and 2 are unusual hybrid indole alkaloids incorporating an aspidospermatan-type MIA with a monoterpenoid alkaloid unit via C-C coupling. Compounds 3-8 feature the first MIA dimers constructed through an aspidospermatan-type monomer and a rearranged melodinus-type monomer with two different types of couplings. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and calculated electric circular dichroism spectra analysis. In addition, dimers 5 and 8 showed significant neuroprotection effects on MPP ⁺-injured primary cortical neurons.

Enantioselective Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with β,γ-Unsaturated α-Ketoesters Catalyzed by New Copper(I) Catalysts

New Cu(I) catalysts are effective in enantioselective Friedel-Crafts alkylation of a variety of indoles with different β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters. A control study shows that such a catalyst system is less sensitive to air, and the reactions can be carried out without special cares such as glovebox operation or moisture/oxygen-free conditions. Preliminary computation results suggest that there exists π-π stacking between the substrate and the catalyst, and such an interaction seems to play a role in stabilizing the reaction intermediate and enhancing the stereoselectivity of the reactions. The desired products can be obtained in up to 98% yield at 99% enantiomeric excess. The same high enantioselectivity can be observed when the reaction is carried in a gram scale, indicating a good scalability of the catalyst system in enantioselective Friedel-Crafts alkylation of different indoles with β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters.

Development of a General and Selective Nanostructured Cobalt Catalyst for the Hydrogenation of Benzofurans, Indoles and Benzothiophenes

The selective hydrogenation of benzofurans in the presence of a heterogeneous non-noble metal catalyst is reported. The developed optimal catalytic material consists of cobalt-cobalt oxide core-shell nanoparticles supported on silica, which has been prepared by the immobilization and pyrolysis of cobalt-DABCO-citric acid complex on silica under argon at 800 °C. This novel catalyst allows for the selective hydrogenation of simple and functionalized benzofurans to 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans as well as related heterocycles. The versatility of the reported protocol is showcased by the reduction of selected drugs and deuteration of heterocycles. Further, the stability, recycling, and reusability of the Co-nanocatalyst are demonstrated.

Synthesis of 3-Haloindoles via Cascade Oxidative Cyclization/Halogenation of 2-Alkenylanilines Mediated by PIDA and LiBr/KI

The treatment of 2-alkenylanilines with phenyliodine(III) diacetate (PIDA) and LiBr or KI in HFIP was found to afford the corresponding 3-haloindoles via cascade oxidative cyclization/halogenation encompassing oxidative C-N/C-X (X = Br, I) bond formations. A plausible mechanism involving the in situ formation of the reactive AcO-X (X = Br, I) from the reaction of PIDA and LiBr/KI was postulated.

Unified Radical Sulfonylative-Annulation of 1,6-Enynols with Sodium Sulfinates: A Modular Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstituted Benzoheteroles

Benzoheteroles are valuable scaffolds in medicinal chemistry, but the direct synthesis of 3-vinyl benzoheterole analogues remains unexplored. A rationally designed new class of 1,6-enyne-containing propargylic alcohols has been prepared for the modular synthesis of 3-alkenyl benzoheteroles. Ag-catalyzed cascade radical sulfonylative-cycloannulation of 1,6-enynols with sodium sulfinates is realized to access a wide variety of 2,3-disubstituted benzoheteroles in good to high yields. Moreover, a three-component coupling of 1,6-enynols, aryldiazonium salts, and Na₂S₂O₅ (as an SO₂ surrogate) has been achieved to deliver benzoheterole derivatives in moderate to good yields. Of note, a scalable reaction and late-stage synthetic transformations were successfully demonstrated. A plausible mechanism is also presented based on the existing experimental results and control experiments.

Palladium-Catalyzed Alkenyl C-H Activation/Diamination toward Tetrahydrocarbazole and Analogs Using Hydroxylamines as Single-Nitrogen Sources

A palladium-catalyzed alkenyl C-H activation/diamination reaction of cycloalkenyl bromoarenes with hydroxylamines is described. A wide range of tetrahydrocarbazoles and analogs has been prepared using fine-tuning bifunctional secondary hydroxylamines as the single-nitrogen sources. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the selective alkenyl C-H activation/diamination cascade process should build the N-heterocycles.

