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Kumar S, Dunn IS, Deng S, Zhu T, Zhao Q, Williams OF, Tempelaar R, Huang L. Exciton annihilation in molecular aggregates suppressed through qu antum interference. Nat Chem 2023:10.1038/s41557-023-01233-x. [PMID: 37337112 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Exciton-exciton annihilation (EEA), an important loss channel in optoelectronic devices and photosynthetic complexes, has conventionally been assumed to be an incoherent, diffusion-limited process. Here we challenge this assumption by experimentally demonstrating the ability to control EEA in molecular aggregates using the quantum phase relationships of excitons. We employed time-resolved photoluminescence microscopy to independently determine exciton diffusion constants and annihilation rates in two substituted perylene diimide aggregates featuring contrasting excitonic phase envelopes. Low-temperature EEA rates were found to differ by more than two orders of magnitude for the two compounds, despite comparable diffusion constants. Simulated rates based on a microscopic theory, in excellent agreement with experiments, rationalize this EEA behaviour based on quantum interference arising from the presence or absence of spatial phase oscillations of delocalized excitons. These results offer an approach for designing molecular materials using quantum interference where low annihilation can coexist with high exciton concentrations and mobilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarath Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ian S Dunn
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shibin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tong Zhu
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuchen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Roel Tempelaar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Libai Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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2
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Birkmeier K, Hertel T, Hartschuh A. Probing the ultrafast dynamics of excitons in single semiconducting carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6290. [PMID: 36271091 PMCID: PMC9586955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitonic states govern the optical spectra of low-dimensional semiconductor nanomaterials and their dynamics are key for a wide range of applications, such as in solar energy harvesting and lighting. Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes emerged as particularly rich model systems for one-dimensional nanomaterials and as such have been investigated intensively in the past. The exciton decay dynamics in nanotubes has been studied mainly by transient absorption and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Since different transitions are monitored with these two techniques, developing a comprehensive model to reconcile different data sets, however, turned out to be a challenge and remarkably, a uniform description seems to remain elusive. In this work, we investigate the exciton decay dynamics in single carbon nanotubes using transient interferometric scattering and time-resolved photoluminescence microscopy with few-exciton detection sensitivity and formulate a unified microscopic model by combining unimolecular exciton decay and ultrafast exciton-exciton annihilation on a time-scale down to 200 fs. Excitonic states govern the optical response of low-dimensional nanomaterials and are key for a wide range of applications. Here, the authors investigate the exciton decay dynamics in single carbon nanotubes with few-exciton detection sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Birkmeier
- Department of Chemistry and CeNS, LMU Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.,TOPTICA Photonics AG, Lochhamer Schlag 19, 82166, Gräfelfing, Germany
| | - Tobias Hertel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilian University Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Achim Hartschuh
- Department of Chemistry and CeNS, LMU Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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3
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Dimitriev OP. Dynamics of Excitons in Conjugated Molecules and Organic Semiconductor Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8487-8593. [PMID: 35298145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The exciton, an excited electron-hole pair bound by Coulomb attraction, plays a key role in photophysics of organic molecules and drives practically important phenomena such as photoinduced mechanical motions of a molecule, photochemical conversions, energy transfer, generation of free charge carriers, etc. Its behavior in extended π-conjugated molecules and disordered organic films is very different and very rich compared with exciton behavior in inorganic semiconductor crystals. Due to the high degree of variability of organic systems themselves, the exciton not only exerts changes on molecules that carry it but undergoes its own changes during all phases of its lifetime, that is, birth, conversion and transport, and decay. The goal of this review is to give a systematic and comprehensive view on exciton behavior in π-conjugated molecules and molecular assemblies at all phases of exciton evolution with emphasis on rates typical for this dynamic picture and various consequences of the above dynamics. To uncover the rich variety of exciton behavior, details of exciton formation, exciton transport, exciton energy conversion, direct and reverse intersystem crossing, and radiative and nonradiative decay are considered in different systems, where these processes lead to or are influenced by static and dynamic disorder, charge distribution symmetry breaking, photoinduced reactions, electron and proton transfer, structural rearrangements, exciton coupling with vibrations and intermediate particles, and exciton dissociation and annihilation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Dimitriev
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine, pr. Nauki 41, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
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4
