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Xu J, Liang L, Mai CL, Zhang Z, Zhou Q, Xiong Q, Zhang Z, Deng L, Gao P. Lewis-base containing spiro type hole transporting materials for high-performance perovskite solar cells with efficiency approaching 20. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:13157-13164. [PMID: 32584356 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01961e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Owing to excellent performance and dopability, spiro-OMeTAD remains an irreplaceable hole transporting material (HTM) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In order to further improve the performance of spiro-OMeTAD based PSCs, a Lewis base can be introduced into the structure of spiro-OMeTAD wisely, which can keep the advantages of spiro-OMeTAD while incorporating the functionality of a Lewis base in passivating the surface of the perovskite. Therefore, spiro-type HTMs (spiro-CN-OMeTAD with a dicyano group and spiro-PS-OMeTAD with a thiocarbonyl group) were synthesized and confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and X-ray single-crystallographic diffraction. Spiro-CN-OMeTAD as an HTM is certified to have a suitable interfacial band alignment with the perovskite, good film quality and effective defect passivation, which facilitate the resulting device to achieve an efficiency of 19.90% with a high open-circuit voltage, low hysteresis, and improved stability. This study provides an alternative strategy for the molecular design of better HTMs in high-performance PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Xu
- College of Science, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, China and CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. and Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lusheng Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. and Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Chi-Lun Mai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. and Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. and Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. and Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qiu Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. and Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. and Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China and Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Jiangsu 215600, China
| | - Longhui Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. and Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China and Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Peng Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. and Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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Deng J, Hu W, Shen W, Li M, He R. Exploring the electrochemical properties of hole transporting materials from first-principles calculations: an efficient strategy to improve the performance of perovskite solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:1235-1241. [PMID: 30566128 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06693k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been achieved with impressively dynamic improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE), becoming the hottest topic in photovoltaics. One of the hot topics is to develop inexpensive and efficient hole transporting materials (HTMs). In the present work, we systematically investigated the impact of different atoms in the heteromerous structure on the performance of perovskite solar cells. In addition, the influence of the structural modification of the HTM molecular building blocks was also revealed. To further understand the relationship between the charge-transport properties and the structural modification, the electronic properties, reorganization energy, and hole transporting properties of a series of organic hole transporting materials were investigated using first-principles calculations combined with Marcus theory. Moreover, the orientation function μΦ (V, λ, r, θ, γ; Φ) was applied to quantitatively evaluate the overall carrier mobility of HTMs in PSCs. It is revealed that this model predicts the hole mobility of HTMs correctly. The calculated results indicate that hole transporting materials with heteroatoms and larger dimensional structures show higher hole mobility, which may significantly improve the photovoltaic performance of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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McFarlane TD, De Castro CS, Holliman PJ, Davies ML. Improving the light harvesting and colour range of methyl ammonium lead tri-bromide (MAPbBr 3) perovskite solar cells through co-sensitisation with organic dyes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 55:35-38. [PMID: 30452027 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07298a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Co-sensitisation of methylammonium lead tri-bromide perovskite solar cells with red (D205) and blue (SQ2) organic dyes improves device efficiencies and allows device colour tuning. Sensitising the film after perovskite crystallisation produces higher device efficiencies (2.6% SQ2, 3.1% D205) than perovskite-only devices (2%) and devices sensitised before the perovskite layer deposition (1.5% SQ2, 2.0% D205).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara D McFarlane
- Applied Photochemistry Group, Materials Research Centre, SPECIFIC IKC, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Crymlyn Burrows, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK.