Iron porphyrin-catalysed C(sp3)–H amination with alkyl azides for the synthesis of complex nitrogen-containing compounds

With the readily prepared iron porphyrin complex as a catalyst and starting with alkyl azides, a panel of nitrogen-containing skeletons representing the families of natural alkaloids and bioactive compounds could be prepared in good yields.

Regioselective Dichotomy in Ru(II)-Catalyzed C-H Annulation of Aryl Pyrazolidinones with 1,3-Diynes

Herein, we present a substrate-controlled regiodivergent strategy for the selective synthesis of C3 or C2-alkynylated indoles via ruthenium-catalyzed [3 + 2]-annulation of readily available pyrazolidinones and 1,3-diynes. Remarkably, C3-alkynylated indoles were obtained in good yields when 1,4-diarylbuta-1,3-diynes were employed as the coupling partners. On the other hand, dialkyl-1,3-diynes led to the selective formation of C2-alkynylated indoles. The key features of the strategy are the operationally simple conditions and external-oxidant-free, broad-scope, and substrate-switchable indole synthesis. Scale-up reactions and further transformations expanded the synthetic utility of the protocol.

Recent Advances in the Catalytic Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts Reactions of Indoles

Functionalized chiral indole derivatives are privileged and versatile organic frameworks encountered in numerous pharmaceutically active agents and biologically active natural products. The catalytic asymmetric Friedel-Crafts reaction of indoles, catalyzed by chiral metal complexes or chiral organocatalysts, is one of the most powerful and atom-economical approaches to access optically active indole derivatives. Consequently, a wide range of electrophilic partners including α,β-unsaturated ketones, esters, amides, imines, β,γ-unsaturated α-keto- and α-ketiminoesters, ketimines, nitroalkenes, and many others have been successfully employed to achieve a plethora of functionalized chiral indole moieties. In particular, strategies for C-H functionalization in the phenyl of indoles require incorporation of a directing or blocking group in the phenyl or azole ring of indole. The discovery of chiral catalysts which can control enantiodiscrimination has gained a great deal of attention in recent years. This review will provide an updated account on the application of the asymmetric Friedel-Crafts reaction of indoles in the synthesis of diverse chiral indole derivatives, covering the timeframe from 2011 to today.

Brønsted acid catalyzed remote C6 functionalization of 2,3-disubstituted indoles with β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoester

A metal-free catalytic approach for the remote C6-functionalization of 2,3-disubstituted indoles has been developed. In the presence of catalytic amounts of Brønsted acid, the β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters react with 2,3-disubstituted indoles at the C6 position selectively. Under mild reaction conditions, a range of C6-functionalized indoles were prepared with good yields and excellent regioselectivity. This methodology provides a concise and efficient route for the synthesis of C6-functionalized indole derivatives.

Gold-catalyzed redox cycloisomerization/nucleophilic addition/reduction: direct access to 2-phosphoryl indolin-3-ones

An efficient gold(I)-catalyzed redox cycloisomerization/nucleophilic addition/reduction reaction of o-nitroalkynes with various H-phosphorus oxides is established. Through the intramolecular redox cyclization of o-nitroalkynes and subsequent intermolecular nucleophilic addition/reduction with no external reactant, a variety of arylphosphoryl and alkylphosphoryl indolin-3-ones with high functional-group compatibility are obtained in moderate to good yields. Mechanistic studies suggest that phosphorus nucleophiles mediate the cleavage of the N-O bond as a reductant.

Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)-Alstonlarsine A

The first asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-alstonlarsine A has been realized. The prominent features of the current synthesis include the following: (i) a Pd/self-adaptable ligand complex-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation of 2-methyl-2-cyclopentenyl carbonate with 2-indolylsubstituted dimethyl malonate to establish the key stereocenter of C15, (ii) an intramolecular nitrile oxide-alkene [3 + 2] cycloaddition (INOC [3 + 2]) to construct the cyclohepta[b]indole backbone with the installment of the requisite stereochemistry of the all-carbon quaternary center of C20, and (iii) a late-stage interrupted Pictet-Spengler reaction (IPSR) to rapidly assemble the core structure of (+)-alstonlarsine A.

Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction of 3-formyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indoles and fluorescence studies of the products

β-Carboline is a privileged class of the alkaloid family and is associated with a broad spectrum of biological properties. 3-Formyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole is a such potent precursor belonging to this family which can be tailored for installing diversity at various positions of β-carboline to generate unique molecular hybrids of biological importance. The present work is a step towards this and assimilates the results related to the exploration of 3-formyl-9H-β-carbolines for the synthesis of β-carboline C-3 substituted MBH adducts followed by evaluation of their fluorescent characteristic. The effect of contact time, solvent system, concentration and substituents was also studied during investigation of fluorescence properties of these derivatives.

Rapid construction of indole-fused 8-10 membered lactones via a tandem reaction

An intramolecular anaerobic Mukaiyama hydration-initiated tandem reduction/condensation/acyl migration/aromatization reaction was developed, which enabled the rapid construction of indole-fused 8-10 membered lactones starting from cyclic 2-allyl-2-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,3-diketones. A nitro substituent in the substrates acted as both an oxygen source in the Mukaiyama hydration step and a nitrogen source in a tandem indole ring construction step. Our reaction features mild conditions, atom economy, and inexpensive reagents and it can be conveniently scaled up to a gram scale in modest yields. A rational reaction mechanism was also proposed based on previous reports and control experiments.

Targeting the N-Terminus Domain of the Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein Induces Abnormal Oligomerization via Allosteric Modulation

Epidemics caused by coronaviruses (CoVs), namely the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (2003), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) (2012), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (2019), have triggered a global public health emergency. Drug development against CoVs is inherently arduous. The nucleocapsid (N) protein forms an oligomer and facilitates binding with the viral RNA genome, which is critical in the life cycle of the virus. In the current study, we found a potential allosteric site (Site 1) using PARS, an online allosteric site predictor, in the CoV N-N-terminal RNA-binding domain (NTD) to modulate the N protein conformation. We identified 5-hydroxyindole as the lead via molecular docking to target Site 1. We designed and synthesized four 5-hydroxyindole derivatives, named P4-1 to P4-4, based on the pose of 5-hydroxyindole in the docking model complex. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data indicate that two 5-hydroxyindole compounds with higher hydrophobic R-groups mediate the binding between N-NTD and N-C-terminal dimerization domain (CTD) and elicit high-order oligomerization of the whole N protein. Furthermore, the crystal structures suggested that these two compounds act on this novel cavity and create a flat surface with higher hydrophobicity, which may mediate the interaction between N-NTD and N-CTD. Taken together, we discovered an allosteric binding pocket targeting small molecules that induces abnormal aggregation of the CoV N protein. These novel concepts will facilitate protein-protein interaction (PPI)-based drug design against various CoVs.

Indole/Tetrahydroquinoline as Renewable Natural Resource-Inspired Scaffolds in the Devising and Preparation of Potential Fungicide Candidates

As a continuous effort toward developing novel and highly efficient agrochemicals for integrated management of crop pathogens, two series of oxime ester derivatives from indole and tetrahydroquinoline natural scaffolds were prepared. Guided by the preliminary inhibition rates against ubiquitous and representative fungi, the antifungal profile of the target compounds against Valsa mali was intensively and extensively studied. The tetrahydroquinoline-based derivatives 12a-12r exerted a promising inhibition effect, especially against V. mali. The remarkable compounds 12p (R = 4-OCF₃) and 12r (R = 4-OBn) with EC₅₀ values of 0.81 and 0.47 μg/mL, respectively, have a far more prominent activity than commercial fungicide trifloxystrobin. The biochemistry and physiology responses of V. mali after treatment with target compound 12p was examined, and the fruit body production, hyphae morphology, and organelles were profoundly affected. Moreover, the curative effects of compound 12p on apple detached branches and leaves were 57.69 and 64.84% at 100 μg/mL, respectively, which were even superior to that of trifloxystrobin. Meanwhile, the three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship model [comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA): q² = 0.823, r² = 0.924, F = 189.781, and standard error of estimation (SEE) = 0.138 and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA): q² = 0.795, r² = 0.904, F = 145.644, and SEE = 0.156] indicated that the antifungal activity of target compounds was facilitated by crucial structural factors, which would render inspiration for further design and discovery of novel fungicidal candidates.

Pd-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization of Indole-Containing Alkene-Tethered Aryl Halides with Alkynes To Construct Indole Alkaloid Scaffolds

A convenient and straightforward approach for the construction of indole alkaloid scaffolds from indole-containing alkene-tethered aryl halides and alkynes through a sequential C-H activation, five-membered palladacycle formation, and alkyne insertion process has been described. The approach provides a series of indole alkaloid compounds in moderate to excellent yields with good functional tolerance.