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Kuang Z, Berger FJ, Lustres JLP, Wollscheid N, Li H, Lüttgens J, Leinen MB, Flavel BS, Zaumseil J, Buckup T. Charge Transfer from Photoexcited Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes to Wide-Bandgap Wrapping Polymer. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:8125-8136. [PMID: 34055124 PMCID: PMC8154833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As narrow optical bandgap materials, semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are rarely regarded as charge donors in photoinduced charge-transfer (PCT) reactions. However, the unique band structure and unusual exciton dynamics of SWCNTs add more possibilities to the classical PCT mechanism. In this work, we demonstrate PCT from photoexcited semiconducting (6,5) SWCNTs to a wide-bandgap wrapping poly-[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-(6,6')-(2,2'-bipyridine)] (PFO-BPy) via femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. By monitoring the spectral dynamics of the SWCNT polaron, we show that charge transfer from photoexcited SWCNTs to PFO-BPy can be driven not only by the energetically favorable E33 transition but also by the energetically unfavorable E22 excitation under high pump fluence. This unusual PCT from narrow-bandgap SWCNTs toward a wide-bandgap polymer originates from the up-converted high-energy excitonic state (E33 or higher) that is promoted by the Auger recombination of excitons and charge carriers in SWCNTs. These insights provide new pathways for charge separation in SWCNT-based photodetectors and photovoltaic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Kuang
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Felix J. Berger
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jose Luis Pérez Lustres
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Wollscheid
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Jan Lüttgens
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Merve Balcı Leinen
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Tiago Buckup
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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5
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Burgos-Caminal A, Socie E, Bouduban MEF, Moser JE. Exciton and Carrier Dynamics in Two-Dimensional Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7692-7701. [PMID: 32841032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper hybrid lead halide perovskites have become a major topic in perovskite optoelectronics. Here, we aim to unravel the ultrafast dynamics governing the evolution of charge carriers and excitons in these materials. Using a combination of ultrabroadband time-resolved THz (TRTS) and fluorescence upconversion spectroscopies, we find that sequential carrier cooling and exciton formation best explain the observed dynamics, while exciton-exciton interactions play an important role in the form of Auger heating and biexciton formation. We show that the presence of a longer-lived population of carriers is due to the latter processes and not to a Mott transition. Therefore, excitons still dominate at laser excitation densities. We use kinetic modeling to compare the phenethylammonium and butylammonium organic cations while investigating the stability of the resulting films. In addition, we demonstrate the capability of using ultrabroadband TRTS to study excitons in large binding energy semiconductors through spectral analysis at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Burgos-Caminal
- Photochemical Dynamics Group, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Etienne Socie
- Photochemical Dynamics Group, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marine E F Bouduban
- Photochemical Dynamics Group, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacques-E Moser
- Photochemical Dynamics Group, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Bubilaitis V, Hauer J, Abramavicius D. Simulations of pump probe spectra of a molecular complex at high excitation intensity. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.110458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Ma F. Dynamics and Coherent Control of Exciton–Exciton Annihilation in Aqueous J-Aggregate. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:10746-10753. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b09891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ma
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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8
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Zhu J, German R, Senkovskiy BV, Haberer D, Fischer FR, Grüneis A, van Loosdrecht PHM. Exciton and phonon dynamics in highly aligned 7-atom wide armchair graphene nanoribbons as seen by time-resolved spontaneous Raman scattering. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:17975-17982. [PMID: 30226260 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05950k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The opening of a band gap in graphene nanoribbons induces novel optical and electronic properties, strongly enhancing their application potential in nanoscale devices. Knowledge of the optical excitations and associated relaxation dynamics are essential for developing and optimizing device designs and functionality. Here we report on the optical excitations and associated relaxation dynamics in surface aligned 7-atom wide armchair graphene nanoribbons as seen by time-resolved spontaneous Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy. On the anti-Stokes side we observe an optically induced increase of the scattering intensity of the Raman active optical phonons which we assign to changes in the optical phonon populations. The optical phonon population decays with a lifetime of ∼2 ps, indicating an efficient optical-acoustic phonon cooling mechanism. On the Stokes side we observe a substantial decrease of the phonon peak intensities which we relate to the dynamics of the optically induced exciton population. The exciton population shows a multi-exponential relaxation on the hundreds of ps time scale and is independent of the excitation intensity, indicating that exciton-exciton annihilation processes are not important and the exsistence of dark and trapped exciton states. Our results shed light on the optically induced phonon and exciton dynamics in surface aligned armchair graphene nanoribbons and demonstrate that time-resolved spontaneous Raman scattering spectroscopy is a powerful method for exploring quasi-particle dynamics in low dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhu
- Physics institute 2, University of Cologne, 50937, Germany.