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Lin YS, Abate SY, Lai KW, Chu CW, Lin YD, Tao YT, Sun SS. New Helicene-Type Hole-Transporting Molecules for High-Performance and Durable Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:41439-41449. [PMID: 30406998 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three azahelicene derivatives with electron-rich bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino or bis( p-methoxyphenyl)aminophenyl groups at the terminals were deliberately designed, synthesized, and characterized as hole-transporting materials (HTMs) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Optical and thermal properties, energy level alignments, film morphologies, hole extraction ability, and hole mobility were studied in detail. PSCs using the newly synthesized molecules as HTMs were fabricated. A maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.34% was observed for the bis( p-methoxyphenyl)amino-substituted derivative (SY1) and 16.10% for the bis( p-methoxyphenyl)aminophenyl-substituted derivative (SY2). Longer-chain substituent such as hexyloxy group greatly diminishes the efficiency. In addition, the dopant-free devices fabricated with SY1 as the HTM shows an average PCE of 12.13%, which is significantly higher than that of spiro-OMeTAD (7.61%). The ambient long-term stability test revealed that after 500 h, the devices prepared from SY1 and SY2 retained more than 96% of its initial performance, which is much improved than the reference device with standard spiro-OMeTAD as the HTM under the same conditions. Detailed material cost analysis reveals that the material cost for SY1 is less than 8% of that for spiro-OMeTAD. These results provide a useful direction for designing a new class of HTMs to prepare highly efficient and more durable PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seid Yimer Abate
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao-Tung University , Hsinchu 300 , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Kuan-Wen Lai
- Research Center for Applied Sciences , Academia Sinica , Nankang, Taipei 11529 , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Chih-Wei Chu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences , Academia Sinica , Nankang, Taipei 11529 , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Yan-Duo Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiayi University , Chiayi 600 , Taiwan , Republic of China
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Raza E, Aziz F, Ahmad Z. Stability of organometal halide perovskite solar cells and role of HTMs: recent developments and future directions. RSC Adv 2018; 8:20952-20967. [PMID: 35557744 PMCID: PMC9092397 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03477j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently emerged as one of the most exciting fields of research of our time, and the World Economic Forum in 2016 recognized them as one of the top 10 technologies in 2016. With 22.7% power conversion efficiency, PSCs are poised to revolutionize the way power is produced, stored and consumed. However, the widespread use of PSCs requires addressing the stability issue. Therefore, it is now time to focus on the critical step i.e. stability under the operating conditions for the development of a sustainable and durable PV technology based on PSCs. In order to improve the stability of PSCs, hole transport materials (HTMs) have been considered as the paramount components. This is due to the fact that most of the organic HTMs possess a hygroscopic and acidic nature that leads to poor stability of the PSCs. This article reviews briefly but comprehensively the environmental stability issues of PSCs, fundamentals, strategies for improvement, the role of HTMs towards stability and various types of HTMs. Also the environmental parameters affecting the performance of perovskite solar cells including temperature, moisture and light soaking environment have been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Raza
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Physical and Numerical Sciences, University of Peshawar Peshawar 25120 Pakistan
| | - Fakhra Aziz
- Department of Electronics, Jinnah College for Women, University of Peshawar Peshawar 25120 Pakistan
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Center for Advanced Materials (CAM), Qatar University 2713 Doha Qatar
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Luo J, Han F, Wan Z, Malik HA, Zhao B, Chen L, Jia C, Zhu X, Wang R, Yao X. Structure-Performance Relationships of Hole-Transporting Materials in Perovskite Solar Cells: Minor Structural Discrepancy Effects on the Efficiency. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vivo P, Salunke JK, Priimagi A. Hole-Transporting Materials for Printable Perovskite Solar Cells. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E1087. [PMID: 28914823 PMCID: PMC5615741 DOI: 10.3390/ma10091087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represent undoubtedly the most significant breakthrough in photovoltaic technology since the 1970s, with an increase in their power conversion efficiency from less than 5% to over 22% in just a few years. Hole-transporting materials (HTMs) are an essential building block of PSC architectures. Currently, 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis-(N,N'-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene), better known as spiro-OMeTAD, is the most widely-used HTM to obtain high-efficiency devices. However, it is a tremendously expensive material with mediocre hole carrier mobility. To ensure wide-scale application of PSC-based technologies, alternative HTMs are being proposed. Solution-processable HTMs are crucial to develop inexpensive, high-throughput and printable large-area PSCs. In this review, we present the most recent advances in the design and development of different types of HTMs, with a particular focus on mesoscopic PSCs. Finally, we outline possible future research directions for further optimization of the HTMs to achieve low-cost, stable and large-area PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Vivo
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Jagadish K Salunke
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
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Yu Y, Gao P. Development of electron and hole selective contact materials for perovskite solar cells. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ni JS, Hsieh HC, Chen CA, Wen YS, Wu WT, Shih YC, Lin KF, Wang L, Lin JT. Near-Infrared-Absorbing and Dopant-Free Heterocyclic Quinoid-Based Hole-Transporting Materials for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:3139-3144. [PMID: 27791344 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