Hypoiodite-Catalyzed Oxidative Umpolung of Indoles for Enantioselective Dearomatization

Here we report the oxidative umpolung of 2,3-disubstituted indoles toward enantioselective dearomative aza-spirocyclization to give the corresponding spiroindolenines using chiral quaternary ammonium hypoiodite catalysis. Mechanistic studies revealed the umpolung reactivity of C3 of indoles by iodination of the indole nitrogen atom. Moreover, the introduction of pyrazole as an electron-withdrawing auxiliary group at C2 suppressed a competitive dissociative racemic pathway, and enantioselective spirocyclization proceeded to give not only spiropyrrolidines but also four-membered spiroazetidines that are otherwise difficult to access.

β-Methyltryptamine Provoking the Crucial Role of Strictosidine Synthase Tyr151-OH for Its Stereoselective Pictet-Spengler Reactions to Tryptoline-type Alkaloids

Strictosidine synthase (STR), the gate enzyme for monoterpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis, catalyzes the Pictet-Spengler reaction (PSR) of various tryptamine derivatives with secologanin assisted by "indole sandwich" stabilization. Continuous exploration with β-methyltryptamine (IPA) stereoselectively delivered the C6-methylstrictosidines and C6-methylvincosides by enzymatic and nonenzymatic PSR, respectively. Unexpectedly, the first "nonindole sandwich" binding mode was witnessed by the X-ray structures of STR1-ligand complexes. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed the critical cryptic role of the hydroxyl group of Tyr151 in IPA biotransformation. Further computational calculations demonstrated the adjustable IPA position in STR1 upon the binding of secologanin, and Tyr151-OH facilitates the productive PSR binding mode via an advantageous hydrogen-bond network. Further chemo-enzymatic manipulation of C6-methylvincosides successfully resulted in the discovered antimalarial framework (IC50 = 0.92 μM).

Anti-leukemic effect and molecular mechanism of 11-methoxytabersonine from Melodinus cochinchinensis via network pharmacology, ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

Melodinus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. is a Yunnan endemic folk medicine. Our previous study showed that 11-methoxytabersonine (11-MT) isolated from M. cochinchinensis has strong cytotoxicity on human T-ALL cells, but its molecular mechanism has not been studied. In current study, the cytotoxicity and possible mechanism of 11-MT on T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia was explored using network pharmacology and molecular biology techniques. 11-MT significantly inhibited the cell proliferations on different four human T-ALL cells (MOLT-4, Jurkat, CCRF-CEM, and CEM/C1 cells). 11-MT triggered ROS accumulation, calcium concentration and cell apoptosis, and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in human T-ALL cells, especially MOLT-4 cells. Western blot analysis showed that it can induce MOLT-4 cell apoptosis by up-regulating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Therefore, 11-MT induces human T-ALL cells apoptosis via up-regulation of ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and down-regulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Efficient enantioselective synthesis of CF2H-containing dispiro[benzo[b]thiophene-oxindole-pyrrolidine]s via organocatalytic cycloaddition

A novel kind of CF2H-containing dispiro[benzo[b]thiophene-oxindole-pyrrolidine] has been achieved via an organocatalyzed 1,3-dipole reaction.

Nickel-catalyzed carbonylative domino cyclization of arylboronic acid pinacol esters with 2-alkynyl nitroarenes toward N-aroyl indoles

A nickel-catalyzed carbonylative domino cyclization of arylboronic acid pinacol esters with 2-alkynyl nitroarenes has been developed.

Synthesis of tetracyclic spiroindolines by an interrupted Bischler-Napieralski reaction: total synthesis of akuammicine

Judicious substrate design allows interruption of the classical Bischler–Napieralski reaction, providing access to a range of diversely substituted tetracyclic spiroindolines. These complex polycyclic scaffolds are valuable building blocks for the construction of indole alkaloids, as showcased in a concise total synthesis of (±)-akuammicine.

The interrupted Bischler–Napieralski reaction of β,γ-unsaturated tryptamides affords tetracyclic spiro pyrroloindolines, which can be used in the total synthesis of the Strychnos alkaloid, akuammicine.