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9
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Xiong W, Du L, Lo KC, Shi H, Takaya T, Iwata K, Chan WK, Phillips DL. Control of Electron Flow Direction in Photoexcited Cycloplatinated Complex Containing Conjugated Polymer-Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Hybrids. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3819-3824. [PMID: 29940729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers incorporated with cycloplatinated complexes (P1-Pt and P2-Pt) were used as dispersants for single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Significant changes in the UV-vis absorption spectra were observed after the formation of the polymer/SWCNT hybrids. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed the presence of a strong interaction between the cycloplatinated complex moieties and the SWCNT surface. The photoinduced electron transfer processes in these hybrids were strongly dependent on the type of the comonomer unit. Upon photoexcitation, the excited P1-Pt donates electrons to the SWCNT, while P2-Pt accepts electrons from the photoexcited SWCNT. These observations were supported by results from Raman and femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy experiments. The strong electronic interaction between the Pt complexes and the SWCNT gives rise to a new hybrid system that has a controllable photoinduced electron transfer flow, which are important in regulating the charge transport processes in SWCNT-based optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Xiong
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Lili Du
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Kin Cheung Lo
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Haiting Shi
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Tomohisa Takaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Gakushuin University , 1-5-1 Mejiro , Toshimaku, Tokyo 171-8588 , Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Gakushuin University , 1-5-1 Mejiro , Toshimaku, Tokyo 171-8588 , Japan
| | - Wai Kin Chan
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
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10
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Biswas S, Husek J, Londo S, Baker LR. Highly Localized Charge Transfer Excitons in Metal Oxide Semiconductors. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1228-1233. [PMID: 29368513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to observe charge localization in photocatalytic materials on the ultrafast time scale promises to reveal important correlations between excited state electronic structure and photochemical energy conversion. Of particular interest is the ability to determine hole localization in the hybridized valence band of transition metal oxide semiconductors. Using femtosecond extreme ultraviolet reflection absorption (XUV-RA) spectroscopy we directly observe the formation of photoexcited electrons and holes in Fe2O3, Co3O4, and NiO occurring within the 100 fs instrument response. In each material, holes localize to the O 2p valence band states as probed at the O L1-edge, while electrons localize to metal 3d conduction band states on this same time scale as probed at the metal M2,3-edge. Chemical shifts at the O L1-edge enable unambiguous comparison of metal-oxygen (M-O) bond covalency. Pump flux dependent measurements show that the exciton radius is on the order of a single M-O bond length, revealing a highly localized nature of exciton in each metal oxide studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Biswas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jakub Husek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Stephen Londo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - L Robert Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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11
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Biswas S, Husek J, Baker LR. Elucidating ultrafast electron dynamics at surfaces using extreme ultraviolet (XUV) reflection–absorption spectroscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:4216-4230. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01745j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved XUV reflection–absorption spectroscopy probes core-to-valence transitions to reveal state-specific electron dynamics at surfaces.
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12
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Abstract
Electronic energy pooling via excited state (exciton) annihilation, primarily in organic systems, is reviewed in tutorial form. Cross-disciplinary terminologies and references are used and reference is made to the historical origins of the phenomena. Applications in organic photovoltaic and electroluminescent devices are addressed. Particular attention is paid to the kinetics of the processes involved; a standard format for all systems is developed. Within the organic materials framework, all triplet–triplet, triplet–singlet, and singlet–singlet annihilation processes are discussed. Examples from gas, liquid, and solid phase systems, including both homo- and hetero-species interactions, are employed. Particular attention is given to triplet–triplet annihilation processes in which product states other than the lowest excited singlet state are formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P. Steer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
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13
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Wang F, Wang S, Yao F, Xu H, Wei N, Liu K, Peng LM. High Conversion Efficiency Carbon Nanotube-Based Barrier-Free Bipolar-Diode Photodetector. ACS NANO 2016; 10:9595-9601. [PMID: 27632420 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Conversion efficiency (CE) is the most important figure of merit for photodetectors. For carbon nanotubes (CNT) based photodetectors, the CE is mainly determined by excitons dissociation and transport of free carriers toward contacts. While phonon-assisted exciton dissociation mechanism is effective in split-gate CNT p-n diodes, the CE is typically low in these devices, approximately 1-5%. Here, we evaluate the performance of a barrier-free bipolar diode (BFBD), which is basically a semiconducting CNT asymmetrically contacted by perfect n-type ohmic contact (Sc) and p-type ohmic contact (Pd) at the two ends of the diode. We show that the CE in short channel BFBD devices (e.g., 60 nm) is over 60%, and it reduces rapidly with increasing channel length. We find that the electric-field-assisted mechanism dominates the dissociation rate of excitons in BFBD devices at zero bias and thus the photocurrent generation process. By performing a time-resolved and spatial-resolved Monte Carlo simulation, we find that there exists an effective electron (hole)-rich region near the n-type (p-type) electrode in the asymmetrically contacted BFBD device, where the electric-field strength is larger than 17 V/μm and exciton dissociation is extremely fast (<0.1 ps), leading to very high CE in the BFBD devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, §State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, and ∥Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter and Center for Nanochemistry, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, §State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, and ∥Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter and Center for Nanochemistry, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fengrui Yao
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, §State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, and ∥Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter and Center for Nanochemistry, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haitao Xu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, §State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, and ∥Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter and Center for Nanochemistry, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nan Wei
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, §State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, and ∥Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter and Center for Nanochemistry, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kaihui Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, §State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, and ∥Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter and Center for Nanochemistry, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lian-Mao Peng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, §State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, and ∥Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter and Center for Nanochemistry, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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