New heterocyclic quinoid-based hole transporting materials (HTMs) with a rigid quinoid core [3,6-di(2H-imidazol-2-ylidene)cyclohexa-1,4-diene] have been synthesized. The new HTMs have good hole mobility (>10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 ) and very intense absorption in the near-infrared region extending to >800 nm. High performance perovskite solar cells can be fabricated using these HTMs without dopant. The best cell efficiency under simulated AM 1.5 G illumination reaches 12.22 %, which is comparable with that (12.58 %) using doped 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis-(N,N-di-4-methoxyphenylamino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) as the HTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Shyang Ni
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chi Hsieh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Da'an, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- NTU Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Da'an, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-An Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Sheng Wen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ti Wu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Shih
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Da'an, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - King-Fu Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Da'an, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Leeyih Wang
- NTU Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Da'an, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jiann T Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
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Cho I, Jeon NJ, Kwon OK, Kim DW, Jung EH, Noh JH, Seo J, Seok SI, Park SY. Indolo[3,2- b]indole-based crystalline hole-transporting material for highly efficient perovskite solar cells. Chem Sci 2016; 8:734-741. [PMID: 28451221 PMCID: PMC5299807 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02832b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A fluorinated indolo[3,2-b]indole (IDID) derivative is prepared as a crystalline hole transporting material for perovskite solar cells. A fluorinated IDID backbone enables a tight molecular stacking by π–π interaction. The device fabricated using IDIDF exhibits a PCE of 19%.
We have designed and synthesized fluorinated indolo[3,2-b]indole (IDID) derivatives as crystalline hole-transporting materials (HTM) for perovskite solar cells. The fluorinated IDID backbone enables a tight molecular arrangement stacked by strong π–π interactions, leading to a higher hole mobility than that of the current HTM standard, p,p-spiro-OMeTAD, with a spherical shape and amorphous morphology. Moreover, the photoluminescence quenching in a perovskite/HTM film is more effective at the interface of the perovskite with IDIDF as compared to that of p,p-spiro-OMeTAD. As a consequence, the device fabricated using IDIDF shows superior photovoltaic properties compared to that using p,p-spiro-OMeTAD, exhibiting an optimal performance of 19%. Thus, this remarkable result demonstrates IDID core-based materials as a new class of HTMs for highly efficient perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illhun Cho
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials , Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu , Seoul , 151-744 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Nam Joong Jeon
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu , Daejeon 305-600 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Oh Kyu Kwon
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials , Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu , Seoul , 151-744 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials , Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu , Seoul , 151-744 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Eui Hyuk Jung
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu , Daejeon 305-600 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Jun Hong Noh
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu , Daejeon 305-600 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Jangwon Seo
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu , Daejeon 305-600 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Sang Il Seok
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu , Daejeon 305-600 , Republic of Korea . .,School of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup , Ulsan 689-798 , Republic of Korea . ;
| | - Soo Young Park
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials , Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu , Seoul , 151-744 , Republic of Korea .
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Gao P, Cho KT, Abate A, Grancini G, Reddy PY, Srivasu M, Adachi M, Suzuki A, Tsuchimoto K, Grätzel M, Nazeeruddin MK. An efficient perovskite solar cell with symmetrical Zn(ii) phthalocyanine infiltrated buffering porous Al 2O 3 as the hybrid interfacial hole-transporting layer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:27083-27089. [PMID: 27400647 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03396b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new Zn(ii) phthalocyanine (Pc) based low bandgap HTM is introduced for perovskite solar cells. Steady state and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) measurements indicated an evenly matched hole extraction efficiency between sym-HTPcH and spiro-OMeTAD. On account of the low film quality and resulting high recombination, Zn(ii) Pc normally cannot work as an effective HTM. We adopted insulating Al2O3 for the infiltration of sym-HTPcH to form a hybrid interfacial buffer layer, affording perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with an average PCE value of up to 12.3%, which is a significant improvement with respect to the control cell without the meso-Al2O3 layer (4.21%) and is the highest value ever reported for Zn(ii) phthalocyanine based devices under AM1.5G standard conditions. A hysteresis test revealed that our device structure with the new HTM exhibited a balanced charge extraction behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gao
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Rue de l'industrie 17, CP 440, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland.
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